mistice; I did not know any thing about it; it was concluded by my brother Charles. And he solemnly promised never to seprate his cause from theirs. Deputies were sent too from the Tyrolese to London, where they published a manifesto, 13th November, stating their conduct and their sufferings in both the former and the present struggle; and declaring their resolution, whatever peace their beloved sovereign might be obliged to sign, never to come to any accommodation with Buonaparte or submit to the iron yoke of Bavaria. Such of the Tyrolese peasants-indeed they were all peasants, though among these were many ancient familiesas fell into the hands of the enemy, particularly the Bavarians, were treated with great inhumanity, and for the most part put instantly to death. But that good people, the Tyrolese, treated their prisoners, whether French, Saxon, or Bavarians, with great care and tenderness. The wounded prisoners were attended and nursed by the women, as if they had belonged to their own families.

The armistice between Austria and France was followed by a definitive treaty of peace, but not till the space of three months thereafter. By this treaty, which was dated at Vienna, October 14th, 1809,* Austria ceded all her sea coast to France and the kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony were so much farther enlarged as to become efficient checks on the future growth of the power of Austria, and thereby to confine

her within the limits which Buonaparté had assigned her. Russia obtained so much of the territory of Gallicia as should contain four hundred thousand souls.—The emperor Francis agreed to acknowledge Joseph Buonaparté as king of Spain.

As the treaty was declared to be common to the king of Bavaria, among the rest of Buonaparte's dependant princes, it was not necessary that any thing should be stipulated respecting the Tyrol, understood to form part of the Ba varian kingdom; but Buonaparté very graciously engaged to procure a full and complete pardon for the inhabitants of the Tyrol and Voralberg, who had taken a part in the insurrection, so that they should not be prosecuted either in persons or property.

A proclamation was issued by Eugene Beauharnois, now styling himself Eugene Napoleon, viceroy and commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, to the people of the Tyrol,† in which he told them that he brought them peace since he brought them pardon; but that pardon was granted them only on the condition of their returning to their obedience and duty, and voluntarily laying down their arms. Charged with the command of the armies that surrounded them, he came to receive their submission, or compel them to submit. But the inhabitants of the Tyrol and Voralberg continued firm and steadfast in the resolution of defending the passes in their country, and even to make excursions into Bavaria

p. 738.

Bavaria and Swabia. The great leader of the Tyrolese was Andrew Hoffer, an innkeeper at Sand, in the valley of Passeyr. He was not a man of ambition, nor yet of any extraordinary talents; but he possessed sound natural sense and other qualities which procured him the confidence, respect, and veneration of all his countrymen. He was about 45 years of age, of gigantic stature, and strength, yet of a comely and pleasing countenance. His dress was that of a simple peasant; so also were his manners. The leading feature in his character, his predominant passion, was religious enthusiasm; he was endowed with cool and constant courage; in his temper he was mild and merciful; he treated his prisoners of war with all possible humanity; he never put any one to death even where it was deserved and seemed to be demanded by the commission of enormous cruelties. Many villages he saved from flames. The influence of this man, a patriarch in character and appearance, on the minds and hearts of all ranks of his countrymen, even the highest not excepted, appeared to be the effect of magic. He did not assume authority or affect to command. The sentiments and the example alone of Hoffer were sufficient to invest him with the power of a dictator. Under the influence, rather than the authority or even direction of this man,* the Tyrolese persevered in their resistance to France and Germany,

combined against them; and their resistance was most formidable. In vain did Buonaparté for a long time pour in fresh forces, block up the passes of the Tyrol, and obstruct as much as he could, all communication with the neighbouring countries. If for a short time the Tyrolese fled, it was only to attack their enemies when they were unprepared, or to draw them into situations where they might be attacked with greater advantage. They were frequently driven back even after they had penetrated to the very heart of the Tyrol.t At last this simple, virtuous, and brave people was overcome by a constant succession of fresh columns of the enemy, and the capture and death of the good and gallant Hoffer. He had retreated at the close of 1809 with his family to a poor cottage amidst the mountains, at that time covered with deep snow, waiting for the events of the spring season. His retreat was discovered. In the night of the 27th of January, 1810, a party of French grenadiers knocked at his door about four o'clock in the morning. Hoffer immediately opened the door, and said "I am Andrew Hoffer; I am at the mercy of the French; let me suffer death instantly; but for heaven's sake spare my wife and my children; they are innocent, and not answerable for my conduct." There was with Hoffer his secretary, a youth of 18 years of age, just come from college, the son of a physician

in

in Gratz. Hoffer with his family was taken to Bolzen, where his son, a lad aged 14 years, was left in the hospital, on account of chilblains in his feet. His mother was sent back to the valley of Passeyr to take care of three other, and very young children. As Hoffer was led prisoner out of the territory of the Tyrol, multitudes every where ran to see him as he passed. Some raised their hands towards heaven and made the sign of the cross,

others fixed their eyes overflowing with tears on Hoffer. At Mantua, after a mock trial before a military commission, he was condemned to death, and on the 20th of Feb. 1810, shot in the presence of a great number of spectators.-There are many striking points of resemblance between the person, conduct, and fate of Andrew Hoffer, and those of the renowned Scottish patriot and hero, William Wallace.

СНАР.

HE grand features of the military conduct of Buonaparté, as already observed, were celerity of movement and the direction of a mighty force against the main strength of his enemy, wherever that strength was to be found. The conduct of the British ministry was that of Buonaparté inverted; their movements were tardy, and they sent forth their force in separate divisions against the points where they conceived the enemy to be weakest. In the beginning of June, sir John Stewart, who commanded the British army in Sicily, embarked with 15,000 British troops for the south of Italy and the capture of the city of Naples, and he was soon afterwardsjoined by a body of Sicilian troops, under the command of one of the royal princes. A brigade was dispatched by the British general to reduce Lower Calabria, and afterwards to join him overland. This brigade took possession of the line of posts which the French had formed directly opposite Messina, and of which therefore it was of considerable importance to deprive them. But the first point to be attacked by the main army was the island of Ischia. The batteries, by which the shores of this island were fortified wherever accessible, were

turned by the British troops, and successively deserted by the enemy, who retired into the castle. On the 6th day after which, the French garrisons of both Ischia and Procida surrendered to the British. The reduction of Procida led to the destruction or capture of 40 heavy gun-boats in their attempt to

pass in their voyage from Gaeta to Naples. By the capture of the two garrisons and part of the flotilla, 1,500 regular troops were made prisoners, and one hundred pieces of ordnance were taken.

The Neapolitans were led, by the proclamations of gen. sir J. Stewart, to believe that the principal object of the expedition was, to re-establish Ferdinand IV. on the throne of Naples. But sir John in his official dispatches,* discovers that his leading and paramount object was, a diversion in favour of our Austrian allies. This object was accomplished in some small degree, and for a short time. For on the first appearance of the English on the coast of Naples, a considerable body of men who had been sent to reinforce the army under the command of the viceroy in Upper Italy were recalled, as well as the whole of the troops, who, after the dethronement of the pope, had taken pos

session

session of the papal territories. But it was soon found that the projected attempt on the territory and city of Naples must be abandoned; for king Joachim had formed and embodied a large corps of national guards, besides the great regular force which he had assembled for the protection of his dominions and capital. After a good deal of fighting for the possession of the castle of Scylla, which was taken and retaken several times, the British were forced to abandon the slight footing they had obtained on the continent, as well as the two islands.

Another expedition, and one of a more formidable nature, was prepared by the British government to invade the dominions of France, partly with a view to the attainment of British objects, but collaterally for the purpose of operating, as well as that from Sicily, as a diversion in favour of the Austrians. Preparations began to be made early in May. Towards the end of July, troops were collected to upwards of 40,000 men, supported by the powerful aid of 39 sail of the line, besides 36 frigates, and a great number of gun-boats, bombs, and small craft. The present age had not witnessed so numerous a body of British soldiers, marines, and sailors assembled for the purpose of invading the continent. The number of the whole amounted to about 100,000 men. The expectations of the nation were raised to the

highest pitch. The fleet while it lay, or was leaving the Downs, was a spectacle grateful to the pride, and flattering to the hopes of Britain, Dover, Deal, Ramsgate, and Margate were full of visitors, of persons of the most respectable classes of both sexes, come to see the sailing of this great armament. Among these was lord Castlereagh, accompanied by his lady and a number of his particular friends, contemplating with delight a work of his own creation, from which further glory was anticipated, from its success confidently expected.* For the object of the expedition which was the occupation of Flushing and the destruction of the French ships of war, arsenals, and dock yards in the Scheldt, it was thought might be attained by so overwhelming a force, with so little difficulty, that the command of the army was entrusted to the earl of Chatham, a man reputed to possess an excellent understanding, but whose very name was almost proverbial for enervation and indofence. It was not understood that the earl in soliciting this command was roused from his habitual torpitude by a passion for glory, but that it might be attended or followed by results convenient for his narrow and somewhat embarrassed fortune. It was further said, that a hesitation and reluctance on the part of ministry to employ such a general was overcome by the influence of a lady of the court. The naval part of the expedition

was