About this time one of the courtiers of Louis falls in love with the wife of Bernard the Dane, and demands her from the king. He consents. Many other courtiers then prefer similar requests, and this monstrous tyranny spreads hatred and consternation among all the husbands and wives. Bernard is in utter despair, and vows vengeance. Such is the account in the text of Wace, but it is utterly improbable. He copied it from Dudon, of St. Quentin, who says that Bernard lost both his wife and his property. William of Jumieges says not a word about the matter. Nothing can more clearly prove this error, than the circumstance of Wace and Dudon both stating, that, notwithstanding this indignity, Bernard still continued to serve the king, and to correspond with him. We have already cited a fact which contradicts the assertion of the Norman historians, when they say that Bernard exercised a vice-regal authority: we allude to the government of Rouen being confided to Herloin.

Richard still remained at Senlis, under the protection of the count, by whom he was treated with every mark of respect and affection. We have already shown that no real relationship existed between them; and it is very difficult to decide what part this Bernard really performed in the events which led to the restoration of the young prince to the dukedom of Normandy. Frodoard cites a sufficient number of facts, and supports them with sufficient evidence to destroy a great part of the superstructure which the Norman chroniclers have raised on a sandy foundation, but still he does not supply materials to reconstruct the fabric which he subverted. We see this Bernard, in 945, waging war against the French king and plundering even his horses and his dogs; after which, Louis, at the head of the Normans, invades the Vermandois; and, finally, Bernard accompanies him to the siege of Rheims.

Wace now brings on the stage one Raoul Torte, whose tyranny and malversation had excited the greatest discontent among the Normans. We shall meet him again after the restoration of Richard to the dukedom, when we shall enter into many particulars which relate to this character. At present, we shall only observe that the rank of lieutenant to Louis, which Wace assigns to him, on the authority of William of Jumieges, cannot be reconciled with that of treasurer to the young duke, which we shall prove that he held at a later date. However, his cruelty and extortions roused the people to arms, and Bernard the Dane opens a communication with Harold. The Norman historians do not agree among themselves as to the circumstances which preceded this intervention of Harold. Those who are curious on these points of their ancient annals, are referred to M. Depping's "Histoire des Expéditions Maritimes des Normands.”

According to the text of Wace, Harold determines to assist Bernard, and he soon arrives with a large fleet at the mouth of the river Dive, and lands his troops at Bavent, at a league and a half distant from Troarn. The inhabitants of Lower Normandy immediately revolt, and join his standard. And here we find a very curious fact, which we cannot pass over without recording. Wace says that the country people brought provisions to the camp of Harold,-bread, meat, and salted fish; and though the nature of the fish is not described, yet M. Auguste Le Prevost, one of the most learned and acute of modern antiquarians, in commenting on this passage, seems to consider the fish to be herrings: for he remarks, "The art of salting and curing herrings is not due to the Dutch, as it has often been repeated without proper examination." The words of Wace are these:

Pain aportent è char, peisson salé e freiz,

Par la terre o charoi, par le mer o escheiz.* v. 3630.

Bernard the Dane dissembles his joy at the arrival of these succours, and sends the king word of the invasion. Louis assembles his army, and marches against Harold. Before the sword is drawn, Bernard recommends an interview between the hostile monarchs, which takes place. Among the persons present with the French negociators is Herlouin, which excited the indignation of a Norman. A Dane participates in this feeling, and loudly accuses him of baseness in being one of the attendants of Louis, the protector of Arnoul, the murderer of William Longsword. Roused by passion, he rushes on Herlouin, and slays him. This gives rise to a general battle, in which the French are defeated. Frodoard does not mention the death of Herlouin, but he says nothing to invalidate the text of Wace, or even to render it doubtful. We see from the narrative of Frodoard, that Louis arrived at Rouen with Herlouin before the interview with Harold; and two years afterwards, in 947, he tells us that Louis, assisted by Arnoul, besieged unsuccessfully the castle of Montreuil, then belonging to Roger, son of Herlouin. Now, the interview, and the captivity of Louis, according to Frodoard, both occurred in 945: consequently we may conclude that Herlouin died between these two dates; and it is very probable that he was killed in the manner that Wace relates.

The French army being defeated, Louis endeavoured to secure his person by flight, but he was not so fortunate. His bridle rein had been cut in the battle, and his horse became restive. Some Norman cavaliers seized him, but he succeeded in bribing one of them to aid his escape, and he lay concealed for some days in one of the small islands with which the Seine is studded. But Bernard the Dane found out his retreat, and conducted him prisoner to Rouen.

The French queen was at Laon, awaiting the return of her husband. When the news of his captivity reached her, she dispatched a messenger to her father, Henry, emperor of Germany, to intercede for his release. This he positively refused to do, saying that Louis richly deserved his fate; that his attempt to disinherit the young duke was most unjust, and that his crime was aggravated by his ingratitude, as he was indebted for his own throne to William Longsword; that he was rightly punished for giving his confidence to Arnoul and Herlouin; and that he was undeserving either of pity or assistance. The queen then convenes the peers and the clergy, and they determine to send one of the king's sons, as a hostage for his father.

Such is the account of these transactions, according to the text of Wace. It is quite certain that Henry, emperor of Germany, had been dead nine years before the defeat and captivity of Louis; so that if queen Gerberge solicited the interference of any emperor on behalf of her husband, it must have been Otho. But the fact is, that the liberation of Louis was the act of Duke Hugh, whose name we have frequently mentioned. Many discussions took place among the Normans, on the question of hostages. They insisted on having the king's two sons; but the queen would only consent to part with the younger. In this difficulty, Guy, bishop of Soissons, offered himself in place of the elder, and he was at last accepted. According to the French historians, the bishop of Beauvais was included among the hostages. This Guy, bishop of Soissons, was

* Esquifs, bateaux légers: Anglicé, skiffs.

son of Fulk the Red, count of Anjou. He was raised to the episcopal dignity in 937, and died in 973. According to the speech of William the Conqueror, addressed to his army before the battle of Hastings, the French monarch had to submit to the most humiliating terms.

"

"Did not your ancestors," says William, capture the king of the French, and imprison him at Rouen, until he restored Normandy to the boy Richard your duke, on the express condition that in every interview between the king of France and the duke of Normandy, the latter should be girded with a sword, and the former present himself without a sword, or even a knife?" *

After this arrangement had been concluded, Richard takes possession of the duchy, and Louis exempts him from all feudal services both in Normandy and Brittany. This was ratified at a solemn meeting held, according to Wace, at Gerberoi, a town in Picardy, five leagues distant from Beauvais. Dudon of St. Quentin and William of Jumieges change the locality to Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. Wace also says that Harold was present at this assembly, but this rests on his own authority, and he probably confounds it with the interview between Harold and Louis, in 945, where Herlouin was slain.

Richard now makes his solemn entry into Rouen, and takes full and quiet possession of the ducal throne. How he conducted himself in that station, our readers will learn in the next number.

HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS.-No. 5.

(Continued from page 375 of our second volume.)

WHILE Guernsey thus held out with unshaken fidelity to the parliament, and maintained the great principle of civil and religious liberty, the sister island of Jersey displayed an equal zeal for the king, and advocated the slavish doctrine of divine right. Sir George Carteret fitted out about ten armed vessels which cruised against ships carrying a parliamentary commission, and such was the activity and skill of these Jersey sailors, that even this insignificant force struck terror into all the merchant service. They greatly interrupted trade in the channel, and the English merchants sustained so many losses, that few would hazard their property, unless protected by convoys. But this was not the only injury which these cruisers inflicted on the parliamentary cause. They provisioned the garrison of Elizabeth Castle with stores from the captured vessels, and thus strengthened the means of protracted defence. The parliament held on the 22d June, 1643, conferred on Lord Warwick the government of Jersey, as well as of Guernsey; and he nominated Leonard Liddcot as his lieutenant. That officer arrived in Jersey on the 29th August, duly empowered to execute the duties of his office. He had been informed that the great majority of the inhabitants were secretly attached to the interests of the parliament, and only required the presence of an authorised leader to abandon Sir George Carteret and his adherents. Under this erroneous impression, he looked forward to a speedy termination of the contest; but he was painfully disappoint

• Nonne patres vestri regem Francorum in Rotomago ceperunt et tenuerunt, donec Ricardo puero duci vestro Normanniam reddidit, eo pacto quod in omni collocatione regis Franciæ et ducis Normanniæ gladio dux accingeretur, regem vero nec gladium nec etiam cultellum ferre liceret.

ed, and the commissioners had soon cause to repent their infatuation, and Liddcot, his credulity. He found the castles so vigorously defended, and the feelings of the people so decidedly in favour of king Charles, that, after a residence in the island of two months and twenty-three days, he and many of his party retired in disgust to England.

His Majesty then held his court at Oxford, from which he issued the following proclamation, dated on the 18th of July, offering a free pardon to such of his Jersey subjects as were disaffected, and who promised to return to their allegiance, with five exceptions. It may fairly be inferred from this document, that the vast majority of the Jerseymen were royalists, and, with the small limitation already mentioned, that few even of those who had opposed his claims, had acted from any steady principle.

"By the King. His Majesty having received certain information that many of his subjects, the inhabitants of the isle of Jersey, notwithstanding the many graces and favours from time to time received by them from his Majesty's hand, through the false information and miscounselling of a very few seditious spirits among them, most of them being factious ministers, have lately fallen from their allegiance and duty to their liege lord and sovereign, his sacred Majesty, and adhered to those who, as committees from or for the Houses of Parliament, so styling themselves, have traitorously drawn them into the horrid rebellion which hath spread through most of this kingdom and in that isle, and have violently possessed themselves of the estates of many of our good and loyal subjects, imprisoned some of them, and some they have compelled to go on shipboard, and carried them away from their habitations in a very barbarous and inhuman manner, whereof some of these sufferers are ancient men and grave divines:

"Nevertheless, his Majesty being graciously inclined to pity his subjects, and impute these their high offences to the malice of those few who have been their misleaders, so soon as they who have been thus seduced will speedily return to their obedience, and continue therein for the time to come, doth by these presents grant, publish, and declare his royal and gracious mercy and free pardon to all the inhabitants of the said isle, who, within three days after the publishing of this proclamation, shall return to their former obedience, and submit themselves unto his Majesty, and express their sorrow for what is past, and promise and undertake to the governor of the isle, constantly and faithfully to continue in their duty and allegiance to his Majesty for the future:

"But if the said inhabitants shall not lay hold of this opportunity offered unto them out of his Majesty's grace and goodness, his Majesty, being justly provoked thereunto, doth resolve to resume all their charters and privileges formerly granted unto them, and to take the just forfeiture of their estates, according to law.

"Given at our court at Oxford, this 18th day of July, in the nineteenth year of our reign, 1643."

This proclamation produced the full effect desired by the king, and from that period to the surrender of the island to Admiral Blake, the Jerseymen remained faithful to the unfortunate and deluded Stuarts, the reigning sovereign, and the future Charles the Second.

On the 24th October, 1643, Sir George De Carteret took the oaths as lieutenant-governor and bailiff of Jersey, the Earl of St. Albans, who was governor, being in personal attendance on the queen. His installation into office was soon followed by the complete extinction of the remnant of the parliamentarians. The inhabitants of St. Brelade's parish, who were warmly attached to the royal cause, attacked and captured from the opposite party, the tower of St. Aubin, and compelled them to retire with the greatest precipitation. De Carteret immediately put in force his authority, and though Liddcot, with many of his adherents, had escaped punishment by flight, yet those who remained felt the full weight of his vengeance. He imprisoned all who had been most active and conspicuous in defence of the parliament, and as soon

as the commissioners, appointed by Charles, had arrived in the island, he imposed on them very heavy fines, and the greatest part of the property of those who had quitted was confiscated and sold.

About this time prince Charles had gone to the West of England, in order that his presence might animate the people of those counties, and induce them to join the royal forces. But the parliamentarians pressed hard upon him, and being in imminent danger of being pent up in a nook at the Land's End, he was compelled to seek shelter by passing over to one of the Scilly islands. His stay there was short, and he removed to Jersey, as the most secure retreat the desperate fortunes of his father had now left for his reception. He arrived there on the 17th of April, 1646, and was welcomed with open arms. As many of our readers may feel pleasure in knowing who were his attendants, we shall record their names. On his arrival, he was accompanied by Sir Edward Hyde, lord chancellor of England, better known in history, as Lord Clarendon, Lord Berkshire, his governor, Lord Hampton, Lord Ruthven, Lord Capel, and Lord Wentworth. His retinue was shortly

afterwards increased by the arrival of Lord Digby, Lord Colepepper, Sir John Grinfield, Sir Edward Sitwel, Sir David Morel, Sir Charles Morel, and Sir Henry Mannery. He was subsequently joined by Sir Thomas Hooper, Sir Dudley Waite, Sir John Sage, Sir William Baldwin, Sir Edward Hasker, Sir John Maclain, the Solicitor Cook, Monsieur Louvel, Mr. William Hington, gentleman of his chamber, Mr. Smith, his cup bearer, Mr. Finch, his secretary, Mr. Palmer, his esquire carver, Mr. George Vane, Mr. Thomas Jermyn, Mr. Cadfin, Mr. Wisque, Mr. Windham, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Chiffin, Mr. Boulain, a tradesman of the prince. To them were added Doctors Crighton and Carle, his chaplains, and Doctors Woole, Clayde, Blayam, and Watson, and a considerable number of military officers.

At this time the queen of England was in France, and she sent a pressing invitation to the prince to repair to that country, where his person would be less in danger. But this recommendation was opposed by his counsellors, who feared to trust the heir of the English crown among a people who had shown so much indifference to the fortunes of his father. The Lords Capel and Colepepper were, accordingly, dispatched to France to excuse the attendance of the prince, and they assured the queen, that Jersey was well able to resist any attack from the parliament. These noblemen suspected some sinister understanding to exist between Cromwell and Mazarin, and that, between the two, the prince would be sacrificed. He, however, went to France on the 26th June, after a residence of ten weeks in Jersey.

In reference to this matter, the historian, Falle, remarks:

"The good queen had suffered herself to be deluded by the arts of Cardinal Mazarin, who, about this time, began to intrigue with Cromwell. They wanted the prince in France to make their market of him, and drive the better bargain with England, according as conjunctures should fall out, and times might vary. No promises were spared on their part to decoy him over to them, not one of which they meant to keep, as the prince quickly found, when vanquished by his mother's importunities, and at last, by her most peremptory command, he went and put himself into their hands. How little he was considered or assisted, nay, how much slighted and disregarded, is too unpleasant to dwell on; but it has often been my admiration, that after he was restored to his kingdom, he would ever put any confidence in so false and so faithless a court."

On this passage from the historian of Jersey, we must make one