1821. HAGGART, DAVID (alias John Wilson, alias Barney M'Coul). Life, Written by Himself whilst under sentence of death. With Glossary of Slang and Cant Words. 12mo.

1822. RANDALL, JACK. A Few Selections from his Scrap-book, to which are added Poems on the late Fight for the Championship.

12mo.

ab. 1823. EGAN, PIERCE. Life in London. Two volumes, 8vo. With coloured plate by George Cruikshank.

Contains numerous Cant, Slang, and Sporting words.

1823. GROSE, FRANCIS, and EGAN, PIERCE. Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, with the addition of numerous Slang Phrases. Edited by Pierce Egan. 8vo.

1823. BEE, JOHN [i.e., John Badcock]. Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, the Bon Ton, and the Varieties of Life, forming the completest and most authentic Lexicon Balatronicum hitherto offered to the notice of the Sporting World. 12mo.

Another edition, with a slightly altered title, viz., Sportsman's Slang: A new Dictionary of Terms used on the Turf, etc., appeared in 1825. The author published books on Stable Economy under the name of Hinds. He was the sporting rival of Pierce Egan. His dictionary is a poor performance. It was reviewed by Professor Wilson in Blackwood's Magazine.

1825. KENT, E. Modern Flash Dictionary, containing all the Cant Words, Slang Terms, and Flash Phrases now in Vogue. 18mo, and also 48mo for the waistcoat pocket.

1825. MONCRIEFF, W. T. Tom and Jerry, or Life in London: a Farce in Three Acts. 12mo.

Abounds in Cant words.

1825. THOMAS, J. My Thought Book.

Contains a chapter on Slang.

8vo.

1828. BEE, JOHN. A Living Picture of London for 1828, and Stranger's Guide through the streets of the Metropolis; showing the Frauds, the Arts, the Snares, and Wiles of all descriptions of Rogues. 12mo.

Professes to give an insight into the language of the streets.

1830. KENT, E. Flash Dictionary, with a list of the Sixty Orders of Prime Coves (Thieves). 18mo.

1838. WRIGHT, T. Mornings at Bow-street. Illustrated by George Cruikshank. 12mo.

Attempts a few etymologies of Slang words.

1839. BRANDON, H. Poverty, Mendicity, and Crime; or, the Facts and Examinations upon which was founded the Report presented to the House of Lords by W. A. Miles, Esq., to which is added a Dictionary of the Flash or Cant Language, known to every thief and beggar.

Described by Mr. Hotten as "a very wretched performance."

ab, 1850. Leben in London. W. Moncrieff's Life in London, Dutch, Englishe, und Deutsche voten und ein Worter fuch der Vulgar Tongue, fur Englische lernende und England Besuchonde erlautert von H. Croll, English Text, with Annotations in German and English, and a copious and very curious Slang Dictionary. 12mo, pp. 230. Stuttgart.

1851-61. MAYHEW, HENRY. London Labour and the London Poor, Four volumes.

1852. SNOWDEN,

The Magistrate's Assistant and Constable's Guide. With a Glossary of the Flash Language. 8vo.

Describes the various orders of beggars, cadgers, and swindlers. 1856. HALL, B. H. Collection of College Words and Customs. 12mo. Cambridge, U.S.

1856. MICHEL, FRANCISQUE. Etudes de Philologie Comparée sur l'Argot, et sur les Idiomes Analogues parles en Europe et en Asie. 8vo. Didot, Paris.

Contains glossaries of English, Italian, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Danish, Russian, and Asian Slang, as well as that of Quack Doctors and the Bakers of Albania. The author's residence in many of the countries gave him opportunities of acquiring trustworthy information.

1857. MAYHEW, HENRY. The Great World of London. 8vo. Unfinished. Contains several illustrations of the use and application of Cant and Slang words.

1859. The Vulgar Tongue: a Glossary of Slang, Cant, and Flash Words and Phrases used in London from 1839 to 1859, and a Bibliography of Canting and Slang Literature; by Ducange Anglicus. 8vo.

An edition in 12mo appeared in 1857. Described by Mr. Hotten as "a silly and childish performance, full of blunders and contradictions."

1859. The Book of Vagabonds and Beggars, with a Vocabulary of their Language. Edited by Martin Luther in 1528; now first translated into English, with Introduction and Notes, by J. C. Hotten. Small 4to, with woodcuts.

Only continental cant, many words of which, however, are used in England, and especially by gypsies.

1859. [HOTTEN, J. CAMDEN]. The Slang Dictionary; or the Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and Fast Expressions of High and Low Society, many with their Etymology, and a few with their History traced. 8vo.

1860. The same.

1864. The same.

Second edition.

Third Edition and Tenth Thousand.

Other editions have followed. In the preface to his 1864 issue Mr. Hotten said the first edition contained about 3,000 words; the second edition, published twelve months later, gave upwards of 5,000; whilst the third offered nearly 10,000 words and phrases. The work contains a History of Cant, or the secret language of vagabonds; an account of

the hieroglyphics used by them; and remarks on fashionable, parliamentary, military, university, religious, legal, literary, theatrical, civic, shopkeepers', workmen's, and costermongers' Slang. The Dictionary occupies pp. 65-274, and there are separate glossaries of Back or Costermongers' Slang, pp. 280-284, and Rhyming Slang, pp. 289-292. 1870. JERVIS, Captain. The A. B. C. of a New Dictionary of Flash Cant, Slang, and Vulgar Words, Proverbs and Provincialisms, compiled for the special use of Old Shipmates and Friends. Foolscap 8vo, for private circulation only. Jersey. 1870.

Not published, and very few copies printed. The three Letters A. B. and C. are all that were done.

1877. Stock Exchange Terms. Art. in Financial Opinion, No. 22, July 26, 1877, p. 5.

BOOKS ON AMERICANISMS.

AMERICANISMS are words and phrases current in the United States of America, and partially in Canada, and not current in England. The circumstances of the early settlement of the several States, and other causes, have led to marked differences in the vocabulary of the various districts. Thus, the New England, Middle, Southern, and Western States have their own peculiarities of speech, and since the gold discoveries in California a digger's dialect may be said to have developed itself in the extreme west of the country. The characteristic features of the several divisions (with some account of their origin and critical comments on the books professing to illustrate the various dialects) are well described by Mr. Charles A. Bristed in an article on the English language in America, published in the Cambridge Essays for 1855.

Referring first to the "Yankee" dialect, or that spoken in the veritable Yankee-land, the New England States, Mr. Bristed says there is no want of books written in it, and "while such books usually have the fault of academic Latin, namely, that of being too idiomatic, several of them give a fair idea of the popular dialect in these States. The English reader's thoughts will naturally revert to Judge Haliburton, and certainly Sam Slick is often to the point here, but he must be taken with some grains of salt; his Yankeeisms are interspersed with a good many Westernisms and much general slang. Among books written by Americans themselves, the two Jack Downings (Seba Smith's and Davis's) deserve to be particularised. Better and more recent than these, more easy also to follow in its allusions, is Lowell's laughter-moving satire on slavery and the Mexican war, the Bigelow Papers. The glossary at the end of the Bigelow Papers, though occasionally

satirical, is mostly in sober earnest, and affords a tolerable proof that American as well as English polite readers would occasionally meet in the text with difficulties requiring elucidation."

In the Middle States there are very few expressions peculiar to the New Yorkers. "At the same time," says Mr. Bristed, "there are some striking words of Dutch origin, we may almost say literally Dutch words, which, originating in the city of New York when it was the city or town of New Amsterdam, have thence spread all over the Union, and become generally received, as it was natural they should from the almost metropolitan position of their birthplace. The Dutch as a living language no longer exists in the State of New York. . New Jersey was settled by Swedes, but the original settlers have left no traces of their language, though some Swedish family names exist in that State and the adjoining one of Pennsylvania. Some of the largest counties in Pennsylvania were settled by Germans, whose descendants at present amount to nearly one-fourth the population of the State. These Germans, who are generally designated by their neighbours as Dutch (Deutsch), continue to use their language to the present day. Is, then, it may be asked, the common Pennsylvania dialect at all corrupted with Teutonisms? Not at all; you will never hear anything like German in the non-German part of the State, except, perhaps, an occasional slang phrase.

"The older Southern States are of English, and purely English, settlement. Few marked and notorious peculiarities of expression suggest themselves as attached to the inhabitants of Virginia and the Carolinas. The small, cheap, illustrated collections of Southern Scenes and Sketches often give a juster idea of the popular dialect than more pretentious works of fiction. In some of these sketches, passages occur now and then which read very like a description of the Cannibal Islands by one of the head chiefs; but their value is none the less for philological purposes.

"On arriving at the Great West,' the inquirer is forced to hesitate; the materials for his investigation are abundant, but they nearly all encroach on the forbidden ground of 'slang.'