cipally on practical questions; and their moral doctrines have so many points of resemblance to those of Christianity, as to have given rise to the opinion, that they were borrowed from the latter.-See Tiedemann's System der stoischen Philosophie (Leipsic, 1776). STOLA; a garment worn by the Roman women in later times, they having originally worn the toga only, like the men. The stola was a long tunic with sleeves, reaching to the feet, worn both by the rich and the poor, with this difference only, that the stola of the latter had but a single gold stripe, whilst that of the former had stripes of gold and purple, and at the bottom a broad border or tringe, called instita. Public women, and those who had been found guilty of adultery, were forbidden to wear the stola; hence they were called togata. By stola, therefore, a chaste woman, as well as a woman of condition, was designated. In stita was used in the same way. The stola, which forms a part of the sacerdotal dress of Catholic priests, is a long, broad, white band, of silk or silver stuff, lined with stiff linen, worn by the deacons over the left shoulder, and reaching to the right hip, like the riband of an order; but the priests wear it over both shoulders, and hanging down across the breast. It is marked with three crosses, and not unfrequently has little bells at the end. Prelates wear it ornamented with pearls and embroidery. The stola is necessary for reading the mass; hence jura stola, or the dues which are paid for baptisms, marriages, interments, confirmation, confession, and similar religious services performed by the priest. This name has been retained by the German Protestants, although they no longer use the stola. The teachers of the ancient church were supported by the voluntary gifts of the faithful (oblations); and it was long left optional with laymen whether they would give any thing to the priest on such occasions, or not. What was given, was paid over, as late as the sixth century, to the bishop, who allowed a part to the parochial clergy. After that time, every pastor acquired the right to retain what he received in this way from his parishioners; but the councils, down to the tenth century, insisted that the priests should not ask any thing for the above services, but merely receive what was voluntarily given. In the sixteenth century, this permission became a right (jus), confirmed by the ecclesiastical authorities; hence jura stola. STOLBERG; an ancient German house, which was formerly divided into the two lines of the Hartz and the Rhine. The latter becoming extinct, its possessions fell to the former, which, subsequently to 1638, was divided into the elder line, in the two branches of Ilsenburg (extinct in 1710) and Gedern, and the younger line, in the two branches of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Rossla. To the Gedern branch belonged the Stolberg-Wernigerode family, that of Stolberg-Gedern (see Albany), now extinct, and that of StolbergSchwarza, also extinct. In the time of the empire, the counts of Stolberg belonged to the Wetteravian college. Their possessions have been mediatized, and are now under Prussian or Hanoverian sovereignty. STOLE, GROOM OF THE; the eldest gentleman of his majesty's bed-chamber, whose office it is to present and put on his majesty's shirt, every morning, and to put the room in order. (See Stola.) STOMACH (stomachus; ventriculus; gaster); a membraneous bag, situated in the epigastric region, which receives the food from the oesophagus. Its figure is somewhat oblong and round. It is largest on the left side, and gradually diminishes towards its lower orifice, where it is the least. Its superior orifice, where the œsophagus terminates, is called the cardia; the inferior orifice, where the intestine begins, the pylorus. The anterior surface is turned towards the abdominal muscles, and the posterior opposite the lumbar vertebræ. It has two curvatures: the first is called the great curvature of the stomach, and extends downwards from one orifice to the other, having the omentum adhering to it; the second is the small curvature, which is also between both orifices, but superiorly and posteriorly. stomach, like the intestinal canal, is composed of three coats, or membranes:-1. The outermost, which is very firm, and forms the peritoneum; 2. the muscular, which is very thick, and composed of various muscular fibres; and, 3. the innermost, or vilous coat, which is covered with exhaling and inhaling vessels, and mucus. These coats are connected together by cellular membrane. The glands of the stomach which separate the mucus are situated between the villous and muscular coat, in the cellular structure. The nerves of the stomach are very numerous, and come from the eighth pair and intercostal nerves. The lymphatic vessels are distributed throughout the whole substance, and proceed immediately to the The thoracic duct. The use of the stomach is to excite hunger, and partly thirst, to receive the food from the esophagus, and to retain it, till, by the motion of the stomach, the admixture of various fluids, and many other changes, it is rendered fit to pass the right orifice of the stomach, and afford chyle to the intestines. (See Gastric Juice, Digestion, Dyspepsia.) STOMACH-PUMP. A small pump-in this application called the stomach-pump has lately been introduced into practice, for removing poisons from the stomach in cases where the action of vomiting cannot be excited. It has already saved many lives. It resembles the common small syringe, except that there are two apertures near the end, instead of one, which, owing to valves in them, opening different ways, become what are called a sucking and a forcing passage. When the object is to extract from the stomach, the pump is worked while its sucking orifice is in connexion with an elastic tube passed into the stomach; and the discharged matter escapes by the forcing orifice. When it is desired, on the contrary, to throw cleansing water or other liquid into the stomach, the connexion of the apertures and the tubes is reversed. As a pump may not be always procurable when the occasion for it arises, the profession should be aware, that a simple tube will, in many cases, answer the purpose as well, if not better. If the tube be introduced, and the body of the patient be so placed that the tube forms a downward channel from the stomach, all fluid matter will escape from the stomach by it, as water escapes from a funnel by its pipe; and if the outer end of the tube be kept immersed in liquid, there will be, during the discharge, a siphon action of considerable force. On changing the posture of the body, water may be poured in through the same tube to wash the stomach. Such a tube, made long enough, might, if desired, be rendered a complete bent siphon, the necessary preliminary suction being made by a syringe, or by the mouth through an intervening vessel. STOMACH-STAGGERS; a dangerous disease with horses, which is even yet but little understood. In the stable, the horse dozes, and rests his head in the manger; he then wakes up, and falls to eating, which he continues to do until the distention of the stomach becomes enormous; for the peculiarity of the complaint consists in the total stoppage of digestion, and the uneasy feeling of distention, consequent to such indigestion, ap pears to deceive the horse, whose morbid excitement induces him to continue eating. This he does until the distention prevents the return of the blood from the head; and the animal dies from apoplexy, or his stomach bursts. When recovery has taken place, it has been only in very mild cases. (See Loudon's Encyclopædia of Agriculture.) This STONE, OF CALCULUS; every hard concretion, not bony, formed in the body of animals. The article Calculus treats of the variety and chemical composition of these concretions. We shall add here a few words respecting their probable origin, and the cure of this disease in man. These concretions originate immediately in a disturbance of the secretions; but this disturbance may, perhaps, in most cases, be caused by a disordered condition of the juices, particularly of the blood, and a want of due assimilation. may be supposed, because, in the complaints of the gravel and the gout, which frequently interchange, the digestion almost always suffers, and acid is found in the primæ viæ; also because cattle often have biliary calculi in the spring, which disappear after they have fed for a time on green fodder. Calculi form themselves in those secreted fluids which contain many ingredients, and which have an inclination to assume a solid formi, especially in such as are collected in particular receptacles (the gall bladder and urinary bladder); and they have even been found in the salivary ducts. They consist of a nucleus and several surrounding coats, similar or various in their nature. Their component parts vary according to the fluid in which they have been formed. They obstruct the passages, and prevent the discharge of the secreted fluid; they irritate the vessels in which they are contained, and thereby cause convulsions, pains, inflammations and suppurations; they also affect, indirectly, other organs, e. g. the stomach, producing sickness and vomiting; the stones in the bladder occasion itching in the glands of the genitals, pains in the loins, testicles, &c. The most_common calculi are, A. biliary calculi, often found in great numbers in the bile, sometimes in the liver, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut. They are dark, brown, black, and usually polished on several parts of the surface, and generally occasion disease only when they move, and are very jagged. But in such cases violent pains exist, which extend from the right side to the centre of the body. They also sometimes cause periodical and obstinate jaun the most common. Its object is to divide that part of the urethra which suffered extremely in the application of the apparatus major, from the means used to distend it; and as the lower side of the urethra cannot be divided far enough, without the rectum being wounded, the cut is directed sideways. This is the reason of the name. Lately, the operation of cutting the bladder through the rectum has been introduced. STONE, Thomas, a signer of the Decla of William Stone, governor of Maryland during the protectorate of Cromwell. He received a classical education. Having subsequently studied law, he commenced its practice in Fredericktown, Md. In May, 1775, he took his seat in the general congress, and was for several years reelected to the same station. Soon after the declaration of independence, to which he had subscribed his name, he was one of the committee appointed by congress to prepare articles of confederation. After the plan reported was agreed to, Mr. Stone declined a reelection, but became a member of the Maryland legislature, in which he greatly contributed to procure favor for the system adopted. In 1783, he was again sent to congress. He then finally retired, and engaged actively in the duties of his profession; but, in 1787, the death of his wife engendered a deep and abiding melancholy. His health declined; and, on the fifth of October of the same year, he suddenly expired, in the forty-fifth year of his age, when on the point of embarking for England. dice. The convulsions and pains which they occasion frequently require the application of particular medicines to relieve the immediate suffering, besides those directed against the disease itself: the patient is often relieved from them by vomiting or by stool. B. Urinary calculi are sometimes a kind of coarse sand, called gravel, which sinks immediately to the bottom of the vessel in which the urine is left. Sometimes they are real stones, of the size of a pea, of a walnut, or even of the fist. They are found either about the kidneys,ration of Independence, was a descendant and then cause pains, inflammations, and suppuration, or in the pelvis of the kid neys. In this case, from time to time, single stones pass into the bladder, with violent pains extending from the region of the kidneys downward or backward, and are carried off with the urine; or they originate in the bladder itself, where they often acquire a very considerable size. They cause pains in the region of the bladder and in the perineum, and great suffering during the discharges of the urine. It often happens that this can be discharged only in certain positions, and drop by drop, with great pain; is slimy, smells of fensively, and is mixed with blood and gravel. The examination by the catheter affords the most certain information respecting the existence of calculi, if, as sometimes happens, the stone does not lie enclosed (encysted) in a certain part of the bladder. To destroy urinary stones, internal means have been recommended; but they are little to be depended on. If the stone in the bladder increases so much that it prevents entirely the discharge of the urine, it is necessary to remove it by the knife (lithotomy), or by breaking it to pieces in the bladder (lithotrity). The operation of lithotomy may be performed in four different ways: 1. By the apparatus minor, an operation described by Celsus, and very simple, requiring few instruments; whence the name. The operator introduces his middle finger and fore finger up the anus, and endeavors to bring the stone towards the neck of the bladder. He then cuts on the left side of the perinæum, directly on the stone. 2. In the high operation, the bladder is opened on the opposite side, over the pubes. 3. When the apparatus major is applied, the urethra is widened so much, that a forceps can be introduced, and the stone extracted. The name of apparatus major is used on account of the number of instruments required. 4. The lateral operation is generally considered as the safest and most effectual, and is STONE WARE. Under the denomination stone ware are comprehended all the different artificial combinations of earthy bodies which are applied to useful purposes. (See Pottery.) STONES, PRECIOUS. (See Gems.) STONES, SHOWERS OF. (See Meteoric Stones.) STONEHENGE. (See Salisbury Plain.) STONINGTON; a seaport, and incorporated borough, in New London county, Connecticut. It is situated in the township of Stonington, on a point of land, half a mile long, at the eastern extremity of Long Island sound. It is a commercial town, and has several vessels employed in the fisheries, and others in the West India and coasting trade. Population in 1830, 3401. August 8, 1814, while a British fleet was lying off this harbor, a brig of eighteen guns was ordered to bombard the town. The village was wholly unprepared for this attack, and was, for a considerable time, in much confusion. At length, two eighteen pounders were found; and with these so active and well directed a fire was kept up on the brig, that she was greatly damaged, and compelled to cut her cables and retire, with many killed and wounded. STOOL OF REPENTANCE. (See Cutty Stool.) STOP; a word applied by violin and violoncello performers to that pressure of the strings by which they are brought into contact with the finger-board, and by which the pitch of the note is determined. Hence a string, when so pressed, is said to be stopped.-Stop of an organ; a collection of pipes similar in tone and quality, which run through the whole, or a great part, of the compass of the instrument. In a great organ, the stops are numerous and multifarious. STOP-LAWS. (See Execution.) STORAX; a gum-resin, obtained by incisions in the branches of a small tree (styrax officinalis), which grows wild in the countries about the Mediterranean. The leaves are alternate, oval, petiolate, green above, whitish and downy beneath, resembling those of the quince. The flowers are disposed in racemes, white, and very much resemble those of the orange. The fruit is whitish and downy, juiceless, and contains one or two angular nuts. The storax of commerce is chiefly obtained from Asiatic Turkey. It has a fragrant odor, and an agreeable, slightly pungent, and aromatic taste; is stimulant, and in some degree expectorant. Formerly it was much employed in medicine, but now is little used, except in perfumes. Benzoin is a gum-resin, obtained, in a similar manner, from a species of styrar, growing wild in the East Indies. We have three species of styrax in the southern parts of the U. States. STORK (Ciconia). These tall and stately birds are easily distinguished from the herous by the small mouth, the angle not reaching beyond the eyes, as with the last; the beak is also destitute of the nasal furrow, but is similar in other respects, is straight, long, pointed, and compressed. Most of them inhabit the eastern continent, especially between the tropics. South America is not altogether destitute of them; but we have none in the U. States. They walk slowly, with measured steps; but their flight is powerful and long continued. They have no voice, but produce a clattering with their bills, by striking the mandibles together. Their food consists of fish, reptiles, small quadrupeds, worms, and insects. The com mon stork of Europe (C. alba) is about four feet in length, from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the nails. The prevailing color of the plumage is white, with some black about the wings. It is found throughout the greater part of Europe, but passes the winter in Africa. It takes up its residence and breeds in the midst of cities, and is every where protected, as it renders important services in destroying noxious animals. Among the ancients, to kill them was considered a crime, which, in some places, was punished even with death; and, like the ibis, this bird became an object of worship. The stork is remarkable for its great affection towards its young, but especially for its attention to its parents in old age. The gigantic stork, or adjutant of Bengal (C. argala), is a celebrated bird, very common about the mouths of the Ganges, and even in the streets of Calcutta, where it is protected by law, as also in other parts of the East Indies. It is stoutly framed, and the extreme length is nearly seven feet. The head and neck are destitute of feathers, and covered with a reddish and callous skin; and from the middle of the latter hangs a fleshy appendage. The bill is enormously large. It lives on reptiles, fish, &c., and even on quadrupeds, whose bones it breaks previously to swallowing. In captivity its gluttony is extreme. works, STORR, Gottlob Christian, doctor of theology, consistorial counsellor and first minister to the court at Stuttgart, was born, in 1746, at Stuttgart, where he died in 1805. Storr was distinguished for his pious life, and faithful fulfilment of his duties as professor of theology and preacher at Tübingen, as well as for his great learning, exhibited in various among which are his Observations on the Syriac Translations of the New Testament, in 1772, and on the Arabian Gospels, in 1775, both in German; Observationes ad Analogiam et Syntaxin Hebraicam pertinentes (1779); his Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews; his learned treatise On the true Object of Christ's Death (2d ed. Tübingen, 1809); On the Object of the Evangelical History, and the Epistles of John (1786); New Defence of the Revelation of John (1783), the Dissertationes in Apocalypsis quædam Loca belonging to it, and his Doctrina Christiana Pars theoret. e sacr. Lit. repetita (1793). STORTHING; the Norwegian diet (from Thing, assembly, and stor, great, elevated). The citizens qualified to vote choose electors, who from among themselves or their constituents, select the representatives, whose number is not to be under seventy-five, nor above one hundred. A member of the storthing must be thirty years old; must have resided ten years in the realm; must hold no office, civil or military; must not be attached to the court, nor receive a pension. Generally the storthing is held every third year, at the beginning of February, in the capital, Christiania. After the storthing is opened by the king or his deputy, it chooses one fourth part of its members to form the logthing: the other three fourths form the odelsthing. Each thing holds its sessions separately, and with open doors, and the debates are published, unless a resolution to the contrary be passed. The storthing is authorized to make and abolish laws; to impose taxes; open loans; see that the finances are properly administered; grant the civil list, &c. The government protocols, and all public papers, including treaties with foreign powers, must be laid before them, the secret articles only excepted, and these must not be contrary to the public ones; it may summon any body before it, except the king and viceroy; and it confers naturalization. Laws are proposed in the odelsthing, by its members, or by a counsellor of state: if they pass there, they go to the logthing. The king is to sign the bills, or to decline so doing. If a bill, twice rejected by the king, is adopted without alteration by a third regular storthing, it becomes a law, even without the king's sanction. In this manner nobility was abolished in Norway. STOSCH, Philip, baron von, a distinguished numismatist, born 1691, at Cüstrin, in Germany, studied at Frankfort on the Oder, and was designed for the ecclesiastical profession; but his taste led him to devote his time to numismatics. In 1708, he visited Jena, Dresden, Leipsic, and other places in Germany, for the purpose of examining cabinets of medals and antiquities. In 1710, the Dutch statesman Fagel employed him on a mission to England, where he became acquainted with sir Hans Sloane, lords Pembroke, Winchelsea, Carteret, and other virtuosi. In 1714, he went to Rome; and, returning to Germany, he engaged in collecting other antiques, particularly engraved gems. At Augsburg he discovered the celebrated" Peutinger Table." (q. v.) He was afterwards English resident at Rome, for the purpose of observing the conduct of the Pretender and his adherents. This post becoming hazardous after the accession of pope Clement XII, who favored the Stuarts, baron Stosch withdrew to Florence, where he died in 1757. His collections, and especially those of cameos and engraved gems, were peculiarly valuable. A catalogue of the latter was drawn up by Winckelmann. The baron himself published two volumes of plates, representing his gems, engraved by Picart and Schweikart. STOVES. Stoves differ from fire-places (q. v.) by enclosing the fire so as to exclude it from sight, the heat being given out through the material of which the stove is composed. The common Holland stove, of which we have an almost infinite variety of modifications, is an iron box, of an oblong square form, intended to stand in the middle of a room. The air is admitted to the fire through a small opening in the door, and the smoke passes off through a narrow funnel. The advantages of this stove are, 1. that, being insulated, and detached from the walls of the room, a greater part of the heat produced by the combustion is saved. The radiated heat being thrown into the walls of the stove, they become hot, and, in their turn, radiate heat on all sides to the room. The conducted heat is also received by successive portions of the air of the room, which pass in contact with the stove. 2. The air being made, as in furnaces, to pass through the fuel, a very small supply is sufficient to keep up the combustion, so that little need be taken out of the room. 3. The smoke, being confined by the cavity of the stove, cannot easily escape into the room, and may be made to pass off by a small funnel, which, if sufficiently thin and circuitous, may cause the smoke to part with a great portion of its heat, before it leaves the apartment. These circumstances render the Holland stove one of the most powerful means we can employ for keeping up a regular and effectual heat, with a sm.dl expense of fue!. The disadvantages of these stoves are, that houses containing them are never well ventilated, but that the same air remains stagnant in a room for a great length of time. A dryness of the air is also produced, which is oppressive to most persons, so that it often becomes necessary to place an open vessel of water on the stove, the evaporation of which may supply moisture to the atmosphere. Stoves are very useful in large rooms, which are frequented occasionally, but not inhabited constantly; as halls, churches, &c. In cold countries, where it is desirable to obtain a comfortable warmth, even at the sacrifice of other |