wheat they shall grow. Millers will always crack seed wheat are very troublesome and very onerous. unexposed, while rotting, as it would be in receivup that sort of wheat on which they think they can We must submit to see these two orders of agri-ing two or three ploughings, while in a partial make the greatest gain, either by the fact of the cultural knighthood, the one decked with the plant state of decomposition, in the heat of summer, exsmaller offal, or by the fiction which they may have of the golden leaf tobacco, the other with the full posed to the influence of the sun, rains and winds. it in their power to create in relation to any thing eared sheaf of white wheat, without repining at The first experiment I made of this kind was a else. But the farmer should understand his soil, his their good fortune; and if their fame kindles the crop of corn, on a stiff sward of spear grass, ploughclimate, the ordinary accidents to which different fire of ambition in our hearts, let us endeavour to ed in the fall, and well harrowed in the spring, wheat is liable, and the character of the different rival them in taste, in judgment, in industry, and without rolling. My crop was 72 bushels to the kinds of wheat: then he will be enabled to form in exertion. some judgment as to the wheat that will produce in his own lands the greatest number of pounds weight to the acre; and that is the mode to draw the greatest number of dollars to his pocket-which J. S. SKINNER, is, after all, the "valde optatum." AGRICULTOR. acre, worth 50 cents per bushel. Nett profits, $28 30 cts. per acre. The ground was well ploughed once next spring, and sowed to peas: crop, 32 bushels per acre, worth $1 per bushel-Nett profits, $25 10 cts. The peas were harvested early in September, and the ground well ploughed once, and sowed TO DESTROY WEEVIL. Salisbury, July 15, 1826. Sir.-During the time I have been a subscriber Nothing can be more ridiculous than to see far- to your journal, I have received from it much va- to wheat: crop, 31 bushels to the acre-Nett promers every where buying up nice white wheat for luable information, and many hints that I have turn- fits, $22.90 to the acre. Nett profits in three years, seed, without ascertaining whether their lands will ed to my own advantage. I feel, therefore, bound, $71.30. I have this year raised corn on land adgrow it or not, supposing, I presume, that the pro- in my turn, to contribute what I think may be of joining, and of a similar soil and sod, (the soil is duce must of course be as white as the seed. They advantage to others. My barn, for a number of what farmers call a sandy loam,) managed in the spend their money in buying this seed at extrava- years, has been infested with weevil, and I have same way, save only the crop was but once hoed: gant prices, and are mortified to find that the pro- tried every way that I thought would be likely to (wet weather prevented:) crop, 100 bushels to the duct is greatly inferior; in which case they some- succeed to get clear of them, but all to no purpose acre. No manure was used; and not so much latimes accuse the seller of the seed wheat of not until last winter, when I knew they were all below; bour in tending, as stubble land would have requirdoing them justice, and desperately try somewhere that is, near to the ground. I introduced water in ed. In the same field, I sowed 60 roods of ground else another expensive purchase, until they pay time of a thaw and heavy rain, so as completely to to flax, and barrowed it in well on the sod. The very dear for the knowledge, that their lands will inundate the lower part of the building-and this I crop grew well, and was the best I have ever raised not produce the fine white wheat, and that there repeated two or three times, as opportunity offered on any ground. It fell down and I pulled it while are other kinds of wheat much better adapted to before spring, and now I am as free from them as in blossom; after which I ploughed the ground once, them, that they will produce more certainly and if there never had been one in the place. and sowed to turnips. The turnips are very fine more abundantly. I was induced to make the experiment from the and promise a good crop. There is another consideration too, sir, that may following circumstance. Two years ago I purchas- Henrietta, Monroe Co., Oct. 18, 1824. not be without its influence. We never see hung ed a farm, a short distance from me; here, for want up in that excellent and highly useful gallery of of a little care and attention, the water was allowed agricultural portraits, the "American Farmer," the a free passage through the barn and stables when- (From Brown's Treatise on Agriculture and Rural name of a farmer for his growing many pounds of ever it rained; and this is supposed to be the only wheat to the acre, until he gets up to some thirty or one in the neighbourhood that has been completely forty bushels; whilst those farmers who own the free from this destructive little insect and I knew Marl, like lime, may be viewed as a stimulant, fine white wheat lands, of no other cause for it, except that they must (if forcing the soil to produce crops of corn and grass, there had been any,) have been destroyed by the which otherwise would not have been obtained. dampness of the situation they had for winter quarI am, respectfully, yours, ters. THO'S G. HENDERSON. O fortunatos nimium! soliginis arva colintes State of New York.) CROPS OVER SUMMER-FALLOWS. if they only grow from ten to fifteen bushels to the BY JAMES SPENNY, OF MONROE. Affairs.) Marl has been long known to the husbandmen of Great Britain; and, if we give credit to Pliny, this article was used prior to the Roman invasion. Several kinds are enumerated by the ancient Latin writes, and all of them declare that the soil was greatly enriched by the application of marl. In many parts of this island the value of land has been much augmented by the application of marl. Treating of this article in a practical way, it may be divided into shell-mari and earth marl. Shell-marl is composed of animal-shells dissolved; SIR,-In answer to your circular, I would ob-earth-marl is a fossil. The colour of the latter is serve, that I should not have presumed to furnish varinus, white, black, blue, red, and its hardness is matter for a volume of the Memoirs of the Board, as various as its colour; being sometimes soft and had it not been asserted, that "any facts, however ductile like clay, sometimes hard and solid like simple, would be considered valuable." stone, and sometimes extended into thin beds, like average per acre as will entitle them to a place in I have carefully watched the progress of improve-slate. Shell-marl is easily distinguished by the the gallery of agricultural worthies. They cannot ment in agriculture, in order to derive benefit from shells which always appear in it; but the similarity hope for fame in violation of the laws of nature. If any system of cultivation, new and useful, which betwixt earth-marl and many other fossil substanlands are not natively of the peculiar texture of might be proposed Although many improvements ces renders it difficult to distinguish them. soil to grow the white wheat, no human art can in the business of husbandry have been suggested, Shell-marl is very different in its nature from supply the deficiency. which would no doubt be of advantage to the farm- clayey and stone-marls, and, from its effects upon If it should be asked, if it is not equally strange ing interest, were they reduced to practice, yet I the soil, is commonly classed among the animal that men on stiff soils and flat lands, should be in- shall speak of but one, which I consider the most manures. The Rev. Mr. Dickson states, "that it quiring for the seed of the bright tobacco to plant prominent, and that deserving the greatest atten- does not dissolve with water as the other marls do. in those soils which every body knows will not pro- tion; and which, if generally introduced, would It sucks it up, and swells like a sponge. It is a duce the same sort?-I reply, I think not; and for save to the farmers of this state, annually, many much stronger attractor of acids than they." Dr. this reason, founded upon this fact, that tobacco millions. I mean the introduction of fallow-crops, Home says, that it takes six times more of acids to will retain more of its quality for one year than any and the abandonment of summer-fallows altogether, saturate it than any of the other marls which he other plant in an uncongenial soil: but, after the on green sward. The experience I have had in the had met with But the greatest difference betwixt first year, it will deteriorate so as to be totally un-system, confirms my belief, that all spring crops, the shell marl and the other marls consists in this, like the plant from which it sprung. But what a such as oats, peas, barley and potatoes, may be the shell-marl contains oils. It is uncertain if the great difference there is between the trouble and raised on green sward, well ploughed, either in the other marls contain any oils; but this kind, it is expense of procuring seed wheat and tobacco seed fall or spring, and rolled with a heavy roller, with said, contains them in great plenty. every year. A half pint of tobacco seed is more less expense in labour, and double the nett profit, This marl, it would seem, from the qualities than enough for any man's use, except for those than on stubble land; that the expense of tending a which it possesses, promotes vegetation in all the most extensively engaged in planting. This half corn crop, on ground of that description, and thus different ways. It increases the food of plants; it pint can be procured, I suppose, for a dollar, if there managed, would be less than the expense of sum-communicates to the soil a power of attracting this were not a thousand planters who would take plea- mer-fallowing; and that good or poor land would food from the air; it enlarges the pasture of plants; sure in presenting a friend with that quantity out not be exhausted as much in growing most of the and it prepares the vegetable food for entering their of their own stock; but the frequent purchases of above crops, with the sod under, unmolested and roots. moist ground. Many of the full blown flowers measured from seven and a half to eight inches in width: the heads nieasured from two and a half, to three and a half inches diameter.* The shelly sand, often found deposited in beds in about the 25th of May, and continued to fall in as much as was obtained in the morning. He carethe crevices and level parts of the sea coasts, is great quantities for three weeks, has in a great fully avoided penetrating the cavity of the head.— another substance capable of being employed both measure restored it, (and would have done much Every head made from 15 to 40 grains of opium; as a manure and stimulant; not only on account of damage had it continued,) so that there is, I think, and they would have yielded more, could he have its containing calcareous matter in greater or less a very good prospect of a crop. One of my neigh-attended closely to the plants. A piece of ground, proportions, but also from the mixture of animal bours sent me to-day a pod of cotton of this year's six yards by ten, produced more than half a pound and vegetable substances that are found in it. The growth; and my driver informs me to-night that he of opium. He sowed the seeds at the distance of portion of calcareous matter which it contains must has seen several in the field to-day fit to pick. We eight or ten inches apart, in drills, and about threevary according to circumstances; but, when the shall probably commence picking about the 1st of quarters of an inch deep: the drills were two feet quantity is any way large, and in a reduced or at- August. I have got corn fit to grind; it was plant- apart. He thinks it necessary to sow the seeds in tenuated state, the quality is so much the more va-ed the 20th of February. luable. On that account, the quantity which ought to be applied to the soil must be regulated entirely Salisbury, Pa., July 22, 1826. by the extent of calcareous matter supposed, or Our harvest has been well secured, and has provfound, upon trial, to be contained in the article, Dr. Spalding, of Portsmouth, N. H. has also made which, as already said, is very variable. ed a good crop; though not so heavy as the one their colours, viz: white, black, blue, and red. The straw broken. The rye crop was not so good nor District of New Hampshire: he procured it by inThe clayey and stone marls are distinguished by last season, yet more difficult to cut, being much opium from the white poppy; samples of which he presented to the Medical Society of the Eastern white, being of a soft crumbly nature, is considered so extensive as in former years, and appears not to be cisions in the heads, after the capsules were fully to be the best for pasture land; and the blue, which so well filled; heads quite short, which I think was formed.t is more compact and firm, for corn land. In the caused by the drought at the time of heading and The seeds should be sown in good ground, as eardistricts where marl is much used, these distinc-filling. The present crop of corn presents a luxuly as the season, in the different parts of the contitions of management are attended to, though either riant appearance. There is a very large crop out nent, will admit; the plants must be properly waterof the kinds may be employed with advantage if in this county, and at this season I think there could ed, and kept clear of weeds. Transplanting does not be a much better prospect of a heavy crop. not succeed. the following rules are adhered to. SIR, the county. HORTICULTURE. ON AMERICAN OPIUM. E. B. [The following is an abstract of the various attempts "poppy." If marl is of the blue kind, or of any kind that Oats will turn out a very good crop, though during The poppy plant has been cultivated extensively is compact and firm, lay it upon the land early in the drought it was feared we would have none; the by Mr. Ball and Mr. Jones, in England; both of the season, so as the weather may mellow it down late rains have improved them rapidly. Hay-whom have received premiums from the society for before the last plough; and, if on pasture land, let scarcely half a crop was made in this section of the encouragement of arts, agriculture, &c. The it be also early laid on, and spread very thin, Yours, &c. opium produced by them, was found by the Lonbreaking any lumps afterwards which are not comdon physicians, whose certificates are given, to be pletely separated by the first spreading. If marl is fully equal to the imported drug. For the stateof the white, or any of the loose or crumbling ments of Mr. Ball and Mr. Jones, see Transactions sorts, it need not be laid on so early, because these Society Arts, vol. 18, and Medical Repository, vol. varieties break and dissolve almost as soon as ex1, p 424; see also Domestic Encyclopedia, article posed to the weather. There are many kinds of impure and mixed The cultivation of the poppy plant, for the purmarls, such as sandy, clayey, loamy, and stony DR. S. RICKETSON, formerly of Duchess county; pose of making opium, is particularly adapted to marls, according as these varieties of soil are incor- New York, but now of the city of New York, culti- the southern states. Opium might form one of porated or mixed with the principal substance. vated the poppy in the year 1788, and found that the articles that must be substituted for cotton, now These sorts, of course, are inferior to the pure the opium produced from it was quite as powerful that it is found much more of it is raised in the marls; but the stony kind is considered to be the as that imported. His paper first appeared in the world than is required. But it is not likely that the best, because its efficacy is more lasting, though the "American Magazine," published at New York, in hint will be taken; although the profit would be fat and crumbling kinds enrich or operate more 1788; and was reprinted in the Medical Reposito- certain, if not great. Every physician in the United speedily. The hard marls, however, in every case, ry, vol, 1, p. 420. In the 3d vol. of the same work, States, living in the country, might make all the operate for the greatest length of time, and are often p. 206, Dr. R. published additional experiments on opium he used, by raising the poppy: an employfollowed with bad consequences to the soil, unless the same subject. Those varieties of the poppy ment that would not only prove amusing, but highgood management, with regard to cropping, is ex- should be chosen, having numerous heads and strongly profitable to him. ercised during the period of their operation. After stalks. Dr. R found such a variety with large red Mr. Ball calculated, that supposing one poppy being long excessively fruitful and productive, the or purple flowers, that proved much superior to all plant growing on one foot square of earth, produced soil will gradually become so sterile and barren as others he had seen: he tried the Asiatic mode of one grain of opium; more than 50 pounds will be scarcely to be worth cultivating; in which case, the tapping the heads, and found that they yielded most collected from one statute acre: but one poppy progreatest exertion can hardly procure a return of plentifully from 8 to 12 days after the flowers had duces from three to ten heads, and in each head fertility. In this respect, the effect of over-crop- fallen: he however obtained the largest quantity of from six to ten incisions are made; from each of ping land that has been marled, is precisely the juice by cutting off the stalks, when the sun shines, which he took two or three grains;-what then, he same as takes place with lime An uncommon ex-about an inch below the flowers of the plant; and asks, must be the produce? Double, or semi-double ertion is made, occasioning a proportionate debili- as soon as the juice appeared, by collecting it with popies, gave more than twice the quantity produced ty, though, were good husbandry studiously prac-a small scoop or penknife. After the juice ceased by the single. [Archives of Useful Knowledge, tised, the exertion would neither be so excessive in to flow, he cut it about an inch lower, and thus prothe first instance, nor the after consequences so ceeded until the juice ceased to appear.* mischievous. In numerous instances, land has been The seeds may be sown at the distance of six or reduced so much as to be thought little better than eight inches. He is convinced there is no difference useless, by the effects of line and marl. Both, in the quality of the produce, whatever variety or SIRhowever, are excellent agents in forwarding agri- species be cultivated. (From the New England Farmer.) CULTURE OF CABBAGES. Westborough, March 30, 1926. There has long been a complaint among farmers, culture, though often their agency has been misap- Dr. Anthony, of Petersburgh, Georgia, in the of their cabbages stump footing, as it is called; that plied, and used for mischievous purposes. Under month of January, 1810, sowed seeds of the true is, the roots as they grow, forming themselves into a correct rotation of cropping, and with a suitable white or opium poppy, which came up in due time. bulbs or small bunches, and as these increase in supply of dung, neither lime nor marl is injurious. The second day after the petals had fallen, he di- size, the top will decrease. Many preventives have Reverse these circumstances, and the contrary vided the exterior coat of the head in four places, and when the dew is on, using certain kinds of mabeen mentioned as effectual, such as hoeing often, effect must necessarily be produced. at equal distances from each other: more incisions. [Orfila's Analysis of Marls, will be inserted in he thinks, would tend to wound and destroy the nure, &c. All these I have tried without success. the next Farmer.] head unnecessarily. The incisions were made at The cause of the stump foot is in the soil. Few ten o'clock in the morning, and at twelve he col pieces of land, I believe, that have been for several lected the opium that hung therefrom, in tears from successive years under the plough, will produce a one inch to an inch and a half in length. Another good crop of cabbages, though there may be excepbleeding, in the afternoon of the same day, yielded tions. My method of raising them, which I have SIR, Retreat, St Simon's Island, Geo., July 8, 1825. practised several years with complete success, is the Owing to the late excessive drought which com- *The careful country practitioner, who may raise menced here in February, the cotton crop was kept opium in the above ways, should try the effects of the back very much; but the rain which commenced two kinds. PROSPECT OF CROPS. Philadel. Medical Museum, Hexade, 2d, vol. 1, p. 142. LOVETT PETERS. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. Conclusion of Mr. Stewart's Report on the Chesa peake and Ohio Canal, made in Congress, on the 19th May, 1826. following. In the spring take a piece of green one and a half million of dollars, and that the located, abounds with inexhaustible mines of the sward, of good soil and free from stones, and turn amount carried to Wheeling and other towns on richest ore, and the finest coal in the world, which it over with the plough as flat as possible; then the western waters, and wagoned on through Ohio lie hidden and useless in the bowels of the earth, spread on a large quantity of good manure, if it has at dry seasons, must have exceeded this amount; for want of the means of transportation, and which been previously mixed with leached ashes the bet-most of those wagons had return loads of agricul- might be made sources of unbounded profit and ter, then harrow greatly, and early in June, if for tural produce, which, with the amount carried by accommodation, adding millions annually to the winter cabbage, cut holes through the turf with a farmers and others, would probably nearly equal national resources, giving profitable employment to hoe, as near together as the cabbages ought to grow; the transportation westward; and should it amount labour, stimulating industry, increasing general fill the holes with the fine earth and manure, and to only half, still it would appear that the country wealth, supplying our country with means alike then set the plants or put in a small number of sustains a tax for transportation of four or five mil-necessary in peace and war, and for which we are seeds; I prefer the latter however, since it saves the lions a year; whereas, if this merchandize and pro- now dependent on foreign countries, and annually labour of setting, and is much surer of success if it duce were water-borne on canals, the cost would paying them a heavy tribute. Millions are annualhappens to be a time of drought. They will need be reduced to less than half a million. The dif- ly sent abroad to feed and employ foreign labour, no more hoeing than is necessary to keep down the ference in cost being estimated as 10 to 1, though manufacturing and agricultural, to the neglect and weeds. In this way I have raised cabbages of the the usual estimate has been as 20 to 1; besides, the injury of our own, to procure what abounds in the largest size in a green sward potatoe field, without construction of the canal (as in New York,) would utmost profusion at home buried and dormant in more hoeing than was necessary for the potatoes. more than double the quantity of trade and com- the bowels of the earth, and required nothing but merce: thus the whole cost of the canal would be the plastic and vivifying influence of these facilities saved to the country in a few years, yielding, at of transportation to spring at once into useful and the same time, on the stock invested, a profit of 6 prosperous activity, yielding not only an abundant or 8 per cent. to the government, more than the domestic supply, but a surplus for exportation. amount of interest accruing on the national debt, 5th. Its advantages in reference to villages, towns, which the national creditors are anxious should not water power, and manufactures.-These are objects be paid, and also returning to the people a portion not unworthy of consideration. The facility and of the money paid by them into the treasury, to inducements offered throughout the whole extent of promote and cherish industry, trade, commerce, this canal, for the building up of villages and towns, and manufactures, and these profits and advantages, and erecting an almost infinite variety of mills, furThe Committee now beg leave briefly to present of course increasing with the increasing growth and naces, forges, and other water works, thus creating, some of the most prominent advantages which the population of the country. as if by magic, busy scenes of active industry, huraccomplishment of the Chesapeake and Ohio Ca- 3d. Its Advantages to Agriculture.-These consist rying commerce, and prosperous trade, where shortnal promises to the United States, and which, in not so much in the saving in the cost of transporta- ly before was a howling wilderness and desert. their judgment, will amply compensate for the cost tion, as in the powerful stimulus it would afford to This is no picture of fancy, but matter of fact, to of its construction; and agricultural industry in the interior and the increas- which every one who has passed along the New 1st. Its advantages in a political point of viewed value it would give to agricultural produce, and York canal, can bear ample testimony. And who For their views on this branch of the subject, the of course to the general wealth of the country can for a moment doubt that equal, if not greater committee will merely refer to the arguments and The difficulties under which the interior at present results, would be produced on the Chesapeake and views of General Washington already quoted, and labours for want of facilities of transportation to the Ohio Canal, especially when they consider its deto the following extract from the Report of the proper markets, are indescribable. Immense districts cided superiority over that of New York, in the Committee of Roads and Canals at the last session of the finest land in the world lay waste and uncul- immense inland navigation which it connects and of Congress, in which they fully concur: when re- tivated, because the produce will not bear trans- opens, touching in its extent from the Chesapeake ferring to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the portation unless converted into spirit to brutalize to New Orleans nearly half the states in the Union, Committee say-"This object, regarded as the mankind; forests of the finest timber, which might throwing into this common channel their surplus most important and national, was the first to claim be sources of wealth, but encumber the ground; produce, and receiving through it their supplies of the attention of the Executive in carrying into and often that which is in the greatest demand in merchandise in return: to which may be added its effect the provisions of the law of the last session, one portion of our country, lies neglected and use- superiority in reference to climate, central position, to procure surveys, &c.; and the able Board of En- less in another. and the inexhaustible mountain supplies of coal, gineers, who have given the subject a full and care- To illustrate the importance of this work to the ore, and timber. ful examination during the last summer, have pro- interests of agriculture, the Committee beg leave 6th. Its Military Advantages.—In a country like nounced it perfectly practicable, at an expense to add one other statement. By the census taken ours, spreading over an immense continent, with an small, compared with the magnitude and impor- in 1810, sixteen years ago, it appears that there exposed military frontier of at least four or five tance of the object. This work, whether regarded was manufactured in that year, in a few of the thousand miles, depending for its defence at all in a military, commercial, or political point of view, western counties of Pennsylvania, 371,436 barrels times not upon standing armies, but upon the miliis equally important. Passing through the centre of flour, and 38,722 of whiskey, making together tia, the citizen soldiers, dispersed throughout every of the Republic, from one extreme to the other, 410,158 barrels-amounting to 62,261 tons; which, portion of the nation, the best and most efficient opening an internal communication of more than transported on the canal, at 2 cents per ton per means of attack or defence will always be found in 2500 miles, affording at once a powerful bond of the mile, would cost 430,846 12 cts.; but if it had been the facilities offered by good roads and canals, for Union, with every commercial facility in time of transported in wagons to Atlantic markets, at that the rapid concentration and rapid movement of the peace; and in war, the most effectual means of na- time, it would have cost upwards of five millions of physical forces wherever their presence may be retional defence. Besides, its immediate connection dollars, and would at present cost more than quired, whether to repel mvasion from abroad, or with the seat of the national government; its central $2,500,000: thus it appears that a saving of more quell insurrections at home. position; the great extent of inland navigation which than five millions of dollars might have been pro- Nothing can so effectually deter the spirit of foit opens, touching in its course eleven states of the duced by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on the reign aggression, or nip domestic treason in the Union, and furnishing a vent for the produce of transportation to the Atlantic markets, of the flour bud, as the existence every where of those faciliseveral others. The shortness of the canal by this and whiskey alone, manufactured in 1810, in a few ties by which the whole force of the country ean route, connecting the Atlantic tides with the steam counties in the western part of Pennsylvania!!-be at once concentrated and precipitated upon it, boat navigation of the west at Pittsburg, being less What then would be the saving on the infinite va- crushing it in embryo, before it can mature its than 350, and to Lake Erie, less than 450 miles. riety of agricultural, mineral, and manufactured plans, or execute its designs. If proof were want"These considerations, together with the general products, not only of the western parts of Pennsyl- ing to illustrate the advantages of roads and canals and diffusive nature of the benefits to result from vania, but also of west Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, in time of war, the Committee would refer to the this work, offering great advantages to all the Indiana, and, in short, all the interior and western waste of blood and the waste of treasure during the States, yet peculiar to none; as well as the magni portions of the Union, bordering upon the Ohio and late contest, produced by the want of these facilitude of the undertaking, point it out as a work pe- its tributary streams? To which might be added ties-flour in many instances on the northern fronculiarly national in its character, and cannot fail to an equal saving on the back loading of merchan- tier costing one hundred dollars per barrel, and a secure for it the prompt and efficient aid of the dise, transported on the canal, for consumption in thousand dollars for the transportation of a single general government." the west. piece of cannon, which on account of the delay 2d. Its Commercial Advantages.—Some idea of 4th. Its advantages as to Mines of Ore, Coal, and were useless, the enemy having accomplished his the commercial advantages of this work may be quarries of Stone.-The fact is too notorious to re-objects before they had arrived at the places where formed, when the fact is stated, that the transpor-quire repetition, that the mountains and interior they were required for the public service. But the tation of merchandise for the supply of the western portions of our country, and especially the region Committee cannot better express their views on this states to Pittsburg, in one year, has amounted to through which the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is branch of the subject, than by adopting the lan guage of the late Secretary of War, now Vice Pre-of their funds-and the foreigners who visit the seat millions of dollars to Internal Improvements; which sident of the United States, who, in his very able of the national government, from which they gener would be as much as could be economically and jureport to Congress in 1819, on the importance of ally form their ideas of the whole country, instead diciously expended, at the commencement of the roads and canals, in a military point of view, says: of finding a dull and dispersed town, presenting no- system. It would be sufficient to afford employment, "A judicious system of roads and canals, con- thing to gratify or amuse, would find a splendid ci- and give skill and experience to our engineers, by structed for the convenience of commerce, and the ty, with all the embellishments, fascinations and ad- the time the national debt is extinguished, in 1833; transportation of the mail only, without any refer- vantages, which ought to belong to the capital of a and the annual surplus, applicable to these objects, ence to military operations, is, itself, among the great nation. Besides, if mercenary motives could increased to 15,000,000. It would also, be returnmost efficient means for 'the more complete defence be permitted to influence on a subject of such na ing in the mean time, a portion of the money, of the United States. Without adverting to the tional moment, even these would find ample grati-(drawn from the people by taxation,) to sustain and fact, that the roads and canals, which such a sys-fication in the greatly enhanced value which it carry on the several branches of agricultural and tem would require, are, with few exceptions, pre- would give the public property belonging to the manufacturing industry, and at the same time, equalcisely those which would be required for the opera- United States, in this city, consisting of upwards of izing in some degree, at least, the expenditure of tions of war; such a system, by consolidating our 5000 building lots, with a large quantity of other the public money: for it is a fact, worthy of grave Union, increasing our wealth and fiscal capacity, grounds, houses and public property, estimated in consideration, and susceptible of the clearest proof, would add greatly to our resourees in war. It is in 1820, at $7,345,692, as well as in the diminished that of the twenty odd millions which are collected a state of war, when a nation is compelled to put all expense of living, produced by opening an easy annually, alike from every portion of the country, its resources in men, money, skill, and devotion to communication with the finest markets in the world, there is not expended by the government, in the country, into requisition, that its government reali and to the most abundant mines of the first rate whole of the interior and western states, as much anzes, in its security, the beneficial effects from a peo-coal-placing this city, for all the purposes of trade nually as has been expended on the sea coast, in the ple made prosperous and happy by a wise direction and intercourse, within a distance of Pittsburg not building and equipping a single ship! or half as much of its resources in peace. But I forbear to pursue more than equal to 45 miles of transportation by as has been expended in the erection of a single fortithis subject, though so interesting, and which, the land. fication! This consideration, in the judgment of farther it is pursued, will the more clearly establish 8th. Its advantages to the sale and value of Public the committee, strengthens the claims of the intethe intimate connexion between the defence and Lands in the West.—It is believed that nothing is rior and the west, to a participation in the common safety of the country and its improvement and pros- better calculated to induce and facilitate the sale means of the country, to which they contribute their perity, as I do not conceive that it constitutes the and settlement of the public lands, than opening to full proportion. immediate object of this report. them those facilities of communication by which 10th. Its advantages in reference to the diffusion "There is no country to which a good system of they can convey to the best markets the products of knowledge and intelligence.—Nothing, perhaps, in military roads and canals is more indispensable than of the soil: for, without the means of arriving at a a country so extensive as ours, tends more to the to the United States. As great as our military ca- market, there can exist no motive, to stimulate in- rapid dissemination and diffusion of knowledge and pacity is, when compared with the number of our dustry or exertion. To shew the effects of roads intelligence, among the people at large than good people, yet, when considered in relation to the vast and canals on the public lands, of which the United roads and canals. They bring distant parts of the extent of our country, it is very small; and if so States own more than five hundred millions of acres country more nearly together; promote trade and great an extent of territory renders it very difficult undisposed in the west, the committee beg leave to intercourse, and create friendly and social relations to conquer us, as has frequently been observed, it introduce the following extract of a letter from the among those, who, otherwise, would have, perhaps, ought not be forgotten, that it renders it no less celebrated and lamented Robert Fulton to Mr. Gal- remained not only strangers, but estranged from difficult for the government to afford protection to latin, in 1808, on this branch of the subject: each other, by a diversity of feelings, views and inevery portion of the community." "In all cases, he says, where canals shall pass terests. And after presenting a general system of roads through the lands of the United States, and open a 11th. Its advantages as relates to revenue, profits, and canals, including the Chesapeake and Ohio cheap communication to a good market, such lands &c.-On this branch of the subject, looking to the canal, now under consideration, he concludes by will rise in value for twenty miles on each side of extent of navigation opened by this canal, connectsaying. the canal. The farmer who will reside twenty ing by the nearest possible route, all the eastern and "Many of the roads and canals which have been miles from the canal, can, in one day, carry a load western states, passing through the heart and censuggested, are, no doubt, of the first importance to of produce to its borders; and were the lands 600 tre of the country, traversing parts the most fertile the commerce, the manufacture, the agriculture, miles from one of our sea-port towns, his barrel of and populous, and abounding with inexhaustible and political prosperity of the country, but are not flour, in weight 200 lbs. could be carried that dis- supplies of ore, coal and timber, the committee for that reason, less useful or necessary for military tance for 60 cents, the price which is now paid to think they hazard nothing in expressing the opinion purposes. It is, in fact, one of the great advantages carry a barrel 50 miles on the Lancaster Turnpike. that this cannot fail to be one of the most profitable of our country, enjoying so many others, that, whe- Consequently, as relates to cheapness of carriage, and productive canals, that has been, or can be conther we regard its internal improvements in rela- and easy access to market, the new lands, which structed in the United States; constituting, as it tion to military, civil or political purposes, very lie 500 miles from the sea ports, would be equal must, the great artery of communication, and renearly the same system in all its parts, is required. in value with lands of equal fertility, which are 50 ceiving the joint contributions of the Chesapeake, The road or canal can scarcely be designated, which miles from the sea ports. But not to insist on their Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This canal in fact, is highly useful for military operations, which is not being of so great a value until population is as great, has a decided advantage over the canals constructequally required for the industry or political pros- it is evident that they must rise in value in a three or ing along the Atlantic sea-board, in this, that the perity of the community. If those roads or canals four fold degree every lineal mile of canal would canals running near and parallel to the sea-board, had been pointed out which are necessary for mili-accommodate 25,600 acres. The lands sold by the (to which the United States have liberally contritary purposes only, the list would have been small United States, in 1806, averaged about two dollars buted,) are mere improvements of an existing naviindeed. I have therefore presented all, without re- an acre, and certainly every acre accommodated gation, along the coast; but this canal, penetrating garding the fact, that they might be employed for with a canal, would produce 6 dollars. Thus, only the interior and western portions of our country, is other uses, which in the event of war, would be ne- 20 miles of canal, each year, running through na- not an improvement, merely, but it is the creation of cessary to give economy, certainty and success to tional lands, raise the value of 512,000 acres at a navigation, where none before existed, and which, our military operations; and which, if they had been least four dollars an acre, giving 2,048,000 dollars of necessity, must, and will be used by all; and this completed before the late war, would, by their sav-to the treasury, a sum sufficient to make 136 miles accounts for the profits of the New York canal, over ing in that single contest, in men, money and repu of canal. Had an individual such a property, and which, the superiority of the Chesapeake and Ohio, tation, have more than indemnified the country for funds to construct canals to its centre, he certainly in reference to climate, position, and distance, has the expense of their construction." would do it for his own interest. The nation has been already demonstrated. 7th. Its advantages to the seat of Government. the property, and the nation possesses ample funds The tolls on the New York canal, during the The effect of constructing the Chesapeake and for such an undertaking." year 1824, amounted to $340,761 07; in 1825, to Ohio canal could not fail to raise the city of Wash- 9th. Its advantage in reference to currency.-The $566,221 51; and for 1826, they are estimated at ington to the first rank among the commercial cities committee have already referred to the exhausting $750,000 00, exceeding 8 per cent. per annum, on of the Union. With all the facilities for importa- and injurious effects of annually withdrawing from its cost, at the low rate of one cent per ton per mile, tion, it would stand several hundred miles in ad active and profitable circulation, fifteen million of on all agricultural and country produce, and three vance of the Atlantic cities, in reference to the com dollars a year, and applying it to the discharge of cents for merchandise, which, with the duty on salt merce and trade of the interior and the west Such the national debt, as proposed by the committee of and auctions, will give a surplus of $577,000 a year, a great and obvious advantage could not fail to at- Ways and Means; and have suggested the proprie to discharge the principal, after paying the interest tract the merchants and capitalists of the country, ty of confining the payment of the national debt to on the debt, and all the expenses of repairs, collecwho are always quick to see, and prompt to seize ten millions of dollars a year, according to the ex- tions, &c. amounting to $550,000. The number of every occasion that promises a profitable investure ¡sting sinking fund, and applying the surplus five boats and rafts which passed on the canal from 9th April to 12th December last, was 13,100, carrying The entrapping principle of this little apparatus that unerring guide, experience, has established, 219,074 tons; 183,405 bound to, and 33,669 from, depends on the following circumstances: -The flies and the exceptions to the rule which those facts the city of New York; amounting to 42 boats per pass through the funnel in order to arrive at the li have pointed out to us. Crossing, or intermixing day, and the number of passengers exceeding 40,000. quid; and, not having the power to recollect the the blood of different racing breeds, has ever preBut the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is, in every way they entered into the glass, they remain pri vailed upon the turf, and experience has proven it point of view, more important than that of New soners and quickly die, from the effects of this to be a rational practice, when adopted with the York. It not only furnishes a connexion between poisoning liquid, which they readily drink. view of an interchange of the requisite qualificathe Atlantic and steam boat navigation of the Ohio, After a few prisoners have passed through the tions, external or internal; such as the union of at much less than half the distance of the New funnel, they induce others to enter into the glass speed and bottom, slenderness and substance, short York canal, but, commencing at the seat of the Na- more freely, and facilitate the work of destruction. and long shapes. tional Government, it opens a direct internal navi[Liverpool Mercury. gation of near 2,500 miles, through the centre of ANIMAL OIL. BY MRS. JANE RICHARDSON. Experience tells us that the greatest success has ever attended those breeders, and that the most the union; while the New York canal passes through ON CLEARING FEATHERS FROM THEIR valuable stock has resulted therefrom, who have adbut a single state, and terminates on our northern hered to remote crosses. The finest running and frontier. And, besides, the Chesapeake and Ohio highest formed horses that have appeared in EngCanal has also the advantage of the coal trade of land, were bred from the union of two distinct Cumberland, and the timber and iron mines of the (From the Transactions of the Society for the Encou-stocks, the Herod and Eclipse. The former stock mountain, which nature has denied to New York, ragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce.) was invariably remarkable for stoutness and lastand being four degrees farther south, will remain, at Take, for every gallon of clean water, one pound ingness, the latter for speed; and by the union of least two months in the year longer unobstructed of quick-lime; mix them well together; and, when these opposite qualities (whereby a remote cross by ice. But, should the results only equal those of the undissolved lime is precipitated in fine powder, was kept up,) a stock was obtained in which was New York, the committee think the Government pour off the clear lime-water for use, at the time it blended a sufficiency of the requisite qualities of ought immediately to commence, and vigorously is wanted. Put the feathers to be cleaned into both to make first rate running horses. There was prosecute it to its final completion, and might add, another tub; and add to them a quantity of the clear another distinct stock in England, which crossed in the language of General Washington, who, more lime-water, sufficient to cover the feathers about well upon the Herod and Eclipse branches; I allude than forty years ago, when urging Congress to en-three inches, when well immersed and stirred about to the Matchem or Godolphin Arabian stock; and it gage in this great work, said, "our interest is so much therein. may be here remarked, that there has not been in in unison with this measure, that nothing short of that The feathers, when thoroughly moistened, will England a first rate runner on the turf for the last ill-timed and misapplied parsimony, and contracted sink down, and should remain in the lime-water 70 years, without more or less of the blood of this way of thinking, which intermingle so much in our three or four days; after which, the foul liquor valuable horse. However necessary a remote cross public councils, can counteract it." Will not those should be separated from the feathers, by laying may be considered, yet exceptions have arisen to it who oppose this measure now, become obnoxious to them on a sieve to drain. as a rule, as some of the most distinguished horses this emphatic denunciation of the Father of his The feathers should be afterwards well washed in in England were bred considerably in and in-FlyCountry?-who, were it permitted to him to de- clean water, and dried upon nets; the meshes of ing Childers, for instance, considered the fleetest scend, and mingle in our present deliberations, might which should be about the fineness of those of cab-horse in the world. Old Fox, also a celebrated repeat it to us with much greater propriety, and bage-nets. racer and valuable stallion, had an affinity of blood stronger emphasis. The feathers must, from time to time, be shaken in his pedigree, as well as other high formed racers As the final report and estimates of the Board of upon the nets: and, as they dry, they will fall and stallions. But these exceptions arose in Great Internal Improvement will not be completed before through the meshes; and are to be collected, in or- Britain in her early days of breeding, when that the close of the present session, and as it would not der to be beaten, as usual, for use. country was enriched by the importation of partiin the judgment of the committee, be advisable to The admission of air will be serviceable in the cular Barb, Turk and Arabian horses that had pelegislate on the subject until that report is commu- drying; and the whole process will be completed in culiar and extraordinary properties as stock getters, njcated, they therefore submit the following resolu-about three weeks. as their immediate descendants constituted the best tion: To test the value of the foregoing process, seve- racers of those days, and demonstrated that the Resolved, That the committee be discharged from ral samples of feathers were furnished to Mrs. Rich- character of the English race horse had attained the further consideration of the subject, and that it ardson, all of which were returned perfectly cleans- its utmost perfection at that early date. be referred to the early and favourable considera-ed from their animal oil; one parcel had been stov- At a later period, but little success had attended tion of the next session of Congress. ed for three days, but still retained their unpleasant the efforts of those who have bred in and in. The smell, which was completely removed by the lime LADIES' DEPARTMENT. AN EFFECTUAL AND EASY MODE OF DESTROYING To enter into any argument, or advance any facts, to prove the destructive effects of flies in shops and dwelling-houses, is quite unnecessary; and it is equally well known that liquid compositions are generally used to destroy them, which renders their dying effects still more destructive to goods and furniture water. After the feathers have been cleansed and dried, they are put into a strong bag, like a bed-tick, which is laid upon a stage, and beaten with long poles, like broom-handles, until the feathers are perfectly light and lively. [Franklin Journal. SPORTING OLIO. (From the Petersburg Intelligencer.) ANNALS OF THE TURF-No. VII. Respectfully inscribed to the Amateur, the Sportsman and the Breeder of the Virginia Turf Horse. The following plan will not only be free from the ON CROSSING, BREEDING, AND REARING THE TURF above objection, but is of such a simple nature that HORSE. Earl of Egremont has occasionally tried it, as well as Lord Derby, (the owner of Sir Peter Teazle,) but with little encouragement. Still the British writers are divided on the subject: Morland, in his treatise on the genealogy of the English blood horse, expressly says, that incestuous crosses should be avoided, viz: putting horses and mares together of the same class; while on the other hand Lawrence, in his splendid work on the "History and delineation of the race horse," makes the following remarks of an opposite tendency: "An adherence to the practice (of remote crossing,) cannot be held indispensably necessary on any sound theory; nor need any disadvantage be apprehended from coupling horses and mares of the same breed or family, even the nearest relative, upon the principles above and hereafter laid down. I have often heard of, and indeed seen, miserably leggy and spindled stock resulting from such a course, but other very visible causes existed for the result. "According to the adage, 'like produces like,' we ought to follow form and qualification; and if a brother and sister, or father and daughter excel in those respects all others within our reach, we may any one may readily adopt it. It consists simply of The subject of crossing is one of the most im- enjoin them with good expectations, for aught I a small tumbler glass, as shown by the annexed fi-portant which has ever engaged the attention of know, to the end of the chapter; and the prejudicgure: to this glass is attached a writing paper cap the breeder or amateur, and it is still left in doubt ed fear of adopting this practice, has often led our and funnel, represented by B B B. The funnel is whether we ought to adhere to remote crossing in breeders into the error of adopting an inferior form inserted into the paper cap, and its inverted cone propagating the race horse, or that we may suc- from the presumed necessity of a cross." The reaches the liquid D, (within about 3-8ths of an cessfully breed "in and in," viz: putting horses and present remarks are peculiarly applicable to the inch.) which is a weak solution of arsenic and honey, mares together of the same family. breeders of the race horse in Virginia, for they are or what is generally sold as fly-water by chemists. All that we can do is to disclose the facts which at this very time making the experiment of breed |