Learning," by Rev. S. II. Lee. It opens with a discussion, characterized by lucidity and breadth, of the relation which the higher education imparted by the college, the university, the scientific and the professional school sustains to the family, to the Church, to the State, to society, and, in short, to every thing included in modern civilization. The end of such education is "the full development of manhood." It is indispensable to all the other institutions on the maintenance of which the progress of social order depends. It is essential to the highest results attainable by the Christian ministry. History shows that learned men have been the centers of influence from which those forces that have made epochs in the Church and in the world have radiated. It was Paul, the best educated man of the Jewish race, whose preaching demonstrated the power of the Gospel in the great Gentile cities of his times. In the State educated men have been the strong walls against which untrained men of energetic action have leaned for support. Learned men have made the bar illustrious, and have been the stars by whose light medical schools have been guided in their studies. By reasoning forcibly on such facts as these Mr. Lee amply sustains his claim that the relation of institutions of higher learning is fundamental to the progress of Christian civilization. 'That the American people are clearly conscious of this truth is made apparent, as Mr. Lee further shows, by the fact that they have, by their voluntary efforts and sacrifices, called into existence three hundred and forty-six colleges and universities, forty-nine schools of law, one hundred and fifty-nine of theology, and one hundred and seventy-five of medicine. True, many of these are not ideal institutions, but "only the expression of a grand purpose." Yet they demonstrate the fact that a tolerably clear conception and conviction of the indispensability of higher education to national progress exists in the American mind in the West as well as in the East, our newest States and Territories being strongly bent on having their own local colleges.

But colleges cost money. Their needs are perennial. It requires quite a large number of first-class men to work a college successfully; and such men ought to be paid not stinted but liberal salaries, provided for by ample endowments. College buildings, too, are expensive, and they need constant repairs, frequent renewals, and by no means infrequent improvements. These wants cannot be met by charges for instruction, because very many-Mr. Lee says five sixths-of their students come from families of limited means. Whence, then, should their funds be derived? Mr. Lee inclines to the opinion that the State should supply them. To this it may be objected, 1. That since State funds must come from a tax levied on the whole people, a vast majority of whom can never send their children to colleges, it is scarcely just to tax the whole for the benefit of the small minority who can be taught by them. It is true that the higher education of the few is a public benefit, nevertheless the direct benefit to those who are so educated is so much greater than the indirect benefit to the many that it is not just to compel the latter to contribute to the edu cation of the former. 2. State support means State interference in man

agement, and this again signifies political influence, favoritism, and corruption. Colleges must not, therefore, look to the State, but to men of wealth who appreciate the importance of higher education to society, especially to its economic order, by which rich men are enabled to acquire and retain riches. Hence ample endowments derived from the gifts of intelligent Christian men must be sought for as the springs which are to feed the resources of our institutions of higher learning. As Mr. Lee observes, "The annual income of Oxford and Cambridge, England, is three million and seventy thousand dollars, almost twenty times as much as Yale has from similar sources." "" Who can estimate the worth of the benefits conferred on English society by the educated men who reap the direct benefit of those grand endowments?

That many rich men in America, and many of the rich men in our Methodism, are liberal givers is not to be fairly questioned. Yet it is unquestionably true that, viewed as a body, their liberality is not proportioned to the increase of their wealth. Mr. Edward Atkinson is cited by Mr. Lee as putting the wealth of the country at the enormous sum of $60,000,000,000, its annual increase at $900,000,000, and its daily increment at $3,000,000. Beside these figures, how insignificantly small the gifts of the rich to our universities appear! Out of such vast accumulations how easy it would be to place all our old universities and many of our new ones on foundations as solid as those which give such colossal strength to England's Oxford and Cambridge! And to what better use can our wealthy brethren put a portion of their gains than to endow a college chair? Fifty thousand dollars given for this purpose and duly invested by its trustees would keep a man of the very highest order of mind and culture, generation after generation, at the head of a class of young men under training that would make them powers for good to the Church, to the country, and to the world. As Mr. Lee says to his readers, so say we to ours, such gifts ought to be secured, but to secure them "somebody must work at it." And where can that "somebody" be found, if not in the person of that pastor in whose congregation are men who cannot innocently spend the incomes from their investments and business operations? Let wealthy Methodists therefore see to it that Methodist colleges and universities are fully endowed!

The Gospel in All Lands, published by our Missionary Society, has in its May number one symposium on Mormonism and another on African Missions, with other articles of interest on various topics. The characteristic feature of this magazine is its compilation and statement of missionary facts adapted to inform the general reader and to serve as raw material with which sermons and speeches may be illustrated.

The Missionary Review of the World, for June, is filled with articles which deal comprehensively and ably with several living missionary questions. It is not exclusively a recorder of facts, but is characteristically given to the discussion of the principles which lie at the base of the great mission

ary movements of the time. It has a strong editorial corps, a goodly number of correspondents, and, on the whole, fills our ideal of what a nonsectarian missionary Review should be.

Harper's New Monthly Magazine for June is, as it always is, very finely illustrated. It also contains its accustomed variety of topics ranging from grave to gay, from articles that impart information to those that are chiefly entertaining. That such a magazine can be offered at so low a price is one of the marvels of modern times.

BOOK NOTICES.

RELIGION, THEOLOGY, AND BIBLICAL LITERATURE.

Systematic Theology. A Complete Body of Wesleyan Arminian Divinity, consisting of Lectures on the Twenty-five Articles of Religion. By the late Rev. Dr. THOMAS O. SUMMERS, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in Vanderbilt University. The whole Arranged and Revised with Introduction, copious Notes, and Theological Glossary, by the Rev. JOHN J. TIGERT, M. A., S.T.B. In two volumes. Vol. I. 8vo, pp. 552. Nashville, Tenn., Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Price, $2 per vol.

The late Dr. Summers was the leading theologian of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. He was widely read in theological lore, a strong thinker, a logical reasoner, and a vigorous writer. The substance of his lectures, carefully and frequently re-written, is contained in this work. In this, its first volume, we find an "Introduction " which contains an outline view of theological science," and a chapter on "The Creeds and Confessions of Christendom." After this we have Book 1, on Theology Proper, or the Doctrine of God; Book 2, on Christology and Objective Soteriology, or the Doctrine of Christ and of his Salvation; Book 3, on Christ; Resurrection, Ascension, Session, Second Coming, and on Eschatology; (the Doctrine of Last Things;) Book 4, on Pneumatology and Subjective Soteriology, or the Doctrine of the Holy Spirit and of his Administration of Redemption; Book 5, Bibliology, or the Doctrine of the Holy Scriptures. In his discussion of these great questions our author is not superficial on the one hand nor prolix and tedious on the other. The sweep of his treatment, though necessarily not exhaustive, is yet exceedingly broad and sufficiently comprehensive for his purpose. He omits no really essential phase of the subjects discussed, is quite full in his statements of questions in speculative theology and in his explanations and exposure of the manifold theories maintained by distinguished errorists through the ages. In his definitions of doctrines, while independent in the expression of his own views, he is careful to sustain his orthodoxy, not by argument only, but also by giving copious and pertinent citations from recognized Arminian and other authorities. On points touching the

philosophy of the Atonement, concerning which Methodist writers are not in close agreement, he prefers the views of Pope to Raymond and Miley, albeit his reasons for this preference are by no means conclusive. On the vexed question of inspiration he accepts the dynamical theory, saying,. Holy men of God spake "-there is the human dynamism—“as they were moved by the Holy Ghost "—there is the divine dynamism, “and: both concurring, the result is the inspired, infallible and authoritative Scriptures." Mr. Tigert, its editor, claims that this work is "a full, and in some sense authoritative, exposition of evangelical Arminianism. as, developed within the Methodist Episcopal Church, South."

Old and New Testament Theology. By HEINRICH EWALD, late Professor in the University of Göttingen, Author of the History of Israel, etc. Translated from the German by the Rev. THOMAS GOADBY, B.A., President of the Baptist College, Nottingham. 8vo, pp. 458. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; New York: Scribner & Welford.

This volume is a selection from the second and third volumes of a contin- . uous treatise by Ewald in four volumes, of which the above is the alternative title of the whole work. Its first volume has been translated and. published under the title of Revelation: its Nature and Record; and is a discussion of "the Doctrine of the Word of God." Its fourth volume, on "The Doctrine and Life of Man," and of "The Kingdom of God," is not yet translated. As a whole, the treatise is a valuable contribution to biblical theology. It deals with the theology of Scripture from "a purely historical and critical point of view." In this volume, its learned and devout author discusses "Biblical Doctrine in its Origin and Historical Development." His method is strictly scientific. He traces the doctrines of Scripture from their original and partial revelations, their first more or less obscure utterances, through the narratives, experiences, and prophetic sayings of Holy Writ, down to their bright unfolding in the teaching and life of Christ. The theological student may not accept Ewald's speculations on the Descent of Christ into Hades, the Final Extinction of Sin, etc.; but in spite of these speculative defects he will enjoy the originality, the freshness, the suggestiveness of his thoughts, and be profited by the breadth and comprehensiveness of his views and by the ample and varied learning which he brings to the elucidation of the plan of God as revealed in Holy Scripture.

The First Epistle of Peter: Revised Text, with Introduction and Commentary. By ROBERT JOHNSTONE, LL.B., D.D., Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis in the United Presbyterian College, Edinburgh. 8vo, pp. 417. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. New York: Scribner & Welford.

In this volume we have the Greek text of the epistle, with exegetical Notes; an "Introduction" treating of its genuineness, its structure, and literary characteristics, and a "Commentary." The author's purpose in writing the latter was "by a careful examination of the grammatical structure of the epistle to ascertain, as exactly as the data permit, what 40-FIFTH SERIES, VOL. IV.

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is taught in it, and how the different parts of the teaching are related to each other." Working with this aim Dr. Johnstone avoided ".formal dissertations," and sought to clucidate the text by critical expositions. His exegesis is thorough and independent, albeit in his exegetical discussions he freely consults such commentators as Bengel, Weisinger, Professor Salmond, Leighton, Professor John Brown, etc. Evidently having in view the attempts of the "New Theology" school to find the dogma of probation after death" in that famous passage concerning the preaching of Christ to the spirits in prison (1 Peter iii, 19, 20), he devotes upward of forty pages to its discussion. 'But after a learned examination of the exegesis of every writer of note on this vexed question, he finds himself forced, both by the terms of the text and its relation to the reasoning of the apostle, to the conclusion that Peter only alluded to the preaching of Christ to the antediluvians through Noah, by way of contrasting the lim ited result of that proceeding (only eight persons) with the yast effects of the gospel of the risen Christ then visible. The advocates of probation after death cannot well help feeling, we think, that Dr. Johnstone has fairly cut away this, their only plausible text, from beneath their dogma. Viewed as a superior piece of exegetical work and as a luminous exposition of Peter's first epistle, this volume, even though it be mildly Calvinistic in its concept of the doctrine of election, is eminently worthy of a place in every theological library.

Sacred History from the Creation to the Giving of the Law. By EDWARD P. HUMPHREY, D.D., LL.D., sometime Professor in the Danville Theological Sem- · inary. 8vo, pp. 540. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son. The late Dr. Humphrey was a devout scholar, an eloquent preacher, and a truly great man. In this noble volume, completed shortly before he died, he gathered the richest results of his deep religious experience and of a long life devoted to the study of Holy Scripture. In a style characterized by forcible expression and graceful diction, his book discusses, in thirty-five chapters, the principal events of the biblical record from the creation to the giving of the law at Horeb. He narrates, elucidates, and explains those events, keeping in view the objections of modern Rationalists to their supernatural features, and of Scientists who question their harmony with their alleged discoveries. In his expositions he gives the results of his own profound critical studies without being formally exegetical. He frankly admits difficulties where they exist, and offers such solutious of them as are satisfactory to Christian biblical scholars. He discusses, with breadth and fullness, the various topics taught and suggested by the sacred record, such as the Fall, the First Gospel, the Deluge, the Call of Abram, the Giving of the Covenant, Christ in the Covenant, the Ten Wonders in Egypt, Horeb and the Law, etc. Where theological questions are involved he makes the Westminster standards the touch-stone of his explorations. He has no leaning toward Arminianism. Yet, in spite of this defect, he presents the "entire field of sacred history" with much completeness to the reader's eye, rendering it lucid and beautiful by