7. 8. 9. What are the oral elements? How produced? When two syllables of a word are accented, which has the greater force? 10. What are the expressions of speech? II. 12. 13. 14. What is emphasis ? Define slur. How are emphatic words distinguished? When should emphatic words be used? How many kinds of emphasis are there? 16. What is absolute emphasis ? 15. 20. 21. 22. What is the monotone ? When is the rising inflection used? When is the falling inflection used? 23. In what is the circumflex mainly used? What are pauses? 36. 37. What are grammatical pauses ? 38. What is suspensive quantity ? 39. What does quantity embrace? 40. What are some of the essential qualities of good reading ? 41. What is the difference between enunciation and pronunciation ? 42 What quality of voice is mostly used in reading and speaking ? 43. What determines the proper accent of words? 44. How is inflection sometimes affected by emphasis ? 45. What is cadence? 46. What is the difference between the construction of prose and poetry ? 47. What is a parenthetic clause, and how should it be read? 48. When melody comes in conflict with accent, which must yield? 6. It is the distinct utterance of the oral elements. 7. The sounds that form syllables and words; and are produced by the positions of the organs of speech in connection with the breath. 8. The force given to one or more syllables of a word. 9. The primary. 10. Emphasis, slur, inflection, modulation, monotone, personation, and pauses. II. The force given to one or more words of a sentence. 12. It is that smooth, gliding, subdued movement of the voice used in parenthetic clauses, words contrasted or repeated, and in explanation. 13. By italics, SMALL CAPITALS, and CAPITALS. 14. When words and phrases are important in meaning, or when they point out a difference; when emphatic words are repeated, or when a succession of important words or phrases occur. 15. There are two kinds: absolute and antithetic. 16. It is used to designate the important words of a sentence, without any direct reference to other words. 17 It is founded on the contrast of one word or clause with another. 18. Three: the rising inflection, falling inflection, and circumflex. 19. A union of the rising and falling inflections, beginning with the one and ending with the other. 20. A sameness of tone. 21. It is generally used when the sense is incomplete; in questions which may be answered by yes or no; when a word or sentence is repeated as a kind of interrogatory exclamation; usually in negative sentences; and in the last but one of a passage. 22. When the sense is incomplete, when language demands strong emphasis, in exclamations, and in questions which cannot be answered by yes or no. 24. 23. In the language of irony, sarcasm, and contrast. Modulation is the variation of the voice made in reading and speaking, and is divided into pitch, force, quality, and rate. 25. Pitch is the degree of elevation of the voice, and is divided into high, moderate, and low. High pitch is that which rises above the usual speaking key, and is used in expressing joyous and elevated feelings. Moderate pitch is that which is heard in common conversation, and is used in expressing ordinary thought and moderate emotion. Low pitch is that which falls below the usual speaking key, and is employed in expressing emotions of sublimity, awe, and reverence. 26. Force is the volume, or loudness of voice, and is divided into loud, moderate and gentle. Loud force in expressing violent passions and vehement emotions. Moderate force is a medium loudness of voice, and is employed in narrative, description, and ordinary assertion. Gentle or subdued force is employed to express fear, caution, secrecy, solemnity, and tender emotions. 27. Rate is the speed, and is divided into quick, moderate, and slow. Quick rate is used to express joy, mirth, violent anger, and sudden fear. Moderate rate is similar to moderate force. Slow rate is used to express grandeur, vastness, pathos, horror, and consternation. 28. Quality has reference to the kinds of sound uttered, and is divided into the pure tone, orotund, aspirate, gutteral, and trembling. 29. pitch. A clear, smooth, flowing sound, with moderate 30. It is the pure tone deepened, enlarged, and intensified, and is adapted to the expression of the sublime and pathetic emotions. 31. It is an expulsion of the breath, the words being spoken in a whisper. 32. The guttural is deep undertone, expressing hatred, contempt, loathing. 33. The trembling is a constant waver of the voice, used to express an intense degree of suppressed excitement, or to represent the tones of enfeebled old age. 34. Changes of the voice necessary to represent two or more persons speaking. 35. Suspensions of the voice in reading or speaking. 36. Grammatical pauses are indicated by the punctua tion marks. 37. They are suspensions of the voice which the sense requires when a grammatical pause is not admissible. 38. Prolongation of the voice at the end of a word without making an actual pause. 39. Force and rate. 40. To read slowly, mind the pauses, give the proper inflections, speak plainly, and read as if talking. |