considerable time, in much confusion. At length, two eighteen pounders were found; and with these so active and well directed a fire was kept up on the brig, that she was greatly damaged, and conpelled to cut her cables and retire, with many killed and wounded.

STOOL OF REPENTANCE. Stool.)

(See Cutty

STOP; a word applied by violin and violoncello performers to that pressure of the strings by which they are brought into contact with the finger-board, and by which the pitch of the note is determined. Hence a string, when so pressed, is said to be stopped.-Stop of an organ; a collection of pipes similar in tone and quality, which run through the whole, ora great part, of the compass of the instrument. In a great organ, the stops are numerous and multifarious.

STOP-LAWS. (See Execution.)

STORAX; a gum-resin, obtained by incisions in the branches of a small tree (styrax officinalis), which grows wild in the countries about the Mediterranean. The leaves are alternate, oval, petiolate, green above, whitish and downy beneath, resembling those of the quince. The flowers are disposed in racemes, white, and very much resemble those of the orange. The fruit is whitish and downy, juiceless, and contains one or two angular nuts. The storax of commerce is chiefly obtained from Asiatic Turkey. It has a fragrant odor, and an agreeable, slightly pungent, and aromatic taste; is stimulant, and in some degree expectorant. Formerly it was much employed in medicine, but now is little used, except in perfumes. Benzoin is a gum-resin, obtained, in a similar manner, from a species of styrax, growing wild in the East Indies. We have three species of styrax in the southern parts of the U. States.

STORK (ciconia). These tall and stately birds are easily distinguished from the herons by the small mouth, the angle not reaching beyond the eyes, as with the last; the beak is also destitute of the nasal furrow, but is similar in other respects, is straight, long, pointed, and compressed. Most of them inhabit the eastern continent, especially between the tropics. South America is not altogether destitute of them; but we have none in the U. States. They walk slowly, with measured steps; but their flight is powerful and long continued. They have no voice, but, produce a clattering with their bills, by striking the mandibles together. Their food consists of fish, reptiles, small quadrupeds, worms, and insects. The com

mon stork of Europe (C. alba) is about four feet in length, from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the nails. The prevailing color of the plumage is white, with some black about the wings. It is found throughout the greater part of Europe, but passes the winter in Africa. It takes up its residence and breeds in the midst of cities, and is every where protected, as it renders important services in destroying noxious animals. Among the ancients, to kill them was considered a crime, which, in some places, was punished even with death; and, like the ibis, this bird became an object of worship. The stork is remarkable for its great affection towards its young, but especially for its attention to its parents in old age. The gigantic stork, or adjutant of Bengal (C. argala), is a celebrated bird, very common about the mouths of the Ganges, and even in the streets of Calcutta, where it is protected by law, as also in other parts of the East Indies. It is stoutly framed, and the extreme length is nearly seven feet. The head and neck are destitute of feathers, and covered with a reddish and callous skin; and from the middle of the latter hangs a fleshy appendage. The bill is enormously large. It lives on reptiles, fish, &c., and even on quadrupeds, whose bones it breaks previously to swallowing. In captivity its gluttony is extreme.

STORR, Gottlob Christian, doctor of theology, consistorial counsellor and first minister to the court at Stuttgart, was born, in 1746, at Stuttgart, where he died in 1805. Storr was distinguished for his pious life, and faithful fulfilment of his duties as professor of theology and preacher at Tübingen, as well as for his great learning, exhibited in various works, among which are his Observations on the Syriac Translations of the New Testament, in 1772, and on the Arabian Gospels, in 1775, both in German; Observationes ad Analogiam et Syntaxin Hebraicam pertinentes (1779); his Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews; his learned treatise On the true Object of Christ's Death (2d ed. Tübingen, 1809); On the Object of the Evangelical History, and the Epistles of John (1786); New Defence of the Revelation of John (1783), the Dissertationes in Apocalypsis quædam Loca belonging to it, and his Doctrina Christiana Pars theoret. e sacr. Lit. repetita (1793).

STORTHING; the Norwegian diet (from Thing, assembly, and stor, great, elevated). The citizens qualified to vote choose electors, who, from among themselves or

their constituents, select the representatives, whose number is not to be under seventy-five, nor above one hundred. A member of the storthing must be thirty years old; must have resided ten years in the realm; must hold no office, civil or military; must not be attached to the court, nor receive a pension. Generally the storthing is held every third year, at the beginning of February, in the capital, Christiania. After the storthing is opened by the king or his deputy, it chooses one fourth part of its members to form the logthing: the other three fourths form the odelsthing. Each thing holds its sessions separately, and with open doors, and the debates are published, unless a resolution to the contrary be passed. The storthing is authorized to make and abolish laws; to impose taxes; open loans; see that the finances are properly administered; grant the civil list, &c. The government protocols, and all public papers, including treaties with foreign powers, must be laid before them, the secret articles only excepted, and these must not be contrary to the public ones; it may summon any body before it, except the king and viceroy; and it confers naturalization. Laws are proposed in the odelsthing, by its members, or by a counsellor of state: if they pass there, they go to the logthing. The king is to sign the bills, or to decline so doing. If a bill, twice rejected by the king, is adopted without alteration by a third regular storthing, it becomes a law, even without the king's sanction. In this manner nobility was abolished in Norway. STOSCH, Philip, baron von, a distinguished numismatist, born 1691, at Cüstrin, in Germany, studied at Frankfort on the Oder, and was designed for the ecclesiastical profession; but his taste led him to devote his time to numismatics. In 1708, he visited Jena, Dresden, Leipsic, and other places in Germany, for the purpose of examining cabinets of medals and antiquities. In 1710, the Dutch statesman Fagel employed him on a mission to England, where he became acquainted with sir Hans Sloane, lords Pembroke, Winchelsea, Carteret, and other virtuosi. In 1714, he went to Rome; and, returning to Germany, he engaged in collecting other antiques, particularly engraved gems. At Augsburg he discovered the celebrated "Peutinger Table." (q. v.) He was af terwards English resident at Rome, for the purpose of observing the conduct of the Pretender and his adherents. This post becoming hazardous after the accession of pope Clement XII, who favored the

Stuarts, baron Stosch withdrew to Florence, where he died in 1757. His collections, and especially those of cameos and engraved gems, were peculiarly valuable. A catalogue of the latter was drawn up by Winckelmann. The baron himself published two volumes of plates, representing his gems, engraved by Picart and Schweikart.

The

STOVES. Stoves differ from fire-places (q. v.) by enclosing the fire so as to exclude it from sight, the heat being given out through the material of which the stove is composed. The common Holland stove, of which we have an almost infinite variety of modifications, is an iron box, of an oblong square form, intended to stand in the middle of a room. air is admitted to the fire through a small opening in the door, and the smoke passes off through a narrow funnel. The advantages of this stove are, 1. that, being insulated, and detached from the walls of the room, a greater part of the heat produced by the combustion is saved. The radiated heat being thrown into the walls of the stove, they become hot, and, in their turn, radiate heat on all sides to the room. The conducted heat is also received by successive portions of the air of the room, which pass in contact with the stove. 2. The air being made, as in furnaces, to pass through the fuel, a very small supply is sufficient to keep up the combustion, so that little need be taken out of the room. 3. The smoke, being confined by the cavity of the stove, cannot easily escape into the room, and may be made to pass off by a small funnel, which, if sufficiently thin and circuitous, may cause the smoke to part with a great portion of its heat, before it leaves the apartment. These circumstances render the Holland stove one of the most powerful means we can employ for keeping up a regular and effectual heat, with a small expense of fuel. The disadvantages of these stoves are, that houses containing them are never well ventilated, but that the same air remains stagnant in a room for a great length of time. A dryness of the air is also produced, which is oppressive to most persons, so that it often becomes necessary to place an open vessel of water on the stove, the evaporation of which may supply moisture to the atmosphere. Stoves are very useful in large rooms, which are frequented occasionally, but not inhabited constantly; as halls, churches, &c. In cold countries, where it is desirable to obtain a comfortable warmth, even at the sacrifice of other

conveniences, various modifications of the common stoves have been introduced, to render them more powerful, and their heat more effectual. The Swedish and Russian stoves are small furnaces, with a very circuitous smoke flue. In principle, they resemble a common stove, with a funnel bent round and round, until it has performed a great number of turns or revolutions, before it enters the chimney. It differs, however, in being wholly enclosed in a large box of stone or brick work, which is intersected with air pipes. In operation, it communicates heat more slowly, being longer in becoming hot, and also slower in becoming cold, than the common stove. Russian stoves are usually provided with a damper, or valve, at top, which is used to close the funnel or passage, when the smoke has ceased to ascend. Its operation, however, is highly pernicious, since burning coals, when they have ceased to smoke, always give out carbonic acid in large quantities, which, if it does not escape up chimney, must deteriorate the air of the apartment, and render it unsafe.

Cellar Stoves and Air Flues. Such is the tendency of heated or rarefied air to ascend, that buildings may be effectually warmed by air flues communicating with stoves in the cellar, or any part of the building below that to be warmed. A large suite of apartments may be sufficiently heated in this way by a single stove. The stove, for this purpose, should be of a kind best adapted to communicate heat. It should be entirely enclosed in a detached brick chamber, the wall of which should be double, that it may be a better non-conductor of heat. The space between the brick chamber and stove should not exceed an inch. In the apparatus of the Derbyshire and Wakefield infirmaries, which has been imitated in this country, the whole of the air is repeated ly conducted, by numerous pipes, within half an inch of the stove and its cockle. For the supply of fuel, the same door which opens into the chamber, should open also into the stove, that there may never be any communication with the air of the cellar. A current of external air should be brought down by a separate passage, and delivered under the stove. A part of this air is admitted to supply the combustion; the rest passes upward in the cavity between the hot stove and the wall of the brick chamber, and, after becoming thoroughly heated, is conducted through passages in which its levity causes it to ascend, and be delivered into any

apartment of the house. Different branches being established from the main pipe, and commanded by valves or shutters, the hot air can be distributed at pleasure to any one or more rooms at a time. This plan is very useful in large buildings, such as manufactories, hospitals, &c., on account of the facility with which the same stove may be made to warm the whole, or any part of them. The advantage of a long vertical draught enables us to establish a more forcible current of warm air. The rooms, while they are heated, are also ventilated, for the air which is continually brought in by the warm pipes, displaces that which was previously in the room, and the air blows out at the crevices and key-holes, instead of blowing in, as it does in rooms with common fireplaces. (See Bigelow's Technology, 24 ed. 1832.)

Srow, John; an English historian and antiquary, born about 1525, in London. His father, a tailor, brought him up to his own business; but his mind early took a bent towards antiquarian researches. About the year 1560, he formed the design of composing the annals of English history, for the completion of which he quitted his trade. For the purpose of examining records, charters, and other documents, he travelled on foot to several public establishments, and purchased old books, manuscripts, and parchments, until he had made a valuable collection. Being thought to be favorable to the ancient religion, an information was laid against him, in 1568, as a suspicious person, who possessed many dangerous books. The bishop of London accordingly ordered an investigation of his study, in which, of course, were found many popish books among the rest; but the result has not been recorded. Two years afterwards, an unnatural brother, having defrauded him of his goods, sought to take away his life by preferring one hundred and forty articles against him, before the ecclesiastical commission; but he was acquitted. He had previously printed his first work, entitled a Summarie of the Englyshe Chronicles, compiled at the instance of Dudley, afterwards earl of Leicester, which was published in 1565, and afterwards continued by Edmond Howes, who printed several editions. He contributed to the improvement of the second edition of Holinshed, in 1587, and gave corrections and notes to two editions of Chaucer. At length, in 1598, appeared his Survey of London, the work on which he had been so long employed, and which

came to a second edition during his lifetime. He was very anxious to publish his large chronicle, or history of England, but lived only to print an abstract of it, entitled Flores Historiarum, or Annals of England. From his papers, Howes published a folio volume, entitled Stow's Chronicle, which does not, however, contain the whole of the larger work, which he had left, transcribed for the press, and which is said to have fallen into the possession of sir Symonds Dewes. A license was granted him by James I, "to repair to churches or other places, to receive the charitable benevolence of well-disposed people," in the seventy-eighth year of his age. He died, afflicted by poverty and disease, in 1605, at the age of eighty. Stow's Survey has run through six editions, the last in 1754, with considerable additions, and a continuation of the useful lists.

STOWE; a parish in Buckinghamshire, England, two miles north-west of Buckingham, containing the celebrated seat, garden and pleasure-grounds of the duke of Buckingham. The house, situated on an eminence rising from a lake, measures 916 feet from east to west; the saloon, 60 feet long, 43 feet broad, and 56§ feet high, cost nearly 60,000 dollars; the state drawing-room, 50 feet by 32, and 22 feet high, contains a collection of fine pictures, mostly by the old masters. The library consists of 10,000 printed volumes, with many valuable manuscripts. The house is approached through a Corinthian arch, 60 feet high by 60 wide. The gardens comprise four hundred acres of highly decorated grounds. Temples, obelisks, statues, grottoes, &c., scattered around in great profusion, seem to realize the descriptions of enchanted gardens. The Elysian fields, watered by a small rivulet, issuing from a grotto, and emptying into a lake, contain the figures of heroes, poets and philosophers. In the temple of Ancient Virtue, a circular building of the Ionic order, stand the statues of Homer, Lycurgus, Socrates, and Epaminondas. The temple of British worthies contains busts of Shakspeare, Milton, Pope, Newton, Bacon, Locke, &c. The temple of Concord and Virtue is a handsome building, of an oblong shape, surrounded with 28 fluted Ionic columns. Lord Cobham's pillar is a column 115 feet high, surmounted by a statue. The Gothic temple, a triangular building, with a tower at each end, is richly adorned with old painted glass.

STOWELL, lord. Sir William Scott, who was created baron Stowell in 1821, is the elder brother of lord Eldon (q. v.),

and was born at Newcastle, in 1745. His father, a respectable proprietor of coal mines there, determined to train him to his own business. But the talents and eager inclination for study, manifested by the young man, finally induced his father to send him to Oxford, where, after taking his degree of doctor of civil law, he was appointed Camden professor of his tory. His lectures there gained him reputation; and, in 1779, he left the university, and entered upon the study of ecclesiastical law. His practice in the spiritual courts soon became extensive, and raised him, in 1788, to the post of king's advocate-general: he was at the same time knighted. In 1799, he was appointed judge of the high court of admiralty, which post he resigned a few years ago. (See Commercial Law.) Sir William Scott entered parliament in 1792, and continued to represent the university of Oxford, in that body, from 1802 till he was summoned to the house of peers, in 1821.

STRABO, a distinguished Greek geographer, was born at Amasia, in Cappadocia, about 19 A. D., studied rhetoric and the Aristotelian philosophy, and afterwards embraced the Stoic doctrines. He travelled through Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Asia, endeavoring to obtain the most accurate information in regard to the geography, statistics and political conditions of the countries which he visited. The time of his death is unknown. His great geographical work, in seventeen books, contains a full account of the manners and governments of different people: his materials were derived from his own observations and inquiries, or from the geographical works of Hecatæus, Artemidorus, Eudoxius, and Eratosthenes, now lost, and the writings of historians and poets. His work is invaluable to us. The last editions are those of Siebenkees (continued by Tzschucke, but not completed, Leipsic, 1796-1811, 7 vols.) and of Coray (4 vols., Paris, 1819.) Those of Casaubon (1620, fol.) and Almeloveen (Amsterdam, 1707, 2 vols., fol.) are also highly esteemed.

STRADA, Famianus; an Italian historian, and elegant writer of modern Latin poetry, born at Rome, in 1572. He entered into the society of the Jesuits in 1592, and became professor of rhetoric at the Roman college, where he resided till his death, in 1649. His most famous works are a History of the Wars in the Netherlands, in Latin, and Prolusiones Academice, which have been repeatedly published. In one of these prolusions, he has

introduced ingenious imitations of the style of the most celebrated Roman poets, of which there are many translations, including those published by Addison, in the Guardian.

STRAFFORD, Sir Thomas Wentworth, earl of, au eminent minister and statesman, was the eldest son of sir William Wentworth, of an ancient family in Yorkshire. He was born in London, in 1593, and entered of St. John's college, Cambridge. After leaving the university, he travelled, and, on his return, received the honor of knighthood. The death of his father, in 1614, gave him possession of a large fortune; and he was soon after appointed custos rotulorum of the west riding of Yorkshire, in lieu of sir John Savile. In 1621, he was chosen member of parliament for the county of York; and when Charles I asserted that the commons enjoyed no rights but by royal permission, sir Thomas Wentworth, already distinguished for ability, strenuously called upon the house to maintain that their privileges were rights by inheritance. In 1622, he lost his first wife, of the noble family of Clifford, and in 1625, married Arabella, second daughter of Holles, earl of Clare. On the convening of the new parliament, in the same year, he was one of the six popular members who were prevented serving their country in that assembly, by being appointed sheriffs for their respective counties. He submitted to this arbitrary act in silence; and, soon after, the duke of Buckingham, alarmed at the measures taken against him in parliament, made him overtures, which proved ineffectual, and the favorite revenged himself by obliging him to restore his office of custos rotulorum to sir John Savile. When Charles, among other expedients for raising money, had recourse to a forced general loan, Wentworth refused to pay his contribution, and was first imprisoned in the Marshalsea, and then confined to a range of two miles round the town of Dartford. This restraint was, however, removed when it became necessary to summon a new parliament, in 1628; and he again took his seat for Yorkshire, and became one of the most conspicuous advocates of the petition of right. As he had now proved the strength of his abilities, high terms were offered him by the court, which he finally accepted; and, in 1628, he was created baron Wentworth, and some months afterwards a viscount and privy-counsel lor, and on the resignation of lord Scrope, nominated president of the north. The assassination of Buckingham, soon after,

as

freed him from a powerful enemy at court, and he became so influential in the king's councils, that his powers in the four northern counties, over which he presided, became enormous; and his commission contained fifty-eight instructions, of of which scarcely one did not exceed or violate the common law. In the exercise of this authority, he displayed equal haughtiness, impetuosity, and ability, and, by his strictness in levying exactions, increased the revenue in his district to four or five times the previous amount. Having assiduously cultivated the friendship of archbishop Laud, he was selected by that prelate to proceed to Ireland, as lorddeputy, in 1632. He greatly improved the state of the country, both as regarded law, revenue, and trade (the manufacture of linen being of his own creation); but, at the same time, nothing could be more arbitrary than his system of government, it being his boast that he had rendered the king as absolute in Ireland any prince in the whole world could be." On the first symptoms of resistance to the royal authority, he counselled the strongest measures; and after the failure of the king's first expedition against Scotland, he was sent for from Ireland, and created earl of Strafford, and knight of the garter. He returned with the full title of lord lieutenant, with a view to gain subsidies and troops, in which he fully succeeded; and, again repairing to England, took the command in the north, but found himself obliged to retire before the Scottish army, and retreat to York. Charles was now by his necessities obliged to call the long parliament; on which Strafford, aware of the enmity which he had inspired among the popular leaders, wished to return to his government; but the king, hoping that his great talents would be serviceable, encouraged him by a solemn promise that "not a hair of his head should be touched by parliament." Strafford's apprehensions were well founded. The very first movement of the party opposed to arbitrary power, was to impeach him of high treason, with which charge Pym appeared at the bar of the house of lords, November 18, 1640. The articles of impeachment, at first nine in number, were afterwards increased to twenty-eight, the object of which was to convict him of an attempt to subvert the fundamental laws of the country. As in the case of Laud, it was easy to prove that he acted as a friend and promoter of arbitrary measures, but not to substantiate any particular fact to justify a capital