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cherry on the 17th Instant, with a letter, the great majority speak Cingalese, and signifying their gratitude for his upright the rest Tamul. This report of numbers superintendancy, and justice as a Magis-falls far short of former representations: trate, &c. &c. to which Mr. S. returned a suitable answer.

Should the custom of presenting addresses continue in India, it will add one to the memoranda, which, in future ages, may constitute proofs of British ascendancy.

WHEAT GROWN IN CEYLON.

His Excellency the Governor with Mrs. Brownrigg, the Honourable Mr. Carrington, and a large party, were to pay a visit to Delft Island, where there is a very considerable establishment for the breeding of horses, and where hemp of a remarkable good quality is produced, and wheat grown, the only part of Ceylon where it has been yet found to thrive,

FURTHER PARTICULARS RESPECTING THE
STATE OF CHRISTIANITY, AND
CIVILIZATION.

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nor can it be doubted that multitudes of the inhabitants have of late years relapsed into idolatry. In the time of the Dutch Government, there were between 300 and 400 temples dedicated to Pagan Deities: in the year 1807, they amounted to 1200! In 166%, the Christians in the district of Jaffna alone, were 65,000: by the last return it appears that there are not 5,000!.

NEW SOUTH WALES. PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION AND CHRISTIANITY IN NEW ZEALAND.

them, and ultimately to confer on that lately savage people, the greatest of benefits.

The following Extracts are taken from the Journal of Mr. Kendall, one of the Missionaries alluded to.

Our readers are already acquainted with Duaterra, the New Zealand Chief; and with his patriotic exertions for the benefit of his people: the present article shews the endeavours made by the benevolent Missionaries in New South Wales, to seMost of the native Christians are Budd-cond his intentions, to further and support bites in their heart, and frequently attend their idol worship and devil dances; and the Roman Catholics are scarcely a remove in Christian Knowledge or practice above them. It is to be regretted, that our European Christians, by their conduct, rather encourage than discountenance caste. I cannot but detest a national custom which prevails, that no native, no not even a naOn Monday, May 23rd, 1814, the Active tive Christian, is allowed to sit in the comsailed from the river Derwent for the Bay pany of an Englishman. It is true, some of islands. After a good passage, we came of our countrymen, who are in mind and to an anchor near Tippoouah on Friday. station above the common ones, subject June 10th. Duaterra was at his farm; themselves to censure, by inviting a rebut, hearing of a vessel being in the harspectable native Christian to take a seat.bour, he came over to Tippoonah, and paid But while we abhor the antichristian con- us a visit. We put into his hands a letter duct, we feel very delicate at once to break from Rev. Mr. Marsden, of which the folthrough the custom, lest we expose our-lowing is a copy: selves to censure on the one hand, and such a degree of familiarity on the other as might cause contempt. The inhabitants of the southern part of the island are mostly worshippers of the god Buddha: they deny that there is an External self-existent Being, and affirm that all the gods, and the world, &c. were made by chance; and that in proportion to a virtuous life in this world, men pass into a state of annihilation, which they affirm is the highest state of happiness.. In a conversation with two of their priests, we were fully convinced of this being their doctrine; and they reason with all their skill against the existence of God, or the creation of the world.

Number of Christians in Ceylon.-It appears, on investigation, that the native Protestants are about 150,000. Of these,

Parramatta, March 9, 1814.

Duaterra, King

I have sent the Brig Active to the Bay of Islands to see what you are doing; and Mr. Hail and Mr. Kendail from Eugland. Mr. Kendall will teach the boys and girls to read and write. I told you. when you was at Parramatta, that i would send you a gentleman to teach your Tamoneekees (boys and hoefeedos (girls) to read. You will be very good to Mr. Hall and Mr. Kendall. They will come to live in New Zealand, if you will not hurt them; and will teach you how to grow wheat, and to make houses and every thing.Charles has sent you a cock, and Mrs. Marsden has sent you a shirt and jacket, I have sent you some wheat for seed, and you must put it into the ground as soon as you can. I have sent you a mill to grind

your corn. If you will come in the Active to Parramatta, I will send you back again. Send me a man or two to learn to make an axe and every thing. You will send the Active full of moca, potatoes, lines, mats, fish, uets, and every thing. I have seut a jacket, for Kowheetee. Tell him to assist you and Terra to lade the ship. You will be very good to all my men, and not hurt them, and I will be good to you. Ann, Elizabeth, Mary, Jane, Charles, Martha, Nanny, and Mrs. Bishop and Mrs. Marsden, are all well, and wish to know how you are. If you do not come to see me, send me word by Mr. Kendall and Mr. Hall what you want, and I will send it to

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SAMUEL MARSDEN.

(Signed) Duaterra gladly received Mr. Marsden's letter, and was very much pleased with the arrival of his promised friends. I and Mr Hall accompanied him to his principal hipwah, or town, called Ranghee loo. It consisted of several small huts, about five feet in height, seven in breadth, and eight or ten in length. We were presently surrounded by many natives, men, women, and children; who conducted themselves toward us in the most friendly manner: as we repeated our visits, their friendship for us became more confirmed. The Tohungho Rakoos (woodmen) paid great attention to Mr. Hall. The children, who were at first afraid to come near me, would follow me, as soon as I had gained their confidence, to a great distance, to take hold of my hand.

We acquainted them with our intention of bringing our wives and children from Port Jackson, and residing among them, To some children I gave an invitation to go with us, and learn the Book, and see Mrs. Marsden; for it must not be omitted that the name of Mr. Marsden is well known at the Bay of Islands. The natives speak of him with respect, and even celebrate him in their songs.

Duaterra's farm.-In an enclosure he had sown some wheat, which was already five or six inches above the ground; and his people were busily employed in clearng more land, on which he intended to plant potatoes, and to sow two bushels of wheat which we had presented to him by desire of Mr. Marsden.

Duaterra is chief over the people of four districts. His territory is extensive. He has 400 fighting men under his command: a friend of his, whose name is Way, has 200; his uncle Kungroha, 300; and his uncle Shunghee, 600. Shunghee is a warrior, but of a very mild disposition, and with little appearance of the savage. He is chief over the people of seventeen places, is of a very ingenious turn, and anxious to learn the European Arts. He shewed us a musket which had been stocked and mounted by his own hands: it does him much credit, as he had no man to instruct him. He has several muskets in his possession. The natives procure these destructive weapons, with powder and shot, from the vessels which touch upon the coast.

We observed the natives at their daily In Duaterra's store-rooms were deposited work. One day Terra and about forty rum, tea, sugar, flour, cheese, and two others (men and women) were very busy chests of European raiment. One of these in preparing an allotment of land for potaplaces was unlocked; and, although the toes, for the ensuing year. Some of the residence of Duaterra is sixteen miles dis-uatives were digging the soil; others cleartant, yet every thing remained safe and un- ing it of roots and rubbish, which they molested. placed upon heaps; and others were burnIn many little fenced plots of land ating the heaps. Terra appears to be near Ranghee Hoo, and other places, we disco- seventy years of age. He presides over vered several hogs feeding. Pork is very the people of seventeen places. plentiful. An axe or a good piece of iron will purchase one, and sometimes two, good sized pigs. The soil is very good near Tippoonah, notwithstanding the hilly nature of the country. The cultivated laud produces potatoes, cabbages, turnips, carrots, onions, &c. The parts which are not cultivated are generally covered with feru. On the Sunday after our arrival in the Bay of Islands, Mr. Hall read upon deck the Prayers of the Church. The rain prevented the natives from coming to the vessel at the time of Divine Service: two or three, who had slept on board, attended.

Ahourakkee, and the men which he had with him there, with all possible dispatch, conveyed two good spars to the water side, This was attended with much labour, as the timber lay at the distance of two or three hundred yards from the river: but these stout active men soon cleared a path for it and drew it along. One piece, which the natives had cut down, measured nearly ninety feet in length.

July 5, 1814.-I attended the mourning ceremony for Towtoro, a man who had died on the 3rd. The corpse was neatly wrapped up in the clothing which had

been worn by the deceased. The feet, instead of being stretched cut, as is customary in England, were "gathered up in such a manner by his sides that I could not discern them. I heard the bitter lameutations of the women, and the Funeral Song or Ode of the Men. I witnessed a mock fight as a part of the ceremony; and the whole party, consisting of two or three hundred, feasting upon sweet potatoes by way of conclusion. The women, who were six in number, cut their faces, breasts, and arms, with sharp shells, until they were covered with blood.

We learn that the Active set sail on her return for Port Jackson, July 25, and arrived at Port Jackson, Aug. 23.

It is singular, that the ship's company should consist of the following nations. Two natives of Owhyhee, one of New Zealand, one European native of New Holland, one American, one from Sweden, one from Norway, one from Prussia, also English and Irish!

or third time, she continues to do so; he must drop his suit. Simple fornication is not considered a crime; but adultery is punished with death.

Ponahboo, Depero, and Shunghee, learned the English Alphabet in five or six days. The latter has also written several copies of letters.

The natives pronounce with difficulty the letters C, G, H, J, X, and Z. The remainder of the English Alphabet they can articulate very well. It is my intention in my little vocabulary of the language to substitute K for C.

I trust the time is now arrived, when they are on the point of emerging from that state of barbarity in which they have been long buried. The men are intelligent, and many of them industrious, and full of ingenuity; fit for husbandmen and mechanics, as soon as they shall be favoured with the means of instruction. The women employ part of their time in making kak kahows (outward garments), mats, &c.; and would gladly learn, I doubt not, to spin and knit stockings, and the use of the

The people of New Zealand, are parti-needle. The children are lively, active, cularly fond of bread. When once there is a sufficient quantity of wheat sown so as to enable the natives generally to know its value, they will esteem us still more highly; and New Zealand may, perhaps, at some future day, afford rich supplies of this article to our ships which traverse the Southern Pacific Ocean.

and witty: they made no stranger of me, after my first appearance among them: when they saw me, they usually said, « How do you do, Mr. Kendarro?" They then offered me their little parcels of millo, or thread, which they had made with their own hands, and asked me for fish-hooks, nails, and buttons, in return.

In a letter to the Secretary, Mr. Marsden writes,

In a former letter, I informed you that Duaterra was very anxious to "make a Sunday" when he returned to New Zea

Duaterra says, that "some of his countrymen are very good, will work for their living, and wish for improvement; while others are very bad, will take a ship, or steal any thing." He is very desirous to adopt some salutary measures, to keep in land. He now tells me that he made one subjection unruly and mischievous men; for five moons, or months; and then his and to establish laws and regulations for countrymen told him that they did not bethe good order and well-being of his peo-lieve that Europeans had a Sunday. From ple. He is still anxious to make a Sunday

at New Zealand.

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the general conduct of the masters of vessels who had put into the Bay of Islands, they had not observed any difference between the Sabbath-day and other days. Only two masters of vessels, Duaterra told me, had been particular in this respect. When the Active was there, the natives went with their potatoes, &c. for sale on the Sabbath: they were informed, it was the Lord's Sabbath, or a day sacred to rest; and that they could not receive any articles from them on that day. On board the Active they hoisted the English colours on the Sabbath. Terra, a chief on the opposite side of the Bay, when he saw the colours, immediately ordered colours to be hoisted on shore, where he lived.

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At the first interview which Duaterra had with the Governor, he requested that his Excellency would give, either colours to be hoisted, or a bell to be rung, or a drum to be beaten, to call the people together.

Duaterra is a man of a very superior mind. He is fully determined to improve his country, so far as his means and influence extend. Tools of agriculture are the only articles which he wants; and seeds to crop his ground. He assures me, that he will do all in his power to prevent future wars amongst his countrymen, and turn their minds to cultivate the land. No man could ever be worse treated than Duaterra has often been by Europeans: but he has the strongest attachment to them, from the hope, that, through their means, he may deliver his countrymen from their present degraded situation.

To shew the Society the ingenuity of the Natives of New Zealand, I have sent a bust of Shunghee. Some of the Chiefs are tattooed. I told Shunghee one day, I wanted his head to send to England; and that he must either give me his head, or make one like it of wood. He asked me for an iron hoop; made himself a tool about five inches long, like a plane-iron, and tied a handle to it-took the end of an old post, and very soon made the bust which I have sent in the box directed to you. The lines and marks of the face are exact, and the whole is a good likeness of himself. His face is something fuller, and this was owing to the post being rather too small. Shunghee is a very fine character; appears uncommonly mild in his manners, and very polite, and well-behaved at all times. Ilis districts are some distance from the Bay of Islands, in the interior. He had begun the cultivation of wheat, which I had sent to Duaterra.

With respect to agriculture, they visit different farms, observe the plough at work, some men with the hoe, some threshing, &c. &c. They tell me, that, when they return, they shall sit up whole nights, telling their people what they have seen; and that their men will stop their ears with their fingers: "We have heard enough," "of your incredible acthey will say, counts, and we will hear no more: they cannot be true."

His Excellency the Governor proposed on the return of the Chiefs, to present them with a bull and three cows,

The names of the Chiefs now at Paramatta, are, Duaterra.

Shunghee, Duaterra's Uncle.
Kurrokurro; and Toi, his brother: hif
father was a priest.
Ponahhoo.

Depero, Son of Shunghee.

with attendants and Servants; some of whom read and write the English language..

We have heretofore represented that the blame of the murders, &c. did not rest wholly with the natives: this is now the prevailing opinion at Port Jackson.

We heard in England with horror of the massacre of Captain Thompson of the Boyd and his men. I am not disposed to plead in favour of a law which does not discriminate the inuocent from the guilty. Yet we were not at that time told the whole of the truth. Previous to this fatal catastrophe some of our countrymen had been committing great depredations at New Zealand. The tops of the growing potatoes had been pulled up. The stores had been broken open by force, and the potatoes which the natives greatly valued and wanted, and which they had preserved with much care for their own support until the next potatoe season, had been vioently taken away. This conduct, added to the cruel behaviour of Captain Thomp son in flogging a young chief whom he had on board, taking from him the property which he possessed, and had procured at Port Jackson, and sending him naked on shore, led to the destruction of the Boyd.

Another engagement of a more dreadful nature ensued. Some of our South-Sea Whalers, by way of retaliation, united in destroying the inhabitauts and habitatious of a whole district. They spared neither men, women, nor children. One would have thought that Englishmen would have been more pitiful in their resentment; and would have permitted the women and chilThey were at too great a distance from dreu, at least, to live. But they did not. Britain! They also mistook with respect to the objects of their fury; and actually destroyed an innocent and unoffending people, who had nothing to do with the Boyd.

In this caruage our friend, the enlightened Tippahee, was slain.

The British Captains, who united in reverging the deaths of their countrymen, appear to have been misled by some natives who were the enemies of Tippahee. It is asserted by respectable characters who visited him after the affair of the Boyd, and to whom he was very kind, that Tippahee was a real friend to Europeans.

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ACCOUNT OF A LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, EXECUTED BY MESSRS. CHAPMANS, OF NEW CASTLE-UPON-TYNE, ACCORDING TO THEIR

PATENT.

On the 21st of December, 1814, a locomotive engine was set to work on the waggon-way of John George Lambton, Esq. leading from his collieries to the river Wear. It drew after it eighteen loaden coal waggons, (weight about fifty-four tons) up a gentle ascent, rising five-sixteenths of an inch to a yard, or at the rate of forty-six feet in a mile, and went nearly at the speed

of four miles an hour.

The engine was mounted upon eight wheels, by means of which the weight is so far reduced as to avoid the great expense of relaying ways with stronger rails; which in many instances has been done to obtain the vast annual saving between the use of locomotive engines and horses.

The cast-iron rails of Mr. Lambton's way were only calculated to carry waggons of three tons weight, inclusive of their loading: and the locomotive engine, with its water, was nearly six tous; so that on four wheels this way could not have borne it.

The acting power of the engine was applied to the wheels supporting it, and their resistance to slipping upon the way was the utmost power it could exert in drawing waggous after it; which, in this instance, was carried to the extreme: for although the friction was equal to the drawing forward the train of eighteen waggons, after they were fairly in motion, it did not overcome their vis inertia on drawing them from a state of rest until after a considerable slipping of the wheels of the locomotive carriage. The power of the engine was sufficient to take more waggons after it; but it could not have moved the present number up a greater ascent without having recourse to the second part of Messrs. Chapman's invention, which consists in having a chain laid along the way, where the steepness of ascent requires it, which is then laid over a sproket-wheel, like that of a chain-pump, and this wheel (receiving a similar degree of motion with that of the carriage wheels of the engine) draws it forward without slipping; and when arrived at the head of the ascent the chain disengages itself by being hauled or lifted off the iron in which it was inserted.

It appears highly probable, that this invention must prove a great saving, both in public and private railways, from the great number of horses and men which ne single engine may be substituted for.

The Gatherer.

NO. VII. NEW SERIES,

"I am but a Gatherer and Dealer in other Men's Stuff."

SAVAGES IN SUCCESSION;
In Nature, in Form, in Morals; or

the Climax of Parisian Spectacle. It was before Buonaparte resumed the Imperial Crown, which he found despoiled of its jewels by Louis XVIII, that Paris was enruptured with the attractions of that graceful personage, who, in London, had been the object of benevolent suspicion, of legal interference, of public compassion and comparison. Before Buonaparte was the Hottentot Venus; and, when all Paris had felt its curiosity excited rather than gratified, in contemplating this demonstrative example of the immense superiority of nature over art-for neither art nor fashion, though intent on approaching the reality, had ever extended their wonderful projects to the same exuberance of projection-had ever contemplated the preterpluperfect of form, and personal appendage, equal to that which nature, in her profusion, had annexed to the human figure, in this instance-especially, when, the Savans of Paris, had taken their measures, and completed their calculations, with all the accuracy of the decimal system,-then, the theatre took its turn, and a trés jolie spectacle, of which the Hottentot Venus was the heroine, was represented with universal applause, on the scenes of the Vaudeville.

Nature, in forming Elephants, established a race; and the animal exhibited on the London boards, never appeared monstrous to the public, however bountifully furnished with protuberance in the parts which last entered on the scene, and last quitted it. An Elephant, too, displayed his prodigious dimensions on the stage, at Paris; and had for his successor, the celebrated Sartjee.

The Parisians, who pique themselves on the refined delicacy of their taste in theatricals, applauded the latter spectacle with at least equal vehemence to that bestowed on the first. Why not? were not their pretensions equal?were they not both Africans, equal in birth, in form, in inteliect,-in what not? However, to do the Parisiaus justice, they had been partly be trayed into this: it had been prepared for, with no common exertion and skill. As

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