commissioners appointed to carry propositions of peace to Charles at Oxford; and, in 1647, he made a motion for disbanding the army, but that party was now too strong, and the attack was returned upon himself by an impeachment for high treason. He consulted his safety by retiring to France, whence he was allowed to return in 1648, when he resumed his seat in parliament, and was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with the king in the Isle of Wight. He was soon after again obliged, by the violence of the times, to retreat to France, where he remained until the restoration, which he zealously promoted. He was one of the members of the house of commons who waited upon the king at the Hague; and Charles II, before his coronation, advanced him to the peerage, by the title of lord Holles of Isfield in Sussex. In 1663, he was sent ambassador to France; and in 1667 was one of the English plenipotentiaries at Breda. Notwithstanding these employments, he remained a zealous friend to liberty; and when the politics of the reign tended to make the king absolute, lord Holles was a conspicuous leader of opposition. He is mentioned by Barillon, the French ambassador, as one of the noblemen who entered into negotiations with France to thwart the suspected measures of Charles against liberty at home; but it is at the same time intimated, that he and lord William Russell alone refused the money offered by Louis XIV. He died with a high character for honor, integrity and patriotism, in 1680, in the eighty-second year of his age. In 1699 were published Memoirs of Denzil Lord Holles, from 1641 to 1648, (4to); some of his letters and speeches have been published separately.

HOLLEY, Horace, reverend, LL.D., was born in Salisbury, Conn., Feb. 13, 1781, and in his early childhood gave indications of high and generous qualities. While a boy of twelve or thirteen years of age, he was employed in his father's shop or on the farin; but, showing a decided taste for study, he was, at the age of sixteen, sent to school, and entered Yale college in 1799. Having finished his collegiate course with credit, he began the study of the law, which he soon after abandoned for that of divinity, In 1805, he was ordained to the pastoral charge of Greenfield Hill, Fairfield, Conn., where he continued three years, when this connexion was amicably dissolved. He was now at maturity; his mind was active, vigorous and glowing; his person manly, graceful and imposing, and his eloquence

warm and impressive. In 1809, he was installed over the society in Hollis street, Boston, where he continued ten years, the pride of his people, from whom he received every demonstration of affection and esteem. Mr. Holley had been educated at Yale college, under doctor Dwight, and, of course, in the Calvinistic faith. Further study and reflection had led to a change in his religious views, and he became Unitarian in his sentiments. His sermons were generally extemporaneous, or, if written, were seldom finished; they were practical, addressed equally to the heart and understanding, and distinguished for eloquence and power. It was his custom to remain in his study late Saturday evening, arranging the plan of his discourse, and making notes. After a few hours' sleep, he returned to his study, without allowing himself to be interrupted by a breakfast; and often passed the day without din ing; so that he kept his mind full of his subject, and constantly on the watch. In 1818, he accepted an invitation to become president of Transylvania university in Kentucky. Here he remained until 1827, when he was induced to resign the presidency of the institution, of which he had elevated the character, and increased the number of the students. A plan was then formed of erecting a seminary in Louisiana, to be placed under his direction; but he was taken sick while at New Orleans, in the summer of 1827, and, having embarked for New York, died on the passage, July 31.

HOLLIS, Thomas, an English gentleman, memorable for his attachment to civil and religious liberty, and his services to literature and the arts, was born in London in 1720. He was descended from a Yorkshire family of dissenters, and was sent, after a common school education, to Amsterdam, in his thirteenth or fourteenth year, to learn the Dutch language and merchant's accounts. Not long after his return, in 1735, his father died; and, being now the heir of a handsome fortune, it was resolved to complete his education upon a liberal plan. In 1740, he took chambers in Lincoln's inn, but never engaged in the law as a profession. His attention seems to have been chiefly occupied with the study of the English constitution, and the cultivation of a zealous attachment for civil and religious liberty, and of the friendship of its most eminent supporters, especially among the dissenters. In 1748, he travelled over a part of the continent, and in 1750 engaged in another tour through the remainder. Find

ing, on his return, that he could not enter parliament without compliances which he did not approve, he made collections of books and medals, especially such as preserved the memory of eminent asserters of liberty, among whom he highly regarded Milton and Algernon Sidney. He was a fellow of the royal, antiquarian, and other learned societies, and made many valuable presents to the British museum. He presented a handsome collection of English books to the library at Berne, and also to Harvard college, in New England, to which, in imitation of some deceased members of his family, he was a most liberal benefactor. In his own country, also, it was one of his leading objects to disseminate books favorable to popular principles of government, editions of many of which he caused to be re-printed. He died in 1774. He was very gentle and polite in his manners, and seems to have united much of the ancient stoic to the modern partisan of freedom and general philanthropist. (See Memoirs of Thomas Hollis, by Thomas Brand Hollis, London, 1780.)

HOLLOW SQUARE, in the military art; a body of foot soldiers drawn up with an empty space in the middle.

HOLLY. The American holly (iler opaca) is widely diffused throughout the U. States, extending from about lat. 42° to the gulf of Mexico, and beyond the Mississippi to the border of the desert plains which skirt the base of the Rocky mountains. In many parts of this district, it is not uncommon, and adds to the beauty of the forest by its red berries and brilliant evergreen foliage. It sometimes attains the height of forty feet, with a trunk a foot in diameter. The leaves are undulated, coriaceous, dentate, and spiny on the margin; the flowers, as in the rest of the genus, inconspicuous, consisting of a fourtoothed calyx, four petals, and as many stamens; and they are succeeded, by rounded berries containing four osseous seeds. The wood is very hard, susceptible of a fine polish, and more capable of receiving a black color than any other: it is used principally for veneering; the black lines with which cabinet work is frequently ornamented, in this country, are formed of this wood, dyed in the coppers of the hatter. It is a good wood for turning, for the cogs of wheels, and for the pulleys of vessels; but for this latter purpose lignum vitæ is preferable. The European holly is very similar to the American in size, appearance, and the qualities of the wood. The I. vomitoria is a shrub,

inhabiting the Southern States from lat, 37° to the gulf of Mexico, bearing smooth, elliptical and serrated leaves, an infusion of which is taken like tea by the aborig. ines, who ascribe to it extraordinary vir tues, and are accustomed to assemble every spring, with much ceremony, for the purpose of drinking it. It is tonic and diuretic, and, in large doses, purgative and emetic. Three other species of ilex inhabit the southern parts of the U. States. From its retaining its foliage during the winter, the holly is a very desirable tree for shrubberies and ornamental planting. As a fence, it is very serviceable; and when formed into hedges, it admits of being cropped, and retains its verdure even through the severest winters. Its growth is slow, but its duration is longer than that of most other trees. In winter, it affords shelter to birds, and its berries supply them with food; and in Corsica they are used to make a liquor somewhat similar to colfee. The bark is smooth, and replete with a strong mucilaginous substance, from which birdlime is made. Birdlime, it is well known, is used for snaring small birds. Among the Romans, it was customary to send boughs of holly to friends, with new year's gifts, as emblematical of good wishes; and in England it is used, as other evergreens are here, to decorate houses at Christmas.

HOLLYHOCK (althæa rosea); a malvaceous plant, a native of the East, and very frequently cultivated in gardens for the sake of its ornamental spikes of large and beautiful flowers. The root is biennial, and shoots up one or several very upright, hairy stems, which attain the height of from five to eight feet. The leaves are cordate at base, and divided into from five to seven lobes. The flowers are subses sile, rose-colored, and situated in the axils of the superior leaves, thus forming a long terminal spike. From cultivation, many varieties have arisen, bearing flowers, single or double, white, yellow, red, or even almost black. It is a hardy plant, and easily re-produced from seed.

HOLMES' HOLE; a safe and commodious harbor on N. side of Martha's Vineyard, in the township of Tisbury, Mass. It is formed by West and East Chops; the former of which is 24, and the latter 2 miles, from the head of the harbor. The points are 24 miles apart. The depth of water is from 34 to 8 fathoms. Numerous vessels, bound to Boston or the eastward, are frequently seen here waiting for a fair wind. From about 1000 to 1200 sail anchor here in the course of a year. Here is

a village which contains a meeting-house, a post-office, and 80 or 90 houses. It is 83 miles S. S. E. of Boston. The whole town of Tisbury contains a population of 1318, and furnishes good pilots for vessels bound to Boston over the Nantucket shoals, and to New Bedford.

HOLSTEIN; a Germán duchy, bounded on the north by Sleswick, on the east by the Baltic and the duchy of Lauenburg, on the south and west separated from the kingdom of Hanover by the river Elbe, and washed by the North sea. It contains 3285 square miles, with 362,300 inhabitants, mostly Lutherans. A ridge of hills divides the country from north to south, into two large inclined planes, running down on one side to the Elbe and the North sea, on the other to the Baltic. The descent towards the Elbe is comparatively gradual, and on this side several streams run from the highlands, most of which empty into the Elbe; as the Alster, the Pinnau, the Krükau and the Stör. The part towards the Baltic is more hilly, and there are only two rivers worth mentioning, viz. the Schwentine and the Trave. But the lakes are numerous, the principal of which are the lakes Plon and Selent. On the eastern declivity, there are some charming spots; e. g., the environs of Plou, Eutin and Kiel. Nearly all the country is fruitful, particularly the lowlands on the Elbe and North sea, which begin about 20 miles below Hamburg, and are 10 miles broad. But a great part of the land in the eastern descent may now be compared to the above-mentioned lowlands, principally in consequence of the use of marl. As for minerals, the country about Oldeslohe contains salt and lime, but no metals. The animal and vegetable productions are more important. Grain is almost always abundant. Manufactures are not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the demand. Manufactures, therefore, together with colonial products and wines, are among the articles of importation. Grain, horses, black cattle, butter and peat are exported. The import and export of products are very much facilitated by the situation of the country on two seas, and would be rendered even more easy by the increase of canals in the country. Hamburg, lying on the borders of Holstein, together with Altona and Lübeck, are important markets for the consumption of domestic products. The Greenland seal and whale fisheries furnish many inhabitants of Holstein with profitable employment. Holstein may be called a fortunate country, for the necessaries of

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life cannot easily fail, and are generally abundant. There are good schools in the principal cities, and a university was founded in Kiel, 1665. The seminary for instructers, established in Kiel, 1780, has been of great service in promoting general education. December 19, 1804, bondage was abolished. The most important cities in Holstein are, Altona (q. v.); Glückstadt, a fortified city, the seat of government, at the junction of the Elbe and Stör, (the latter of which here forms a pretty good harbor), containing 900 houses and 5200 inhabitants, engaged in the Greenland seal and whale fisheries; Rendsburg on the Eyder, at the termination of the canal which connects the harbor of Kiel with the Eyder, is an important fortress, containing 7500 inhabitants; Kiel. (q. v.) Of less note are Segeberg, where is a quarry of limestone, Oldeslohe, where are salt springs, Plön, Itzehoe, Wilster, &c. The sovereign is the king of Denmark: for the administration of justice, the whole country, except the cities and the estates of noblemen, is divided into districts, under the jurisdiction of particular courts, from which an appeal may be made to the college of justice, or supreme court at Glückstadt, and from the seigneurial courts to the district court,which is partly filled by nobles; an appeal to the king is still allowed in certain cases. The established religion is the evangelical Lutheran, but other religious sects are tolerated; and, for the purposes of ecclesiastical government, the country is divided into eight provostships. Each provostship has a consistory, or spiritual court, composed of several clergymen of the district, under the supervision of the provost, which decides the causes that come within its jurisdiction. From this court, an appeal may be made to the superior consistory at Glückstadt, or supreme court, composed of the clergymen of Glückstadt and the general superintendent. The provost superintends the churches and schools of his district, and visits them twice a year; the superintendent does the same for the whole country. The earliest history of Holstein is obscure. Charlemagne conquered the Saxons who inhabited this country, and transported more than 10,000 families across the Rhine into Flanders, Brabant and Holland. The emperor Lothaire erected Holstein and Storman into a county. The contest between Denmark and the ducal house of Gottorp was ended, 1773, by the grand prince, afterwards emperor Paul I of Russia, ceding his claims on Holstein to the king of Denmark, in exchange for the

counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, which, in 1777 were erected into the duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg, and conferred by Paul I on the younger line of Gottorp. When the constitution of the German empire was abolished by the confederation of the Rhine, the king of Denmark united (9th Sept., 1806) the whole duchy of Holstein with the kingdom of Denmark, and took away its existing constitution. In the great European crisis of 1813, the war was carried into Holstein. The country was occupied by the combined Swedish and Russian armies, and, after a short armistice, a peace was concluded at Kiel (q. v.), Jan. 14, 1814. In 1815, the king of Denmark, as sovereign of Holstein, was admitted into the Germanic confederation. Holstein was, therefore, once more connected with Germany, and it became necessary to establish a constitution in which the estates should be represented, according to the decree of the confederation. The prelates and nobility of the duchy of Holstein have made application, in consequence, to the diet.

HOLT, Sir John; an English judge, celebrated for firmness, integrity and knowledge of constitutional law, was born in 1642, and was entered as gentleman commoner at Oriel college, Oxford. Being designed for the profession of the law, he became a member of the society of Gray's Inn in 1658, was called to the bar in due course, and soon distinguished himself as a sound lawyer and an able advocate. His professional eminence having procured him the post of recorder to the city of London, he filled that responsible office with much ability for about a year and a half, when, the court determining on the abolition of the test act, his uncompromising opposition to that unpopular measure lost him his situation. He continued in disgrace with James till 1686, when he was made serjeant-at-law; and, becoming a member of the lower house, on the arrival of the prince of Orange, he distinguished himself so much by his talents and exertions in what is called the convention parliament, that William, soon after his own establishment on the throne, elevated him to the dignity of lord-chief justice of the king's bench, with a seat at the council board. In this situation he continued during the remainder of his life, deckning the chancellorship, which was offered him on the removal of lord Somers in 1700, and discharging the duties of his high. office with a degree of resolute uprightness, which, however distasteful, on more occasions than one, to both the houses

of lords and commons, gained him popu larity with his contemporaries, and has se cured him the veneration of posterity. The only professional remains of this able magistrate are his edition of sir John Kelyng's Reports of Cases in Pleas of the Crown, in the Reign of Charles II, with Notes, printed in 1708, folio. Sir John Holt died in the spring of 1709.

HÖLTY, Lewis Henry Christopher. This lyric poet, who excelled particularly in the elegy and idyl, was born at Mariensee, in Hanover (1748). He was the sun of a clergyman, was, when a boy, lively and desirous of knowledge, affectionate and pleasing; but the loss of his mother, and his sufferings from the small-pox, which attacked him in his 9th year, depriv ed him of his gaiety. His severe studies, which he often pursued until late at night, also contributed to this effect. His inclination for strong emotion, and his poetical talent, were early developed. In 1765, his father sent him to a school at Celle, and, 1769, to Göttingen. He studied theology faithfully, but without neglecting the ancient and modern poets, and without ceasing to exercise his own poetical talents. As early as 1769, he bad gained the reputation of a young man of genius, and Kästner admitted him into his German society. He subsequently be came acquainted with Bürger and Miller, and afterwards with Voss, Boje, count Stolberg, and the other members of the society of poets at Göttingen at that period, where the young members met once a week, to assist each other in their labors. The best of Hölty's poems, even in the department peculiar to him, were written at this period, when he was much excited by the influence of this association. Te enable himself to remain at Göttingen, he applied for a place in the philological seminary, and endeavored to earn something by translations and by giving instruction. Love also contributed to bind him to this city. Like Petrarch, he be came acquainted with a Laura, but never made known to her his affection. His health was undermined by severe study, and his father's death (1775), which affect ed him deeply, increased his debility. Con scious of the near approach of death, he wrote many touching elegies, and was occupied with a collection of his poems, when he breathed his last, Sept. 1, 1776. In tender elegias or idylic poetry, he is peculiar ly successful. An edition of his poems was edited by Voss and Stolberg (1783), finally corrected and increased by Voss (1804),

HOLY ALLIANCE. Suffering turns the