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Quakers, Unitarians, Methodists, Moravians; and the Greek church. A part of the inhabitants profess the Jewish, a part the Mohammedan religion. Among the Laplanders and Samoeides there are also some heathens, but their number is small. Agriculture has made great advances in Europe, and is daily improving. In this respect, those countries are particularly distinguished where the Teutonic languages are spoken, as, also, are France and a part of Italy. In no part of the world are manufactures carried to such perfection as in several of the European countries, especially in Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and Germany. The inhabitants work up not only native European, but also foreign products, and supply all the wants and luxuries of life. Commerce is not less active, and is promoted by well-constructed roads and canals, by well-organized posts, banks, insurance companies, commercial companies, and fairs. The commerce of Europe extends to all quarters of the world, and every sea is filled with European ships. In this respect, Great Britain is most distinguished. Europe is the seat of art and science; to her belongs the honor of discovering the most important truths, of giving birth to the most useful inventions, the finest productions of genius, the improvement of all the sciences. In intellectual progress, the Teutonic races, and those who speak the languages derived from the Latin, have surpassed the Sclavonic nations. The Turks have remained strangers, in many respects, to the literary and scientific improvement which has marked the other European nations. Eighty-five universities provide for the higher branches of education; numerous gymnasia and academies for the preparatory studies, and a great number of lower schools, particularly in Germany, are employed in educating the common people. In many places there are academies of science, and societies of all kinds, for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. By its physical situation, Europe is divided into East and West Europe. West Europe comprises the Pyrenean peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the country west of the Alps (France), the countries north of the Alps (Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands), the country south of the Alps (Italy), the islands of the North sea (Great Britain, Ireland and Iceland), and the countries on the Baltic (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Prussia).

East Europe contains the countries north of the Carpathian mountains (Russia and Galicia), and the countries south of the Carpathian mountains (Hungary, in its more comprehensive sense, and Turkey). The following are the political states of Europe: the three empires of Austria, Russia and Turkey; 17 kingdoms, viz., Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Sardinia, the Two Sicilies, Greece, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Würtemberg and Poland; 1 ecclesiastical state, the papal dominions; 8 republics, viz., Switzerland, the Ionian islands, Cracow, San Marino, Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen and Frankfort;_1 electorate, Hesse; 6 grand-duchies, Baden, HesseDarmstadt, Saxe-Weimar, MecklenburgSchwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Tuscany; 12 duchies, viz., Oldenburg, Gotha, Meiningen, Altenburg, Brunswick, Nassau, Dessau, Bernburg, Cöthen, Modena, Parma and Lucca; 1 landgraviate, Hesse-Homburg; 1 grand principality, Finland, and 12 principalities, viz., Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, LippeDetmold, Schaumburg-Lippe, Lichtenstein, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Schleiz, ReussLobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf.

Inhabitants. The most important races inhabiting Europe are classed by Hassel, in his statistical tables (1823), in the following proportions: 1. Roman nations, 75,829,000-including the French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Walloons, Walachians; 2. Teutonic, or German nations, 60,451,800-including the Germans, Dutch and English, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes; 3. Sclavonian nations, 68,255,000

including the Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Livonians, &c., Wendish, &c., Tschechen, Sclavonians, Croats, Rascians and Servians, Morlachians, Bosnians, &c.; 4. Caledonians, including the Highlanders and Irish, 8,200,000; 5. Turks, 2,350,000; 6. Greeks, 4,834,000; 7. Arnauts, 530,000; 8. Magyarians, 4,472,000—including the Bulgarians, 522,000; 9. Finns, 1,370,000, Esthonians, 480,000, Laplanders, 17,800 (the three last belong to the Mongol race); 10. Cymri, or Low Bretons, 1,661,000; 11. Basques, 620,000; 12. Maltese, 88,000. The tables of the same distinguished geographer, published in 1817, estimate the Jews at 1,179,500; the Gipsies at 313,000; the Armenians at 131,600.

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*The word Constitutional is set against those states which have representative governments in the modern sense of the term. The words Absolute, estates, indicate that though the representation of the estates exists, the government is, in fact, absolute; as in Prussia, where the power of the estates is limited to expressing their opinions on subjects which the government lays before them. The word Estates, simply, indicates, that the estates have actually some share in the government. When not otherwise stated, the government is monarchical Austria is composed of very different parts. (See Austria, and Constitution.)

Among these are 216 xebecs.

Among the best sources for the current statistics of Europe, we would mention the Genealogischer Historischer und Statistischer Almanach, an annual, published at Weimar, and established by the celebrated geographer Hassel. This is a work of much merit in many respects. For English statistics, the Companion to the British Almanac, published annually by the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, is of great value.

EURYALE; 1. queen of the Amazons.— 2. A daughter of Minos.-3. A daughter of Prœtus, king of Argos.-4. See Gorgons.

EURYALUS; 1. one of the Greek heroes at the siege of Troy.-2. One of the companions of Æneas, famous for his friendship with Nisus, with whom he was killed, after having forced his way with him into the enemy's camp. VIRGIL, Eneid, IX. 175.

EURYDICE. Among the many women of antiquity who bore this name, the most celebrated is the wife of Orpheus, who died by the bite of a serpent. Her husband, inconsolable for her loss, descended to the lower world, and, by the charms of his lyre, moved the infernal deities to grant him permission to bring her back. This they granted, on condition that he would not look round upon her till he had reached the upper world. Forgetting his promise, he looked back, and lost her forever. This story has often formed a fine subject for poets.

EURYNOME; the daughter of Oceanus; according to Hesiod, the mother of the Graces. (q. v.)

EUSEBIA (Greek); piety; in the modern allegorical sense, the presiding genius of theology.

EUSEBIUS, surnamed Pamphilus, the father of ecclesiastical history, born at Cæsarea, in Palestine, about 270, A. D., died about 340, and was the most learned man of his time. He was a presbyter, and, in 314, was appointed bishop in his native city. He was at first opposed to the Arians, but afterwards became their advocate, and with them condemned the doctrines of Athanasius. His ecclesiastical history, written, like his other works, in Greek, is contained in 10 books, and extends from the birth of Christ to 324 (the best editions are that of Valesius, Paris, 1639, fol. and that of Reading, Canterbury, 1720, fol.). Of his Chronicon, with the exception of some fragments of the original, we have only an Armenian translation, and the Latin version of Jerome. Besides these, there are yet

extant, 15 books of his Præparatio Evangelica, which is particularly valuable for the extracts it contains from lost philosophical works. Of the 20 books of his Demonstratio Evangelica, in which he shows the superiority of Christianity to Judaism, we have only 10 imperfectly preserved; and, finally, a life, or rather eulogium, of Constantine. Notices of his life may be found in the above quoted edition of Valesius. Danz, Möller and Kessner have written briefly on his value and credibility as a historian.

EUSTACHI, Bartolomeo, a physician and anatomist, born at San Severino, in the mark of Ancona, studied Latin, Greek and Arabic at Rome, and devoted himself to the various departments of medical science, more particularly those which relate to the structure of the human body, and was made physician to the cardinals Carlo Borromeo, and Giulio della Rovera; he was also appointed professor in the institution della Sapienza, at Rome. There is hardly any part of anatomical science which he did not enrich by profound researches or important discoveries. Some of the parts discovered by him have received their names from him: thus the canal that unites the internal ear with the back part of the mouth, is called the eustachian tube; so also the eustachian valve of the heart. Among his works are his Tabula anatomica, quas e Tenebris tandem vindicatas, et Pontificis Clementis XI Munificentia Dono acceptas, Præfatione Notisque illustravit Joannes-Maria Lancisi (Rome, 1714, fol.). This work is remarkable as containing excellent drawings of the human body, which were executed in 1552, but not discovered and published till a much later period. The text has never been found. Albinus published an excellent commentary on these tables (Leyden, 1743, fol.). Another of his works, De Anatomicorum Controversiis, is also lost. Besides these, we have many other valua ble works by him. Boerhaave published an edition of them at Leyden, 1707, which was reprinted at Delft, 1736. Eustachi died at Rome, 1574.

EUSTATHIUS, a commentator on Homer and the geographer Dionysius, originally a monk, afterwards deacon, and finally, 1155, archbishop of Thessalonia. He died after 1194. Though not very enlightened in his theological views, he was deeply read in the classics, and a man of extensive erudition, as appears from his commentaries compiled from the old scholiasts, of which that on Homer, in particular, is an inexhaustible mine of

philological learning (Rome, 1542-50, 4 vols. fol., and Bâle, 1559-60, 3 vols. fol., new edition, Leipsic, by Weigel, commenced in 1825, 4to.).

EUSTATIA, ST., one of the Leeward islands, fifteen miles south-east of Saba, and eight north-west of St. Christopher's, is a huge rock, rising out of the waves, in the form of a pyramid, 29 miles in circumference. Sugar, cotton and maize are raised here; but the principal production is tobacco, which is cultivated on the sides of the pyramid, to its very top. There is but one landing place, and that, though difficult of access, is strongly fortified. The number of inhabitants is 18,000, of whom 4000 are whites, chiefly Dutch, and 14,000 negroes. The Dutch made the first settlement on this island about the year 1600. In the year 1665, it was captured by an English expedition. The French, however, soon afterwards expelled the British, and restored it to the Dutch in 1667. The English retook it in 1689, and restored it on the termination of the war in 1697. In 1781, a large naval and military force, under admiral Rodney, compelled the inhabitants, who were incapable of defence, to submit at discretion. The English commanders, under the pretence that the people of the island had supplied the U. States with naval stores, confiscated all private property, and, at one blow, reduced the unfortunate inhabitants to poverty. In the same year, however, the island was retaken by a small body of French troops, under the command of the marquis de Bouille. St. Eustatia was again attacked by the English in 1809, and compelled to submit; but, in 1814, the Dutch government was restored.

EUTERPE; one of the muses, considered as presiding over music, because the invention of the flute is ascribed to her. She is usually represented as a virgin crowned with flowers, having a flute in her hand, or with various instruments about her. As her name denotes, she is the inspirer of pleasure. (See Muses.)

EUTHANASIA; a gentle, easy, happy death. Wieland gave this name to one of his works.

EUTROPIUS, Flavius; a Latin historian, who, as he himself informs us, bore arms under the emperor Julian. The place of his birth and his history are unknown to us. He flourished about 360 A. D. His abridgment of the history of Rome (Breviarium Historia Romana) reaches from the foundation of the city to the time of the emperor Valens, to whom

it is dedicated. The style, though not finished, is perspicuous. The most esteemed editions are those of Havercamp (Leyden, 1729), Verseik (Leyden, 1762, 2 vols.), and Tzschucke (Leipsic, 1804).

EUXINE (Pontus Euxinus); the ancient name for the Black sea.

EVAN; a surname of Bacchus. (See Bacchus.)

EVANGELICAL. The king of Prussia has endeavored, for some time past, to unite his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects. There was, in fact, little difference in the faith of many of the two denominations; many of the Calvinists, or the Reformed, as they are called in Germany, not holding to predestination and several other Calvinistic points; and many of the Lutherans having not adhered to the doctrine of consubstantiation. Not a few, however, still adhere strictly to the tenets of their different sects. To assist the union, as it was styled, the Lord's supper is now administered uniformly, in all Protestant churches, throughout the kingdom, viz.: unleavened bread is used in the rite. If any Lutheran, however, wishes to receive the host in the old way, he may have it, because the sacrament in all Lutheran churches is administered in this form likewise. Calvinist preachers, or rather such as were formerly Calvinists, are now often appointed in Lutheran churches, and vice versa. This union has had some salutary influences; but the question may be reasonably asked, What is the character of the two sects in their present state? Have they given up or become indifferent to the important points of distinction which formerly existed between them? Nothing, in this respect, has been settled. In the public documents, the words Lutheran or Calvinist are never used at present, evangelical being substituted in the room of both. The king even went so far, a few years ago, as to prohibit the use of the word Protestant, in any publication, and ordered the term evangelical to be employed, on occasion of a theological controversy which had attracted his majesty's attention.

EVAPORATION is the conversion of liquid and solid bodies into elastic fluids, by the influence of caloric. Expose, for instance, water to heat, bubbles at first adhere to the sides of the vessel, which, by degrees, ascend to the surface, and burst. These bubbles rise the more rapidly in proportion to the heat. Water is evaporated by the heat of the sun merely, and even without this in the open air, and the vapor, rising into the air, is condensed

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