RURAL ECONOMY, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, PRICES OURRENT. VOL. VIII. AGRICULTURE. SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA-APPLICABLE Smut. Rents, No. 1. Tithes, 936,320, according to Young, 225,625, 500,000, -1,661,945%. which divided It is the sap in the alburnum, or white wood, which causes timber, rapidly to decay. The sap contains saccharine matter, acids and mucilage which ferment with heat, and bring on a decomposition of the wood. By the process recommended, by the number of acres, (942,720,) gives, as the the moisture is exhausted without fermentation, and average charge upon the lands, for rents, tithes and the pores of the alburnum contract and harden. poor rates, 1. 158. 3d. ($7,83) per acre; or, in the Soaking boards and timber in water renders the sap gross, $7,379,035. The capital employed is from 51. to In lately travelling through a part of New York, thin, so that when taken out and exposed to the sun, 10l. the acre, ($22 to $44,) and yet the farmer's proI learnt, to my astonishment, that in one of the best it is more readily expelled. In the process of char- fits, from the improved mode of cultivation, were wheat towns in Schoharie county, the crop was in- ring, the moisture is expelled; and not only this, but greater in 1805 than when the expenses were much jured from ten to twenty-five per cent. by smut, and the coal (carbon) protects the timber from moisture, less.-See Young's Survey of Essex, vol. 1. that the farmers knew of no method to prevent the air and heat, the great agents in the process of pu- Our farmers complain of hard times. Let them disease. From reading the experiments of scientific trefaction. Charred wood is said to have been taken reflect upon the preceding facts and be silent. They men, and from practical knowledge, I know that out of the ground at Constantinople, in a sound have no proctors to harass them for tithes. They smut is easily prevented, by salt and lime, or by the state, which had lain there seven hundred years. latter alone, if properly applied. have no purse-proud landlords to oppress them for rent, and their poor rates are comparatively triing. Well might they complain if they had to pay annually, beyond their present burthens, seven hunAnd yet British farmers, from the wonderful influenabled to do this, but to lay up handsome profits. ence of industry, economy and system, are not only It should at least admonish us, that our system of farming is a very defective one; and stimulate us, if we are too old to learn ourselves, to place in the than their fathers. And let them begin the good hands of our sons, the means of becoming wiser work by subscribing for your Farmer. Of England. John Clark, in his work in favor of free trade, calculates the capital necessary for British farming as follows: For corn lands from 5l. to 15l.-average 61. per acre. Total for corn lands 90 millions. Pasture at a medium of 51-100 millions, and 10 millions for mountain pasture. Total farming capital Is the receptacle, as well as the source, of all sub-200 millions. One half of the British population lunary forms, the great mass or chaos which imparts employed in agriculture. or receives them. The atmosphere which surrounds our earth contains a mixture of all the active vola The Air The French chemists have multiplied experiments upon this subject; and perhaps there is no school of In grasses, as well as in perennial trees and shrubs, science, which has devoted more time to improve there is more soluble matter in winter than in sum-dred dollars for every hundred acres they occupied. agriculture than that of France, and none which have mer, and its specific gravity is greater in consecome to more correct conclusions. I am going to quence of the economy of nature, which lays up nustate the French process for preventing smut, and tritive matter for the wants of the plant in spring I pledge myself, that, if correctly followed, it will Davy, 223. The nutritive matter of the grasses is prove effectual. laid up in the joints; and consequently those having This disease is proved, by French and English most joints are most nutritive. Hence the peculiar philosophers, to proceed from microscopic grains, value of the agrostis family, particularly fiorin, for or atoms of black dust, which germinate, reproduce winter pasture. And hence by feeding close in authemselves, and take possession of the ear. In the Bib-tumn we deprive the roots of grasses of a portion of liotheque Physico Economique, particular directions their natural food, and they do not rise so vigorousare given for steeping the seed, which I am satisfied ly in spring as when not fed. Although the stalk be possess advantages over the method generally pur-annual, the influence of moisture and heat soften it sued. These directions enjoin, that in order to des- in spring, and carry the nutriment to the crown; or, troy the gum of smut in the seed intended to be decomposing upon the surface, it is carried to the sown, 6 or 7 gallons of water must be employed for roots through the soil. 4 bushels of seed, and from 2 lb. 6 to 2 lb. 10 oz. of quick-lime, according as its quality is more or less caustic, or to the greater or less degree of smut in the grain. Boil a part of the water, and slake the lime with it, after which add the remainder of the water. The heat of the whole of the liquid ought to be such as we can with difficulty bear the hand tile parts of all vegetables, minerals and animals. Corn and pulse, in it. Then gently pour the lime water upon the Whatever perspires, corrupts or exhales, impreg-All other products, grain, placed in a tub, stirring it without ceasing, at nates the air; which, being acted upon by the solar first with a flat stick, and afterwards with a shovel. fire, produces within itself all sorts of chemical The liquor should at first be three or four fingers rations,-dispensing again those salts and spirits, breadth over the level of the wheat. Leave the grain in new generations, which it had received from pu- poor rates and other rates to soak 24 hours, turning it five or six times, when trefactions. The air, therefore, is an active mass, it may be sown. Grain limed by immersion does not incommode composed of numberless different principles, the general source of corruption and generation, in the sower, like that which is limed in the ordinary which the seeds of things seem to be latent, ready way. It adheres like a varnish to the surface of the to appear and produce their own kind whenever grain; its germination is quicker, and, as it carries they light upon a proper matrix.-Bishop Berkley, with it moisture enough to develope the embryo, the Geor. Ess. vol. 1, p. 348. wheat will not suffer for want of rain; insects will not attack it, as they cannot bear the acid taste of lime. ope Agricultural Statistics of the county of Essex, Eng- Rent, Produce. 70,000,000 -155,000,000. Distribution. 40,000,000 10,000,000 40,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 -155,000,000. and tithes, [Edin. Farm. Mag. 1821, p. 83. Of Norfolk. Independent of the benefit of ime steeps in preNorfolk contains 1,094,400 acres. The soils are, venting smut, there will be found, in the 3d volume The general average of rents according to Vanof the Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the couver, is 14s. 6d. per acre (about $3,25,) though 269.000, marsh-land clay 38,000, various loams omitting fractions, light sands 140,000, good sands state of New York, some cogent reasons for believ-some of the meadows are as high as 50s. (more than 576,000, rich loam 94,000, peat 52,000. Lands vaing, that it is equally efficacious in preventing the $11.) The county is 50 by 60, and contains about lued at from 10 to 50l. or from 44 to 220 dollars per depredations of the Hessian fly. 950,000 acres. The total rents paid by the farmers acre. to the landlords is about one million pounds sterling ($4,444,000.) The tithes amount to 4s. 9d. on By the acre, or 225,6251. in the county ($1,001,775.) The poor rates in 1800, were supposed to amount to half a million:-or To obtain good timber. Bark the tree the year before it is cut down. this means the alburnum is converted into wood.Loudon's Ency. of Gar. 174. No. 1.-VOL. 8. Memorandum from Young's Survey of Norfolk. It is a remark of many of the Norfolk farmers, that old wheat, sown, never produces smut. Steep machine invented and patented by Jeremiah Bailey, of Chester county, on a timothy field of Edward Duffield, Esq., do hereby certify that the cutting was clear and uniform, and the swathe handsomely laid over with great expedition, we doubt not at the rate of six acres per day. We consider it as one of the most complete and useful labour saving machines A ditch 4 feet wide, 3 deep, the quicks laid in the for agricultural uses hitherto invented, and have no bank, and a dead bush fence on the top. Summer Fallowing Takes place only on strong, wet or clayey soils. Mr. Thurtel, has traced the fibres of the roots of wheat five feet deep, on the side of a marl pit, and the root of a turnip two feet and a half in a light, soil-p. 299. The roots of most or all plants penetrate as deep as the soil is tilled; and as their extremities are the mouths which convey food to the plant, the policy of deep ploughing seems to be imTheir cultivation is universal, on all soils, as the plied upon all soils which will admit of it, for the basis of a course. They are uniformly manured, double purpose of placing the food where it is most and followed by barley. The ground is generally wanted, and where moisture most abounds to digest ploughed 4 times for turnips. it, and to counteract the effects of drought. A good maxim. Never take two crops of white corn in succession. Mr. Young thinks the preeminence of Norfolk husbandry is principally owing to a strict adherence to this maxim-p. 364. Arable System. doubt its power may be equally well applied to the Philadelphia county, July, 1825. The subscribers have no hesitation in stating to farmers and the public generally, that we have had Barley, the Mowing Machine, invented by Jeremiah Bailey, in use for three years for mowing our grass crops; Produces from 5 to 12 coombs, or 20 to 48 bush-he this season has adapted it to cutting and laying els per acre. Grass Seeds in regular swathe, both wheat and oats, which adds very much to the value of the machine, and from Are uniformly sown with barley when that follows our experience we recommend it to the attention of turnips. Red clover preferred, if the land is not farmers as a valuable labour saving machine where tired of it, at the rate of 12 lbs. Dutch clover, tre- the land is properly prepared for its use. foil, rye grass and cocks foot (orchard grass) subEDWARD DUFFIELD, SAMUEL NEWBOLD. stituted occasionally. Moreland township, Philadelphia ( Wheat, Mr. Birkham asserted it as a fact, of which he had not the least doubt, that tillage, well managed, would support as much live stock, on the seeds, turnips and straw, as the same land would do all under Generally sown upon clover lays. Average prograss; consequently the corn is all gain to the public. I am certain, says he, it would. He spoke of duct 6 coombs, or 27 bushels. From 10 to 12 pasture that would support two bullocks of 40 stone pecks of seed sown to the acre. on the acre-p. 367. Summer Fallows, Were common 30 years ago, and seeds (grass) were then left three years. Now (1805) no such thing as summer fallows are known, and seeds are. left but two years. The number of horses is lessened, ploughings are not so frequent; often but one. for barley, and some trust to mere scarifying turnips preceding this crop, and have succeeded well. These and other improvements have increased farin profits one fourth to one third-p. 367. Plantations. Mr. Cooke planted, in 20 years, 718 acres of forest trees of various kinds, to the number of 2,123,000-Mr. Bevan, 90,000—p. 382. Marl Is applied at the rate of 20 to 100 loads per acre. If in small quantity it is often repeated. 70 loads will suffice for 15 or 16 years, sometimes for 30 or 40-p. 402. The soil is generally a sand, and the marl, composed of clay and lime, mechanically binds it, and improves its capacity for holding water for plants. Mildew. Oats. Three and four bushels sown on an acre, produce sometimes 100, but on an average from 44 to 46 bushels per acre. Peas. Sow from 2 to 4 bushels. Produce 24 to 56. GRAIN AND GRASS CUTTING MACHINE Jeremiah Bailey, begs leave to state to farmers, county, September 18th, 1825. We, the undersigned inhabitants of Byberry and Moreland, in Philadelphia county, having seen the operations of Jeremiah Bailey's Patent Mowing Machine, in this neighbourhood, do certify as our opinion, that it fully answers the purposes intended, both for grass and grain; the former, though lodged or bent down by wind or rain, is cut without difficulty, and nearly as fast as when standing upright, and the latter from an experiment made on wheat, we have seen not only cut clean, but laid in swathe so straight and even that it might be raked and bound as readily as if cut by the best cradle or sickle. We recommend it to the attention of farmers as a valuable improvement. The machine has been much simplified in its construction, and the diameter of the cutting wheel has been increased from 5 feet 6 inches to 7 feet, which gives it a decided advantage in cutting both grain and grass, as its performance is in proportion to the Fallowed wheat is more subject to mildew than diameter and the distance it progresses in a given that sown upon clover lay; dunged more than un-time. Farmers are respectfully invited to view this dunged.-Young's Essex. The latter, at least, is ap-machine, at Daniel Buckley's, Esq. Pequa township, parent to every observing farmer. The reasons Lancaster county, Penn; Edward Duffield and Samhave been explained in preceding memoranda. uel Newbold, Moreland township, Philadelphia INVERNESS-SHIRE FARMING SOCIETY. Shrinkage of Grain. county (who have had a machine in use for three SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, in a late address to the InGrain stacked till April sustained a loss of nearly years) where information can be obtained, also, at verness-shire Farming Society, on the agricultural 35 per cent.-Farm. Mag. viii. 26. I have found Clayton Newbold's and John Black's, Upper state of the country, stated "his deep conviction that Indian corn loses by shrinkage from October to Springfield township, Burlington county, New Jer- that the greatest exertions would soon become nesey. Orders directed to Edmund Kinsey, Moreland cessary, to prevent the Agricultural Interests from May 20 per cent. township, Philadelphia county, Clayton and New-suffering as great, if not greater distresses than those bold, Upper Springfield township, Burlington coun- which they had lately experienced. That if the Train oil, in a dose of one pint to a cow, has been ty, New Jersey, or to the inventor in Philadelphia, subject were thoroughly investigated, it would apfound to give relief in cases of hoven. It is also Market-Street, near Schuylkill, Sixth-street, will be pear that the owners and occupiers of the soil, and given to cattle choaked with turnips.-Ib. 28. Lord promptly attended to. The following certificates those who directly or indirectly depended upon Somerville recommends salt for the hoven in sheep. will show the opinion of respectable and practical them, formed the most numerous, and, he believed, farmers and others, as to the utility of this machine. were by far the most valuable part of the community. Their interests, therefore, were to be protected, We the subscribers, having this day witnessed, in preference to those of every other class. They with much satisfaction, the operation of the mowing were fixed and permanent residents, whereas the GRAIN IN LONDON. in in ring the summer, and this crop is reported to be considerably short of an average. The deficiency the potato crop will cause an additional consump tion of the article both in Scotland and Ireland, and this and other English markets, which in a material consequently leave those countries less to spare for degree depend on them for their supplies. manufacturing and commercial classes were of a gallons of milk a-day. These Cows were kept on ty, except in some districts of Scotland, Ireland, and transitory nature. They were frequently emigrat- only three acres of grass, without any change of the West of England, where the reports of it are ing to foreign states, and the connexions they form- pasturage, till after mowing time, and, in the win-more favourable; the quality, however, varies coned with other nations, necessarily rendered them ter, chiefly on straw. These particulars," says the siderably, some of the samples being thin and light, less anxious to promote the interests of their own author, "prove that I have not dealt in romance, while others are as fine as we ever remember. An country. That Dr. Adam Smith, the first of politi- when I have spoken of the Suffolk breed; and shew unprecedently large consumption of this article is cal authors, had ably inculcated the doctrine, that that this poor-looking mongrel animal is, generally, expected this season, from the reduction which takes wealth obtained from manufactures or commerce, preferable for the pail, to the large Holderness Cow, place in the duty on British spirits. was of little permanent utility, unless when realized one of which would have consumed all the food of There is no stock of old oats in granary here; and in the improvement and cultivation of the soil. the above three Cows, without returning half their if we except Liverpool and Glasgow, we believe the "That if we wished to be either safe at home, or produce; or to the fine Lancashire breed, that sells country generally to be in a similar situation. The respected abroad, and above all to maintain our mi- for such enormous prices."—Appendix of vol. 4, page oats were much injured by the excessive heat dulitary fame and character, it was our bounden du- 478. ty, not only to protect our agriculture to its present extent, but to augment, by an increased cultivation of waste lands, the numbers employed in that branch AVERAGE ANNUAL IMPORTATION OF of industry. That those who work in manufactures, however useful in other respects, are, in general, [To a table of the average annual importation but little capable of undergoing the fatigues of the port of London for the last 16 years, of wheat, warfare. Whereas those who have been bred to a flour, barley, malt, oats, beans, peas and linseedcountry life, have both strength of body and firm- the following remarks are appended by the Editor As the oat crop in the neighbouring counties is very ness of mind, to carry them through the toils and of the Farmer's Chronicle, in a late number of that defective, they will probably take a considerable dangers of war, without inconvenience or distress. Journal-they may be of use to the growers and quantity from this market in the course of the season, and it is calculated that a supply of about one "That now a new competitor for supplying us dealers in these articles in the United States.] million quarters into the port of London will be rewith Corn is likely to arise, namely, the Pacha of It will be seen from the above statement that the quired before another harvest, to meet the demand; Egypt. That he had already sent immense quan- supply of wheat to the London market in the course however, as we can scarcely expect such a supply tities of Cotton to the British market, with the pro- of last year, was about 173,000 quarters short of from our own crop, it appears likely we must look fits of which he had been enabled to bring the un- the annual average supply of the previous 16 years; to the continent to make up the deficiency. fortunate inhabitants of Greece to the brink of ruin. whereas that of flour has exceeded the average of Beans and peas, like other spring crops, suffered That he next intends to supply us with Silk; but if the last 12 years by nearly 120,000 sacks. In the most materially from the drought during summer, his Corn were admissible, however high the duty year ending Michaelmas, 1822, there was a larger and are very defective in quantity in England; but tothat might be imposed upon it, there are no bounds arrival of British wheat into the port of London wards the north, and in Scotland, they have sucto the mischiefs it would occasion. That Egypt than in any previous year; since then, however, ceeded much better. The old stocks are uncomformerly maintained eight millions of inhabitants; the supplies have been gradually diminishing, al- monly small, so that it is expected this kind of grain and, besides, with its surplus produce, fed Rome though the intermediate crops are allowed to have will bear a high value throughout the season. and Italy. There are now in it only four millions | been abundant, and the stock of old wheat remainRapeseed is the most defective crop in quantity THE SUFFOLK COW. OVER SUMMER-FALLOWS. of people; hence, were the irrigation of the Nile re-ing at the close of the season, when the new crop that we have had in this country for many years. stored to its former state of perfection (which, with came to hand, was probably never less:-indeed, the aid of European engineers, might soon be ac-with the exception of the foreign wheat lately made complished,) Egypt with its double crops every free, we may fairly say it was nearly exhausted; THE ADVANTAGES OF FALLOW-CROPS year, and with so cheap a mode of raising Grain, and, conceiving every place in the United Kingdom might furnish our commercia! speculators with to be supplied, according to their wants, nearly in Wheat, at so low a rate, that our British husband- the same ratio as London, we may draw the conmen, who must follow a more operose, and a more clusion, that the consumption is rapidly overtaking To JESSE BUel, Esq. expensive mode of cultivation, could never rival or the production; and the gradual advance in the Dear Sir-In answer to your circular, I would obresist. Hence an additional argument arises for price of wheat within the last few years seems to serve, that I should not have presumed to furnish adhering to the principle of exclusion." confirm it. matter for a volume of the Memoirs of the Board, The crop of wheat this year in the United King-had it not been asserted, that "any facts, however dom is considered a full average, both in quantity simple, would be considered valuable." and quality; yet it is thought the produce in some I have carefully watched the progress of improveThe Suffolk Cow, says an Essex farmer, though of the principal districts in England, such as Essex, ment in agriculture, in order to derive benefit from small in bulk-she seldom exceeding, when well Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire, will not bear any system of cultivation, new and useful, which fattened, 75 stones of 8lbs., and is not of the most out the reports we had of it a month or six weeks might be proposed. Although many improvements inviting appearance-is an invaluable acquisition ago; and even with favourable prospects for the in the business of husbandry have been suggested, to a dairy. Cows of this breed, though so small, next harvest, we do not look for any material de- which would no doubt be of advantage to the farmgenerally give, after they have had their second cline in prices, excepting what may be caused by a ing interest, were they reduced to practice, yet I calf, if fairly treated as to keep, on the average, 6 temporary excess in the supplies during the winter shall speak of but one, which I consider the most gallons of milk per day, from the time their calf and spring months. It is probable, that long before prominent, and that deserving the greatest attenceases to suck them, till they become dry; and in we can reap another crop, this article will recover tion; and which, if generally introduced, would save the year 1823, I knew a Suffolk Cow that gave, on any thing it may have lost in value; and with a pro-to the farmers of this state, annually, many millions. the average, for five months, something more than tracted harvest next season, it may be doubted if I mean the introduction of fallow crops, and the nine gallons of milk per day. These quantities, our crop of wheat will be found more than sufficient abandonment of summer-fallows altogether, on green and particularly the quantity last mentioned, appear for the consumption; for with bad weather during sward. The experience I have had in the system, prodigiously great to come from so small an ani- the spring and summer, so as to create an alarm confirms my belief, that all spring crops, such as mal; but the following extract from Young's Far- for the ensuing crop, prices are likely to run up ve- oats, peas, barley and potatoes, may be raised on mer's Tour, which was published in the year 1771, ry high, even so much so as to open the ports. The green sward, well ploughed, either in the fall or tends to verify their statement: Canada wheat that has arrived under the late Act spring, and rolled with a heavy roller, with less ex "In several parts of the preceding minutes," says of Parliament, and admitted for consumption, on pense in labour, and double the nett profits, than Mr. Young, "particularly in those of Suffolk, men- payment of 5s. per quarter duty, is of ordinary qua- on stubble land; that the expense of tending a corn tion is made of Cows often giving 8 gallons of milk lity, and most of it in bad condition. The quantity crop, on ground of that description, and thus manaper day. This fact is thought very improbable in arrived, as has already been stated in a previous ged, would be less than the expense of summer-falsome other parts of the kingdom; and this induced number, is between 7,000 and 8,000 quarters. lowing; and that good or poor land would not be me, on all occasions that offered, to make minute Although the supply of barley last year exceeded exhausted as much in growing most of the above inquiries into the product of Cows. I can pledge the annual average importation for the preceding crops, with the sod under, unmolested and unexpomyself for the accuracy of the following statement: 12 years, by about 8,000 quarters, still it is consi-sed, while rotting, as it would be in receiving two Three Cows, one of them a heifer after her first dered the stock of old barley, both here and or three ploughings, while in a partial state of decalf, the property of the Rev. Mr. Aspin, of Cock-throughout the country, was never more nearly ex-composition, in the heat of summer, exposed to the field, in Suffolk, yielded, from June to December, hausted at the close of any season than last; and old influence of the sun, rains and winds. The first ex1770, 633lbs. of butter, the old Cows giving, for malt is also comparatively scarce. The new crop periment I made of this kind, was a crop-of corn, some time in the height of the season, each eight of barley is considered under an average in quanti- on a stiff sward of spear grass, ploughed in the fall, [MARCH 24, 1824. and well harrowed in the spring, without rolling.dener; and it is one which, in my mind, conclusively own fields and woods. The insects found in these My crop was 72 bushels to the acre, worth 50 cents destroys so much of Mr. Worth's hypothesis, as re- swellings and excrescences cannot all be a conseper bushel-Nett profits, $23.30 per acre. The gards the cause of the tumor. The cherry and plum quence of the disease, because in many cases the tuground was well ploughed once next spring, and are incident to a disease called the gum, which is be- mors are indurated, particularly their outer surface. sowed to peas: crop, 32 bushels per acre, worth lieved to be an exudation of the elaborated sap of the In one particular I am disposed to agree with Mr. $1.00 per bushel-Nett profits, $25.10. The peas tree, caused by bruises and insects. This is corrod-Worth, viz. that the insect found by Professor Peck, were harvested early in September, and the ground ing, and by wasting the vegetable blood, is prejudi- and described as that which punctures the young well ploughed once, and sowed to wheat: crop, 31 cial to the health of the tree; but is accompanied by fruit, is not the cause of the tumor on the plum and bushels to the acre-Nett profits, $22.90 to the acre. a depression of the diseased bark,-never by a cherry. If our controversy shall induce more careNett profits in three years, $71.30. I have this year woody excrescence. When the sap of some trees ful observation, and lead to a discovery of the inraised corn on land adjoining, and of a similar soil is obstructed in its natural course, it causes a tumor sect which is the cause of the mischief, we shall and sod, (the soil is what farmers call a sandy loan,) or swelling in the wood, often of great dimensions, both be amply rewarded for our labours, and the managed in the same way, save only the crop was as is instanced in the black ash, oaks, elm, apple, &c. public somewhat benefitted. J. BUEL. but once hoed: (wet weather prevented:) crop, 100 and it is to this anomaly in vegetable developement, Albany, March 9. bushels to the acre. No manure was used; and not that the far-famed town of Suffield is indebted for TAL TREES AND PLANTS, Cultivated by Daniel Smith, Burlington, N. J. to which is added Observations, &c. on their treatment. and culture. so much labour in tending, as stubble land would its skill and cunning in manufacturing and vending CATALOGUE OF FRUIT AND ORNAMENhave required. In the same field, I sowed 60 roods wooden dishes. But the tumor of the plum and of ground to flax, and harrowed it in well on the cherry is a gangrene, which soon crumbles into a sod. The crop grew well, and was the best I have black powder, and if not removed, poisons and deever raised on any ground. It fell down, and I pul stroys the tree, root and branch. led it while in blossom; after which I ploughed the ground once, and sowed turnips. The turnips are very fine, and promise a good crop. Henrietta, Monroe co. Oct. 18, 1824. ROTATION OF CROPS. Virginia, March 10, 1826. The writer of this communication, was honoured Although Mr W. professedly abandons scoring as a preventative, he dwells upon its benefits with The fruit trees enumerated in the following catamuch stress. The bark of the tree subserves the logue, are all grafted or inoculated, and form a sesame purpose as the skin of the animal; and it is lection of a large proportion of the choicest kinds conceded by naturalists, that both are capable of propagated in this country, many of which have been distention, without injury, to any extent required described in a treatise entitled "A view of the culby healthful vigour. Instead of aiding nature, by tivation of Fruit Trees," &c. published by Mathew endeavoring to improve upon her laws, we are too Carey and Son, of Philadelphia, 1817, written by in some small degree, with an acquaintance with apt to mar her works by officiousness. So far as William Coxe, Esq. of this place, to whose extenmy recollection serves me, Mr. Worth's remark, sive orchards the proprietor is indebted for the opour Washington; and, among other items in our se- that seedlings are exempt from the tumor, is liable portunity of examining many of the kinds of fruit veral conversations, Farmer Washington submitted to exceptions; for I think it is indiscriminately found now offered, nearly all of which he has been enabled several propositions as to the proper number, or diupon seedlings, sprouts and succors, -the only dif- to identify to his satisfaction, and presents them to visions of lands, for a complete rotation of crops, ference being, that the most thrifty and tender the public in confidence of their correctness. applicable to his native state. From 7 to 5 divigrowth, being the most easily punctured by the in- The various kinds of fruit are arranged in the orsions, seemed to have been the numbers contempla-sect, is most frequently the subject of attack. To der of ripening according to season. ted: the latter was then preferred. Numberless have this fact I intend to direct my particular attention. When trees are wanted for exportation, they can been my experiments since; whilst, ultimately, five We have cases analogous, in phytography, to the be packed in the most approved manner, either in are unquestionably preferred. It remains, therefore, one I assume, of excrescenses upon the branches, mats or boxes, safely conveyed to Philadelphia, and for any one to adopt the system or not, or to disco-buds and leaves of vegetables, caused by the punc- delivered agreeably to direction, for which reasonver a better course than, No. 1, corn, 2, wheat, 3, ture of insects, but none that I know of where the able charges will be made, and if particularly rebarley, 4, clover, 5, clover; and repeat the cycle, according to varying circumstances and peculiar fit-poison injected is so subtle as in that under conside-quested, they will be shipped to any port that may ration. There is often found on a species of the be pointed out. Your respectful ness of soil. POTATOES. FRIEND. thistle, Carduus pratensis, an egg shaped swelling, Letters sent by mail or otherwise, will be attended nearly two inches in length and one across. If this to carefully, and without avoidable delay. bunch is cut open in the month of August, it will be Orders may be left with Benjamin Smith, No. 277, found to contain several large white maggots. It Walnut street; with Daniel B. Smith, druggist, corMr. Walker, of Fermoy, has successfully practi- has consequently been occasioned by the puncture ner of Arch and Sixth streets, or at the office of the sed a new and extraordinary mode of cultivating of the parent insect depositing its eggs. A peculiar United States Gazette, Philadelphia; with Henry potatoes. It is well known to farmers that potatoes knot or bunch is also found upon the dog-rose. The Hinsdale, flour merchant, No. 75, Vesey, or 15 in pits-the general mode of keeping them in this nucleus, which is from an inch to an inch and a Frankford street, New York; Sinclair & Moore, country, till they are wanted for use, throw out a half in diameter, is covered with a long and winged seedsmen, Baltimore; George Drinker, merchant, great number of shoots in the Spring. From some shag, first of a green, and then of a purple color, pre- Alexandria, D. C. and Robert J. Smith, bookseller, of these shoots, in the beginning of last April, Mr. senting the appearance of a small bunch of moss. Richmond, Virginia; from either of whom catalogues Walker cut as many knots or joints as they afford-It has been occasioned, like that of the stem of the may be had gratis. ed, and planted them in drills in his garden, as if thistle, by the puncture of an insect depositing its It is desirable, that when orders for trees are sent they were cuttings of the potato itself, or skillanes, eggs in the tender shoot; for if it is cut open about from a distance, payment should be made at Philaas they are provincially termed. The stalks from the month of August, it is found to contain insects. delphia when the trees are shipped, or that some these joints appeared in due time, were of uncom The reader will not fail to mark the strong analo- responsible person there be referred to. mon size and luxuriance, and preserved their ver-gy between the preceding case, and that of the plum The prices of trees and plants, will be found at dure to a late period of the season. The crop was and cherry. The bud is often similarly affected by the head of each respective list, with the exception dug out a few days since, and was very productive. a species of Cynips, that lances its piercer into the of those noted. This was the second experiment of the kind which heart of the bud while yet tender, and penetrates Scions for engrafting, will be furnished for 25 cts. Mr. Walker has tried, and he is so well satisfied with its saw into the very pith; injecting at the same per dozen, if less than one dozen of a kind is wantwith their result, that he intends to cultivate an time a drop of the corroding liquor contained in its ed, the price will be three cents each. Grape cutacre in the same manner next year, to the whole bag, and then laying its egg. The bud being thus tings will also be furnished at 37 cents per dozen, process of which he will invite the attention of the wounded, and the juices corrupted by the injected if less than one dozen is wanted, 4 cents each will neighbouring farmers as publicly as possible. HORTICULTURE, PLUM AND MORELLO CHERRY-AGAIN. poison, the circulation is not only impeded, but a be charged: Grapes, however, being but a recent fermentation is induced, which burns the contiguous appendage to this establishment, cuttings of a conparts, and changes their color. The extravasated siderable number of the kinds cannot be furnished juice flows round the egg, and is there accumulated the present season. and converted into a sort of spongy lump, which The number on the right of each name denotes vegetates and augments till it forms what is called a the nursery mark; as trees are taken from the nurIn reply to Mr. Worth, No. 48, v. 7, I will remark, gall. Hence the gall upon some species of the oak sery, a label is affixed to each kind, marked with what before escaped my recollection; that the ex- and upon the Salix helix, or rose willow. A similar the number attached to its proper name. travasated sap of the plum and cherry, even from puncture of the leaf of a species of the oak, pro- It seems hardly necessary to say any thing, in rethe immature fruit, at least on exposure to the oxy duces the Aleppo galls of commerce, which afford futation of the exploded doctrine, that trees removgen of the atmosphere, is uniformly a GUM, a vege- the gallic acid, and are extensively used in dying. ed from a rich soil to one that is poor, will not thrive table oxide, and never a spongy tumor. This is a phi- These analogous cases are cited from Loudon. They so well as when taken from one also poor; this prelosophic truth within the observation of every gar- might be multiplied by instances drawn from our judice has lost much of its influence with our en lightened and experienced farmers and horticultu- Red Winter, 39; Long green Pippin, 53; Vander- the stem is not thereby broken, it is left so weak and rists; it certainly must be admitted to be of great vere, 69; Priestly, 65; Warren Apple, or Varmin's shaken, as greatly to retard its future growth; for importance, that trees should be healthy and vigo- Pippin, 105; Lob, 58; Vout Apple, 111; Tewksbury this weakness once produced in the body, is very rous before transplanting, to thrive well afterwards, Winter Blush, 13; Redling, 12; Red Winter Sweet-likely to continue, as in every light breeze it will be and can it be an objection, though removed into a ing, 99; American Pippin or Grindstone Apple, 48; liable to the same motion, and consequently prevent poorer soil? The subject is treated with great per Boston, or Roxbury Russeting, 98; Green Ever- nature from repairing the injury, and, as in this conspicuity by the celebrated English writer, Marshall, lasting, (will keep a year,) 20; Nine Partners little dition a tree cannot thrive well, the only remedy and his conclusions are clear and satisfying, he re- Russet, (will keep above a year) 88. lates instances falling under his own notice, which go far to prove that the prejudice is not well founded. The kinds marked thus will not be ready until the fall of 1826. Apples at 183 cents, ripen in July. (Catalogue to be concluded in next number.) OBSERVATIONS seems to be, to reduce the top, and tie it to a strong stake fixed firmly in the ground, with a ligature of straw to pass several times between the stake and the tree, to prevent injury by rubbing. To supply Relating to the Planting, Management and Culture, the place of the poor earth thrown away, use the of Fruit Trees and Plants. surrounding top soil, or other equally good brought Having been frequently applied to by persons from elsewhere for the purpose; I cannot recommend about to procure Trees and Plants from this Nur- the use of manure of any kind mixed with the earth and this happening frequently at a time when the less very old and perfectly mellow. sery, for instructions how to plant and manage them, in planting, not even earth from the ditch bank, unpressure of business rendered it very inconvenient If the ground wants enriching, I should prefer a to give the information required, and the success of top dressing laid round the tree of stable manure, In August. planting trees depending much upon the treatment compost, or ditch mud, after it has been mellowed Scales's large summer Redstreak, No. 37; Eng- they receive after they leave the Nursery, till they by frost or putrefaction; this would be safer and anlish Nonsuch, 74; Summer Queen, 5; Large Eng- have passed the first summer, I offer the following swer the purpose much better. In filling up the lish Codling, 23; Summer Pearmain, 38; Maiden's observations for the use of those who may not have hole, care should be taken to make the earth fine, Blush, 33; Double flowering Chinese Apple, very had as much experience as myself. and to press it close and compactly round the roots, beautiful, at 25 cents, 97; Siberian Crab, (for preSeason of Planting. and those of them inclined to a lateral direction, serving,) 90; Red and Green Sweeting, 15; Hagloe The delight peculiarly attached to Spring, in the should be spread so as to lay easy, and by no means (fine large red Summer,) 71. conduct and management of our rural concerns, forced down or bruised in treading in the earth: the may be supposed, naturally to have a strong influ- ground immediately round the tree should be left Large Fall or Holland Pippin, No. 18; Marriot's ence in governing the minds of many, in making in the form of a basin, in order to receive occasionor Royal Pearmain, 72; Fama Gusta, from Cyprus, choice of the vernal season for transplanting trees, al waterings, which, if the weather is dry, should 52; Bambo, Romanite, or Seek-no-farther, 50; Mon- and we are led to attribute to this cause its having be frequently given; once a week or ten days, will strous Pippin, 17; Drap d'Or, 42; Trenton early become the season most generally adopted, for en generally be sufficient if done plentifully, so as efRed-Streak, 115; Large American spiced Crab, (for gaging in this interesting branch of improvement; fectually to wet the whole space occupied by the preserving,) 132; Rambour d'ete, 83. while it is sufficiently evident, that the weight of roots: some half rotted litter spread round the tree experience will be found in favour of planting in the during the summer, would be useful in preventing Cat-Head, No. 114; Catlin, or Gregson, an admi-fall, especially in those parts of the country subject the rays of the sun and the winds from dissipating red table and cider fruit of Maryland, 49; Roseau to severe droughts; as the trees planted in autumn the moisture; but it should be removed in the fall D'Automne, 107; Corlies's Sweet, 101; Taylor's or are less liable to suffer from this cause, than those as it might be a harbour for mice during the winter, who would be apt to injure the trees by feeding on Freehold Red-Streak, 110, Red Doctor, or Dewit planted in the spring. the bark and roots. Apple, 24; Metoisee, or French Crab, 109; Carroll's Striped, 102; Barnes' Fancy, 131; American Nonpareil, 60, Pompion, 91; Monstrous Bellflower, 129. From November to January. In September. In October and November. From December to February. them. Arrival at their destination. To promote the growth. The first point of importance to be attended to on the arrival of the trees from the Nursery is, to have It will be proper early in the spring, to examine the bundles carefully opened, and a trench dug in a such trees as have been planted the preceding fall, New England Seek-no-farther, No. 80; English slanting direction, deep enough to receive the roots to ascertain whether the high winds which prevail Golden Pippin, 19; Reinette Grise, 7; Winter Pear- below the surface; they should be placed therein about the time of breaking up of frost, may have and well watered, and then covered with earth made shaken them loose; if this should be the case, it main, 62; Newark yellow, or French Pippin, 11; Domine, 54; Brownite, 46; White Doctor, 22; Surfine and pressed in on all sides, so as to exclude the will be important to have the ground trod firmly prise, yellow without and red within, 95; Craam, 76; air, thus to remain until preparation is made to plant round the tree again, as the shaking will be otherwise likely to destroy the tender sprouts as fast as Red Sweet Pippin, 73; Rambour Franche, 125; Federal Pearmain, 104; White Calville, 6; Quince Apthey are put forth, and of course the tree must peMode of Planting, &c. rish. ple, 61. The holes for planting should be dug two and a It will be proper to keep the weeds from half to three feet in diameter, and about two spits growing round the tree during the summer months, or eighteen inches deep, throwing away the bottom to effect which a shallow hoeing occasionally would Bellflower, much admired table fruit, No. 26; spit and using only the top soil in planting the tree. be sufficient, loosening the earth round the tree Morgan, pleasant table fruit, ripens early and keeps When the trees are taken from the trench, cut off would be serviceable also, in preparing the ground late, 36, Wine Apple, do. 30; Golden Lady, 121; the ends of the roots and other bruised parts with a to receive the dews and rain: it may be proper to Reinette Franche, 89; Woolman's long Pippin, 92; Granny Winkle, 85; Dumpling Apple, 123; Alex sharp knife, and trim the tops pretty freely, leaving remark, that young trees uniformly thrive best them as light as possible, preserving merely the form where the ground is kept constantly under tillage; ander, a new Russian apple, very large and of great of a head: shortening the branches is considered in where this cannot be done, as in the case of grass celebrity, 139; Fearn's English Pippin, 134; Golden, or Ruckman's Pearmain, 55; Ladie's Finger, 96; jurious, and should be avoided, except when really plats, lawns, &c. the ground should be dug once or Ribstone Pippin, 81; Newtown Spitzenburgh, 57, necessary to preserve the proper form of a head, twice a year within the distance of three feet from Kaighn's Spitzenburgh, 75;Irish Apple, 120; Michael especially the leading shoot; or when the length is the tree, and kept free from grass and weeds durHenry Pippin, 3; Jersey Greening, 43; Wood's disproportioned to the size of the body, this being a ing the summer; a few shovels full of manure Greening, 78, Rhode Island Greening, 41; Roman fault not to be remedied in any other way; I would worked in once a year round each tree, whether the Stem, 44; Monmouth large green Winter, 14; Cum-advise leaving the buds, and a few of the small twigs ground be tilled or in grass, would contribute essenberland Spice, 64; Black Apple, 28; Sheepnose, upon the body to grow, with the view of strength- tially to promote their growth. Bullock's Pippin or long Tom, a fine eating apple, ening it, and preventing the bad effects of a disproApples-soil, aspect, &c. proper. 113; Winter Queen, 51; Pennock's large red Win- this fault in the trimming I apprehend it is, that the morning sun and protected from the northern winds, portionate increase in the size of the top, as from A southern aspect, admitting the influence of the ter, 45; Red Calville, 54; Coate's red Winter or crooked condition of so many orchard trees is to be is perhaps the best site for an orchard; a situation a Sally Apple, 32; Aunt's Apple, [large red] 100; attributed; the whole growth being thereby thrown little elevated but not high, the soil a rich loam, Orange, 27; Pearson's English Pippin, 70; Ship into the top, it becomes too heavy to be supported with a proportion of calcareous matter, either napen's Russeting, 4. and falls over; the same effect is also produced by turally or artificially mixed with it, would perhaps From January to April. another injudicious practice in early trimming, that be the best soil, but all dry lands will produce good English Nonpareil, No 82; Flushing or Esopus is, running them higher than the strength of the apple trees. In very wet or very sandy soils, their Spitzenburgh, 56; Swaar, 79; Large yellow New-stem is capable of supporting; by these means young duration will be shorter; when cold clay, or quicktown Pippin, 1; Hunt's fine Green, do. 9; Newark trees not unfrequently sustain another material in- sand is the basis of light sandy land, perhaps no King, 86; Royal Russet, 94; Pomme d'Apis, or La- jury; the strong winds, when they are loaded with ground upon which apple trees will grow, is more dy Apple, an admired table fruit, 21; Mansfield large leaves, drive them violently about, and if indeed unpromising. As a general rule for judging of soil |