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I endeavoured to discover if the colour- | ing matter was combustible. It was gradually heated in a glass tube filled with oxygen; it did not inflame, but became red hot sooner than it would have done had it been merely earthy matter: on exposing the gas in the tube to lime water, there was a precipitation of carbonate of lime. Some of it was mixed with hyperoxymuriate of potassa, and heated in a small retort when the salt fused there was a slight scintillation, a little moisture appeared, and the gas given off received into lime-water occasioned a very evident precipitation.

It appeared from these experiments, that the colouring matter was a compound of either vegetable or animal origin. I threw some of it upon a hot iron: it emitted scarcely any smoke, and gave a smell which had some resemblance to that of Prussic acid, but which was extremely faint.

which in the case of so small a quantity of matter diffused over so large a quantity of surface could not have afforded unequivocal results.

The durability of this lake, whether vegetable or animal, is a very curious circumstance; but the exterior part which has been exposed to air has suffered. This durability probably depends in a great measure upon the attractive powers of so large a mass of alumina; for, whenever one proportion of a substance is combined with many proportions of another substance, it is very difficult to decompose or detach the one proportion.

says "nunc et purpuris in parietes migran tibus, et India conferente aluminum suorum limum, et draconum et elephantorum sanjem, nulla nobilis pictura est." Lib. XXXV. cap. 32.

From the circumstances which have been noticed respecting this colour, it is impossible to form an opinion whether it is of vegetable or animal origin. If of animal origin, it is most probably the Tyrian or marine purple: and by some comparative experiments on the purple obtained from When hydrate of potassa was fused in shell-fish, the question might perhaps be contact with it, the vapours that rose had decided. It is very probable that the no distinct ammoniacal smell; they gave most expensive colour would be employed indeed slight fumes to paper moistened for ornamenting the imperial baths; aud with muriatic acid, but this is far from be- it is not impossible that Pliny may have al◄ ing an unequivocal proof of animal matter.luded to the palace of the Casars when hẹ I compared this colour with vegetable lake from madder, and animal lake from cochineal diluted to the same degree, as near as possible, and fixed upon clays. The lake of maider, after being dissolved in strong muriatic acid, had its colour restored by alkalies, which was not the case with the ancient lake. The lake of madder likewise gave a much deeper tint to muriatic acid, and produced a tawny hue when its weak muriatic solution was acted on by muriate of iron; whereas the ancient lake did not change in colour. The ancient lake agreed with the lake of cochineal in being rendered of a deeper hue by weak alkalies, and of a brighter hue by weak acids; but it differed from it in being much more easily destroved by strong acids. It agreed with both the vegetable and animal lakes in being immediately destroyed by a solution of chlorine.

The lake made from cochineal produced much denser fumes when exposed to fused potash, and afforded a distinct ammoniacal smell. The two modern lakes when burnt in oxygen, did not give stronger signs of inflammation than the ancient. I ascertained the loss of weight this ancient lake suffered by combustion, and found it only one-thirtieth, and this loss must in great part have depended on the expulsion of water from the clay on which it was fixed. This circumstance induced me to renounce the idea of attempting to determine its nature from the products of its decomposition;

I have seen no colour of the same tint as this ancient lake in any of the ancient paintings in fresco. The purplish reds in the baths of Titus are mixtures of red ochres and the blues of copper-In the Aldobrandini picture there is a purple in the garment of the Fronuba, but of an inferior hue; and this purple appears to be a compound mineral colour of the nature of these.

It was not destroyed by solution of chlorine; and when a little of it was exposed to muriatic acid, it rendered the acid yellow, and the remainder yielded a residual blue powder.

(To be continued.)

M. Chaptal considers the lake he found amongst the colours from Pompeii (as I have already mentioned) as of vegetable origin; and he founds his opinion upon the circumstance of its not affording by decomposition the smell peculiar to animal substances: but probably this smell, even if produced by recent purple colouring matter of animal origin, would not belong to colouring matter of 1700 years old. For it is most probably owing merely to albumen or gelatine not essential to the colouring particles, and much more ra pidly decomposed.

The Gatherer.

NO, VIII. NEW SERIES.

"I am but a Gatherer, and Dealer in other Men's Stuff."

REV. ARTHUR YOUNG'S PROPOSED EXCURSION TO THE CRIMEA. Cælum non animam mutant qui trans mare currunt.

fifty roubles, at 1s. 2d. each, or 2l. 18s. 4d Changing a window from bladders to glass, cost 12s. each. Such a cottage as lets in Suffolk for two guineas a year, might have been built at the same time, in the manner of the country, for 100 roubles, or 5l. 16s. 8d. To change the roof of this cottage for one of tiles, would cost eighty roubles. A house built of stone and tiles, of three rooms, was bought for seventy-five roubles; but building it, would have cost 300 roubles, or 17. 10s. A square Russian fathom, being seven English feet of stone walling, for a house or fence wall twenty one inches thick, costs, (mortar, mason, and carriage included,) twelve roubles; a cubical fathom of stone for building laid down on the spot, costs five roubles; and to work these stones into a wall, the mason and mortar comes to seven roubles more per square fathom, twenty one inches thick. A sawn plauk in the merchant's yard, twenty one feet long, fifteen inches broad, and two inches thick, is bought for two roubles and a half: yet these planks are brought 1500 miles-Furniture. Price of a bedstead ten roubles, a mattrass twenty five roubles, a cotton coverlit fifteen roubles a common chair two roubles, a table five roubles-Live Stock, Price of a farm horse 31. 10s. a riding ditto 41. 15s. 4d. a pair of large plough oxen 71. 16s. a cow with a calf by her side 21, 7s, a ewe and lamb 11s. 8d. a sow fifteen roubles, cocks and hens half a rouble each, turkeys one rouble and a half, geese three quarters of a rouble,

In page 469 of the present Volume, the Gatherer has recorded the proposals of a patriot who wishes to disburden his country of a part of its superfluous population. He has now the satisfaction of announcing further particulars. The low price of every thing will certainly tempt those who wish to sell cheap as for instance, good horses at about four guineas, and good wheat at about three shillings and sixpence per bushel: —those who wish to make their own candles; those who wish to live retired, not interupted by comers and goers, or other pests of society. Society!-it is not known: Information on public affairs, -none!—on private affairs,-none! Markets in the neighbourhood, none! Reli-plough harness for two oxen five roublesgion and Public worship-Morals,-Literature &c. &c. none-none-none. The Plague-only now and then. Now for furtherpar ticulars :-which we copy verbatim.

The Proprietor of an Estate in the Crimea, to which he was going in July 1815, is obliged to postpone his journey till the spring of 1816: his advertisements have brought so many applications, that he feels it to be necessary, in order to answer their many enquiries, to print the following statements:-The expence of the journey by sea and land, on a rough estimate, may be reckoned at from 161. to 201. each person, with economy, if the number be small; less for large families.-Building The expence of building a small English Cottage of two rooms, the walls wattled, and pastered in the manner of the country, with a mixture of cow-dung, and the roof covered also in the method of the country, one chimney, bladder windows, was built in 1818, all expences included, for

Implements. A plough for going ten inches deep, with irons, twenty five roubles; a common German plough for four oxen, that goes five or six inches deep, seventy or cighty roubles, a common ox-cart of the country, no iron, twenty roubles-Labour, Common day labour, in summer, one rouble and a quarter; ditto. in winter, three quarters of a rouble; alad for keeping cows and sheep, wages seventy roubles a year, and to be fed; a maid servant, being a good working girl, wages ten roubles a month, and food; a common ditto, five or six roubles per month.-Fuel. Expence of one fire, to buy the wood, thirty roubles per ann. Every body makes their own candles.-Provisions. Game of all kinds, and wild fowl, in the utmost profusion; a one horse cart load of sea fish 11s. 6d. very fine oysters 11s. 6d. per 1000; Anchovies 91b. for 24d. the finest Greek wines 17d. per bottle. From these particulars it is sufficiently evident, that a family may settle in a most fertile and entirely level pasture, free from wood and stones, and ca pable of being ploughed without the

there was not the least symptom of decay, 400
The rings in its butt were carefully reckon-an-
ed, and amounted to above 400 in nung- it is
ber, a convincing proof that this tree was of
in an improving state for upwards of 400
years; and as the ends of some of its bran
ches were decayed and had dropt off, it is
presumed it had stood a great number of
years, after it had attained maturity.
INSTANCE OF THE PROGRESS OF CRIME. by
To the Editor of the Literary Panorama.
SIR,

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smallest previous expence, on a capital surprisingly small. The people of the country plough and sow wheat for the first crop without any enclosure; but when the cora is coming into ear, it is watched, to keep off the horses, cattle and sheep, which graze upon the estate. The price of the land to a purchaser, in lots of not less than 100 acres, will be, according to situation, from 17. to 21. per acre, and rent in general about Is. per acre. The price of wheat at present is 3s. 6d. per bushel. The Es tate is within eleven miles of Caffa, an ex-porting sea-port within three days' sail of Constantinople; a cousiderable trade from In your last number, you were led by thei Caffa to Malta in corn and salt beef. The the benevolence that marks your work, to very Crimea is the only province of Russia in notice particularly, Mr. Chaplin's Sermon Perwhich a purchaser of land does not become at Bishop's Stortford, respecting the execu- g the a Russian subject. No taxes whatever; tion of criminals who had begun their pres no tithes; no poor rates. All Foreign set- career of crime by what some think very battlers are under the protection of the Em-lightly of, the practice of poaching. Per- e. aperor. As the rouble, at par, is 2s. 6d. haps there are few means of benefitting the every pound sterling in gold or silver in-public more essentially, than by the pre- nacy. creases as two and a half to oue, on being vention of crime; and this cannot be bet- val. carried to Russia; 1007. becomes near 300/ ter accomplished than by exposing the naat the present rate of Exchange, the rouble tural progress of that course which be- fl in 1815 being only 104. Price of the whole gins in secrecy, is continued in obstinacy, or estate, paid in England, 5,000l. and from transgressions apparently trivial, gradually hardens the sinner, till his life becomes a burden on Society, and he falls a sacrifice to the law. Imaginary Histories ex tracing this progress are liable to exceptions from various causes; but real histories not only make a powerful impression on the immediate neighbourhood where the culprits are known, but usually wherever their truth can be substantiated.

THE GOLENOS OAK.

Description of the Golenos Oak, purchased by the late Thomas Harrison, many years his Majesty's purveyor of Plymouth dock-yard and Dean Forest, and felled and converted by him in the year 1810:-It grew about four miles from the town of Newport, in Monmouthshirethe main trunk at 10 feet long, produced 450 cubic feet; one limb 355, one ditto 47%, one ditto 113, and six other limbs of inferior size averaged 93 feet each, making the whole number 2,426 cubic feet of convertible timber. The bark was estimated at six tons, but as some of the very heavy body bark was stolen out of the barge at Newport, the exact weight is not known. Five men were twenty days stripping and cutting down this tree; and a pair of sawyers were five months converting it, without losing a day (Sundays excepted.) The money paid for converting -only, independent of the expences of carriage, was £82; and the whole produce of the tree when brought to market was within a trifle of £600. It was bought standing for £450; the main trunk was 9 feet in diameter, and in sawing it through, a stone was discovered six feet from the ground, above a yard in the body of the tree, through which the saw cut; the stone was about six inches in diameter, and completely shut in, but round which VOL. II. Lit. Pan. New Series, August 1.

I have, therefore, thought that your laudable intentions might be promoted by the communication of the following uniquestionable narrative of facts, which have It may lately occurred in this county. deter some not yet hardened in guilt, or it may warn those to whom the way of transgressors presents temptations. How much happier is the honest man, though poor! How much more truly his own master, than these slaves to bad habits, who refusing to obey restraints neither harsh nor burdensome, treat them with contempt, till at last, crime follows crime, and what they would not have believed it possible they should be guilty of, at first, becomes not merely tolerable, but even familiar and ordinary. They live in, and by, the very guilt which they abhorred they end by depriving others of life, and thereby fors fe feiting their own.

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a common chair new
roubles-Live Sekda far boet
31. 10s. a riding media prof
hrge plough oxen Law with a call
by ber side 24, 78, a ewe and hob 17.86
a table fre
a sow fifteen roubles, clam b
half a rouble each,

half, geese three gen
plough harness for two om for
plements. A plough for ging
ches deep, with irors, twenty dre
eon German plough for har
that goes five or six inches desp
reighty roubles, a common con
try, noiron, twenty roubles-L

Con day labour, in some C

da quarter; ditto. in

sheep, wages seventy roubles &
of a rouble; alad for keepi

be fed; a maid servant, beg
waking girl, wages ten roubles
and food; a common ditto, five
les per month.-Fuel. Expence

, to by the wood, thirty roubl
Every body makes their o
-Prisions. Game of aH Kiar
it in the utmost profusion
sect load of sea fish 11s. 6d. T
s Is 6d. per 1000; Ancho
the finest Greek
wines

From these particulars
y evident, that a family may
The fun wood and stones,
tile and entirely level
of being ploughed

THE GOLENOS OAK.

there was not the least symptom of decay, 400
The rings in its butt were carefully reckon
ed, and amounted to above 400 in nunt- it is
ber, a convincing proof that this tree was. of
in an improving state for upwards of 400
years; and as the ends of some of its bran......
ches were decayed and had dropt off, it is
presumed it had stood a great number of
years, after it had attained maturity.
INSTANCE OF THE PROGRESS OF CRIME. by
To the Editor of the Literary Panorama.
SIR,

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allest previous expence, on a capital The people of the rprisingly small. untry plough and sow wheat for the first op without any enclosure; but when the ru is coming into ear, it is watched, to "ep off the horses, cattle and sheep, which The price of the raze upon the estate. nd to a purchaser, in lots of not less than 0 acres, will be, according to situation, om 17. to 21. per acre, and rent in geneThe price of wheat I about 1s. per acre. present is 3s. 6d. per bushel. The Es e is within eleven miles of Caffa, an exrting sea-port within three days' sail of In your last number, you were led by th nstantinople; a cousiderable trade from affa to Malta in corn and salt beef. The the benevolence that marks your work, to v imea is the only province of Russia in notice particularly, Mr. Chaplin's Sermon P ich a purchaser of land does not become at Bishop's Stortford, respecting the execu- the Russian subject. No taxes whatever; tion of criminals who had begun their All Foreign set- career of crime by what some think very† tithes; no poor rates. rs are under the protection of the Em-lightly of, the practice of poaching. Per- e .or. As the rouble, at par, is 2s. 6d. haps there are few means of benefitting the b ry pound sterling in gold or silver in- public more essentially, than by the pre- uncy, ases as two and a half to one, on being vention of crime; and this cannot be bet- TV ter accomplished than by exposing the naried to Russia; 1001. becomes near 3001 he present rate of Exchange, the rouble tural progress of that course which be- full 1815 being only 10. Price of the whole gins in secrecy, is continued in obstinacy, or and from transgressions apparently trivial, ate, paid in England, 5,000!. gradually hardens the sinner, till his life becomes a burden on Society, and he falls a sacrifice to the law. Imaginary Histories Description of the Golenos Oak, pur- tracing this progress are liable to excep tions from various causes; but real bised by the late Thomas Harrison, mayears his Majesty's purveyor of Ply-tories not only make a powerful impression on the immediate neighbourhood where uth dock-yard and Dean Forest, and ustially ed and converted by him in the year the culprits are known, but -It grew about four miles from the wherever their truth can be substantiated. I have, therefore, thought that your of Newport, in Monmouthshiremain trunk at 10 feet long, produced laudable intentions might be promoted by I cubic feet; one limb 355, one ditto the communication of the following unItay one ditto 113, and six other limbs of questionable narrative of facts, which bove gior size averaged 99 feet each, mak- lately occurred in this county. the whole number 2,420 cubic feet of deter some not yet hardened in quilt; or it ertible timber. The bark was esti- may warn those to whom the way of trak so ted at six tons, but as some of the very gressors presents temptations wy body bark was stolen out of the happier is the honest man. How much more truly get Newport, the exact weight is Down. Five men were twenty days than these slaves to bad bates, who re pping and cutting down this tree; and ing to obey restraints malüber Langh pour of sawyers were five months con- burdensome, treat them with co tang it, without losing a day Sundays til at last, crime f epted. The money paid for converting independent of the expences of cargt, was fi; and the whole produce the tree when brought to market was a tride of £900. It as bought, gult which device arg for £450; the main trunk was depriving achers a day so suding feet in diameter, and in sawing it is at 1 mom, a stcae was discovered a feet Fiery the ground, above a yard in the tot tiener the ¤ soman five tree, through which the sweet but we have made was about six inches in Gitmeter.

d completely shut in, but round BİKİ You Li Lit. Pon. New Series, 25

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