lent feelings that usually accompany it, may be as The word hyacinth is of a very ancient date, and is supposed to be derived from rana, a frog, this decisively shewn about the windows and doors of a of uncertain derivation. derivation probably originated from the known parcottage, as in the extended lawns and magnificent The tulip is of the same class and order as the tiality of the ranunculus to a cool and moist situagreen houses of a palace. In passing through New hyacinth; according to Linnæus, it is the tulipa tion, while in a state of vegetation, as the plant does England. no circumstance makes upon the mind a gesneriana; sive tulipa flore erecto, foliis ovatolanceo- not appear to have any resemblance in its shape to more favourable impression than the universal dis- latis-i. e. gesnerian tulip; or tulip with an erect that animal. play of vines and flowers, and shrubbery, about the flower, and ovate spear-shaped leaves. The tulip, The anemone is of the same class and order as humblest dwellings. They are justly regarded, of according to Gesner, is a native of Cappadocia, the ranunculus; according to Linnæus, it is the onethemselves, as a proof of superior intellectual cul- from whence it was introduced into Europe, in the mone coronaria; sive anemone foliis radicalibus ternativation-such habits always follow, but never go year 1559; it is, however, certain, that the present to decompositis, involucro folioso-i. e. crown anebefore civilization and moral culture. improved varieties of the tulip have been obtained mone; or anemone with radical leaves three-decom ers. Whether used to ornament the dining table, the by art, within the last and present century; and it pound, and a leafy involucrum. mantle, the sideboard, the garden walks, or by the is chiefly to the exertions of Dutch, French, and The anemone, according to Linnæus, is a native ladies (God bless them!) "to bind their floating Flemish florists, that we are indebted for the per- of the south-east of Europe; but we are also inhair," no ornament is so becoming as natural flow-fection to which this flower is at present arrived. formed by another author,* that M. Bachelier, a The rage for tulips* was so prevalent in Holland French gentleman, brought it from America to On a recent visit to the country we were charm- about one hundred and fifty years ago, that it is France, in the course of the last century, where he ed with the display of flowers, various and brilliant, said, property to the amount of many hundred cultivated and very much improved the species, with which the tables were decorated; and all of us pounds sterling, was given for a single root; this since which it has attained its present degree of are delighted when we sometimes see the sedate extraordinary traffic was, however, soon checked by perfection, by the continued attention of florists to and exemplary city matron mitigating the fatigues the interference of the legislature, who foresaw the its culture: the English, however, can claim little of domestic duties by attention to her little nursery ruinous consequences which must inevitably follow or no share in the advancement or improvement of of flowers. The existence of such propensity is such an infatuation to individuals, and deemed it this flower; for all the varieties of double anemoso invariably associated with pure and amiable do- expedient to enact, that no tulip, or other flower nies we possess in England, have been imported mestic affections, that we cannot but desire to con- root, should, in future, be sold for any sum exceed from Holland, France, or Flanders. The word tribute the little we can towards a better knowledge ing about fifty pounds sterling. The word tulip is anemone is derived from a Greek word, signifying of the history and culture of such flowers as are said to be derived from the Turkish word, tulipan, the wind, very applicable to this flower, as its pewithin the reach of all, and by all admired; more signifying a cap, or head-dress. tals are so soft and flexible, and its seed so light and particularly the hyacinth, tulip, ranunculus, anenome, The ranunculus is of the class and order polyan- downy, that they are agitated by the most trifling auricula, carnation, pink, and polyanthus. If, in the dria polygynia, according to Linnæus, it is the ra- breezes. extracts from books imported for this purpose, our nunculus asiaticus; sive, ranunculus foliis ternatis The auricula is of the class and order pentandria fair readers should find little new, it will prove, biternalisque, foliolis trifidis incisis, caule inferne ra- monogynia; according to Linnæus, it is the auricula what is altogether probable, that we are greater moso-asiatic ranunculus; or ranunculus with trifo- ursi; sive primula foliis serratis glabris-i. e. bear's povices than they. liate and twice trifoliate leaves, whose leaflets are ear; or aricula with smooth serrated leaves. We shall begin with extracts intended by the trifid and cut, the stem branching at the bottom. The auricula, according to Linnæus, is a native author to convey a short account or history of the The asiatic, or as it is more commonly called, the of the Alps of Switzerland and Styria; it is called cultivation of flowers first, and afterwards give Persian ranunculus, according to Linnæus, is a na-sanicula alpina. by Bauhine, Gesner, &c.; it owes some of his directions for the practical culture of tive of Asia and Mauritania; it is said to have been its present improved state, principally to the assithose above mentioned. These introductory ex-introduced into Europe from Syria, at the time of duity and attention of English florists to its culture, tracts will be concluded in our next.] the crusades; but in this, as well as other flowers, who have, from the seed of a flower, imported from we find the most considerable improvements made Holland about fifty years since, produced, by con(From Maddock's Florist's Directory.) within the last fifty years, both on the continent of tinued cultivation, almost all the varieties we now The hyacinth is of the class and order hexandria Europe, and in England. The word ranunculus can boast. The Dutch and French have extended monogynia; according to Linnæus, it is the hyacin-root, and the far greater part now imported do not cost ther than to produce a numerous variety of yellow, their improvement of this flower, little or no furthus orientalis; sive hyacinthus corollis infundibuli in Holland more than three pence, although the seedformibus semisexfidis, basi ventricosis; i. e. oriental ling root of many of the same sorts may at first have brown, and other shaded sorts, greatly inferior to the beautiful kinds raised in this country. hyacinth; or hyacinth with funnel shaped corols or been worth fifty guineas. petals, cleft half way into six parts, and swelled at The perfection in which these flowers are now ob- The words auricula ursi, signify bear's ear; the the base. The oriental hyacinth, according to Lin-tained, is certainly originally owing to foreign cultiva- the plant is so called from a supposed resemblance næus, is a native of Asia and Africa; it is also call- tors; but so fond are the Dutch of their money, that its leaves have to the ears of that animal. ed oriental by Dioscorides, who wrote during, or they forego all English improvements, rather than besoon after, the reign of Vespasian: Caspar Bauhine come purchasers of our new varieties, many of which refers to a work entitled Besler's Hortus Eystetten-to be a favourite in the present day, must possess expossess as much merit as any of theirs. A new tulip, sis, the first part of which was published in 1613, traordinary claims upon the attention of the florist: the the last in 1640, for three double varieties of the collection being so very numerous of fine specimens, oriental hyacinth; but the first double hyacinth tends to exclude middling flowers, which forty years To Printers, Dyers, and Leather Stainers. known in Holland, was raised from seed, towards ago would have been highly esteemed; but it must be (From the New York Statesman.) the end of the last, or beginning of the present cen- acknowledged that most of our best flowers now in Since the new Tariff has been established. alum tury, by Peter Voorhelm, one of the earliest and esteem, existed near twenty years ago. has been made in this country. As some lots from most celebrated Dutch florists, and from which all Many erroneous assertions respecting the prices each manufactory have been pure and good, whilst the fine double varieties we now possess, may be given for tulips in this country, are in existence; but other lots, from the same factories, have been imwe may confidently state, that it has seldom occurred traced through a course of continued cultivation that fifty guineas have been given for a single root, Pure, and calculated to injure the dyer, I have conand gradual improvement. and never so much as one hundred. "The instrin-sidered it may be advantageous to the manufacturer, So great was the value of a capital new double sic value of a thing, is just as much as it will bring:" as well as to the dyer, to point out its occasional dehyacinth considered formerly in Holland, that two this seems applicable to the value of flowers; the raiser fects, and the mode of testing it, so as to ascertain thousand Dutch florins, amounting to upwards of of a new tulip, or other flower, fixes whatever price its injurious impurity. 150l. sterling, was actually given for a single root.t he pleases on it, which mostly amounts to more than Alum is a mordant more generally used than any its value, consequently, they are seldom sold in that other, it being necessary to the production of every unique state; when he has propagated it and can bring fine colour excepting scarlet. It is a necessary con* Vide the Marquis de St. Simon's Treatise on the several roots to market, they are more easily sold at dition to the production of fine colours that alum Hyacinth, printed at Amsterdam, 1768. one quarter of the price first asked, and the raiser still should be free from every material which have a Vide George Voorhelm's Treatise on the Hyacinth, preserves a stock of it in his own hands. As it gets tendency to sadden the dye. Iron will do this to a printed at Haerlem, 1773. So extensive is the cultiva- more distributed amongst florists, its increase still tion of hyacinths become in Holland, that many acres lowers the price, until it will sell for no more pence greater degree than any other metallic substance, are occupied by individuals for that purpose only, and than it first sold for in pounds, although its qualities several hundred thousand roots are annually imported are equal to what they were in the original root. * Vide G. Voorhelm's Treatise on the Hyacinth. into this country; the prices now, when compared with We have no doubt but the new varieties of this This is far from being the case now, there being the same flowers twenty years ago, are very low; this flower, raised within the last fifteen years from seed in several fine double anemones raised from seed annualarises from the rapid increase which these roots make: the garden at Walworth, are the best kinds now in ex-ly in the garden at Walworth, but they have not been at present there are fewer imported at two guineas per istence, there being near fifty thousand new seedlings thought worth naming, unless they possessed superior root, than at that time there were at ten guineas per bloomed there annually. qualities over such as already existed. MISCELLANEOUS. AMERICAN FARMER. yet many lots of alum in this market are sufficient cerns of a considerable portion of Virginia, and the on the 30th September last. That in relation to ly impregnated with iron to destroy every fine colour great number of subscribers to this journal in that the first mentioned article, embraces only the cotton 247 in which it may be used, and this has no doubt been state, are our reasons for giving place to what actually shipped, without including the whole the cause why many of our red flannel dyers have might be deemed too local for a national work.] so frequently produced a dull brick colour, from the EXPORTS OF COTTON 12,202 bales same process, which at other times have obtained From Petersburg, from the 1st Oct. 1825, to S0th of According to Vauquelin's analysis, alum should contain 30 52 sulphuric acid, 10 50 allumina, 10 40 potash, and 48 50 water of crystallization. Alum is made either from aluminous shistus containing sufficient sulphur to acidify, by roasting or exposure, the alumina of the shistus, or from sulphuric acid and clay. When the shistus, or clay, contains iron, a portion of it will be found in the alum when crystallized. The manufacturer to get rid of the iron should test the liquor before crystallizing, and precipitate it previous to submitting the alum-liquor to that process. This precautionary measure would effectually prevent the existence of iron in alum, whether it existed previously in the clay, potash, urine or vitriol, used in the manufacture. Our dyers may discover when alum contains iron, by dissolving a small portion of it, and dropping in a few drops of a solution of pure prussiate of potash, which, when iron is present, will cause a blue precipitate, pale, when slightly impregnated, and denser as the iron is more abundant. As the prussiate of potash of commerce may contain iron, it will be necessary that our dyers should have a pure solution; which they can obtain by applying to Mr. William Partridge, 34 Cliff-street, New York. HOPSON. (From the Columbian Telescope, S. C.) Could there be a stronger proof than the following paragraph, of the ample encouragement given to our domestic manufactures? and yet there are those who keep up the cry that they are languishing for the want of prohibiting duties, and talk loudly of southern influence, and southern opposition. Out upon such vile hypocrisy: HOME INDUSTRY. London Havre 715 300 6,569 549 493 337 7,847 2,027 New York Portland Hartford Total number of bales Value. 854 327 164 50 10 -21,200 14,446 35,646 $1,300,000 mated value, the average price of each month has brought into this place, which would extend the quantity at least to 40,000 bales. As to its estibeen calculated, and the aggregate as above stated, shews the amount actually paid for it here. What the tobacco trade once was, that of cotton now is to Petersburg; and notwithstanding its present consequence, it is still of growing importance. The extent of production in this vicinity has been doubled within two years; and when we consider the favourable position of our place as a depot, with the advantage of large capital, besides other facilities, with our improved navigation, prospects the most encouraging are held out to us. It is true, that during the summer, business generally has been dull; but the time approaches for a revival, and the quantities of goods from all quarters of the world daily landing at our wharves, give assurance to our country friends, that come when they may, no disappointment in supplying themselves with either dry goods or groceries in this market, on the best terms, need be apprehended. SPORTING OLIO. CANTON RACES. ed great pleasure to a very large and respectable The race of Wednesday, as was anticipated, affordconcourse of citizens and strangers, who were preStaves M sent to witness the trial of strength between two 52,608 competitors of acknowledged reputation for speed 4,000 and bottom. 'The first three miles of the first heat was a beau56,608 tiful specimen of turf-management between the riders, to feel the speed of the adversary-horse, and For the quarter commencing 1st Jan. and ending 31st gave to the anxious spectators a sure presage of the closeness of that struggle for victory which was to Staves M mark the fourth round. Southern Eclipse had thus 11,275 far kept the lead about a length or two, which he 1,500 maintained until they had ran about a quarter of the fourth mile, when Mark-Time, whose rider had 13,635 been manoeuvreing on his flank, made a dash and locked him, and for the residue of the mile, the 26,410 heads of the two horses might have been covered with a napkin until within a few feet of the winning stand, when Mark-Time shot ahead about six inches The advancement of this country in manufactur-To ing industry, is, perhaps, unexampled in history. In the year 1805, the total consumption of cotton, by the manufactories of the United States, was a little more than one thousand bales.-Now Rhode Island uses more. In 1812, our woollen factories could not furnish the army with 6,000 blankets. During the last war, capital was taken from commerce and invested in manufactures. This was the first impulse. For the quarter commencing 1st of April and ending and came in the victor. of goods manufactured in the United States, was Total 816 444 The second heat was well contested, but not so closely as the first, and was also won by MarkTime. It was gratifying to witness the regularity and good order that was preserved on the course, for which too much praise cannot be awarded to the association. [Chronicle. NEW-MARKET FALL RACES. Staves M The races over this beautiful tract commenced on 45,900 Tuesday the 10th inst. The first day's race was a 1,100 sweepstakes, for three years old colts, two mile 10,600 heats, entrance $200. There were four entries for this race, but only three started. This race was well contested, and was won at 2 heats, by Dr. 57,600 Wyche's filly, the last heat by only twelve inches, Pirate having run her to the "eye-lashes." Time, 159,118 1st heat, 4 min. 3 1-2 sec.-2d heat, 4 min. 3 sec. [The connection of the following article, from the sources, present a clear view of the trade of Peters-ing. The above statements, derived from authentic rain of Saturday, which continued till Sunday mornThe ground was rather heavy, from the previous TRADE OF PETERSBURG. Petersburg Intelligencer, with the agricultural con-burg in cotton, tobacco, &c. during the year ending 2d Day.-The proprietor's purse, $300, three mile The heats; four started, to wit: Mr. Johnson's Lafayette; 3d Day.-The Jockey Club's purse of $700, was contended for by Mr. Wynn's Eriel, Mr. Johnson's Betsey Archer, and Mr. Bott's Phillis, and was won at two heats by Mr. Wynn's Eriel. The course was excessively heavy. RECIPES. TO PREVENT DANGER FROM WET CLOTHES. Keep if possible in motion, and take care not to go near a fire or into any very warm place, so as to occasion a sudden heat, till some time after you have been able to procure dry clothes. SPICES. Cayenne pepper, black pepper, and ginger, may be esteemed the best of spices. Nutmegs, cloves, mace, cinnamon, and allspice, are generally productive of indigestion and headach to weak persons. TO CLEAN BOOTS AND SHOES IN WINTER, SO AS TO PREVENT SOILING THE CLOTHES OR THE HOUSE. per from PRICES CURRENT. WHOLESALE. RETAIL. ARTICLES. 6 30 31 16 50 17 201 22 and of the Lexington Medical Society; Correspond- COFFEE, Java, . An advance of 1 cent Fine, Susquehanna, superfi. 845 the medical literature thereof. Within the limits of the vast extensive territory of our country, an almost FEATHERS, Live,. innumerable multitude of native plants, have already, FISH, Herrings, Sus. Shad, trimmed, through the unwearied and indefatigable exertions of FLAXSEED,. several of the cultivators of botany, been introduced; FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 5 00 5 12 5 256 25 many of which, have since been ascertained to possess such remediate properties, as justly entitle them to a place in some one of the classes, into which the materials of medicine have, with so much propriety, been been arranged by the celebrated Murray, Cullen, Moore, GRAIN, Ind. corn, yellow bush and others. The present edition of this MATERIA MEDICA will include all the indigenous productions of this kind, that have not had a place in a former one. A derally grow most luxuriantly will be given; their virtues, scription of the situation of country in which they genedoses, with the various modes of their administration, When the boots or shoes are covered with dirt, will also be noticed; as likewise the diseases in which take them off, and with the back of a case-knife, or they have been prescribed successfully. As in the former a piece of wood cut thin at the edges like a station-edition, the artificial arrangement of J. Murray, M. D. in er's paper-knife, scrape the dirt off with the same his Materia Medica, has been adopted, from its conveas clean as possible, which will be very easily done nience and utility, and as it is supposed to be better while the boots and shoes are wet. Then, with a known than any other; and in order to facilitate an acsmall piece of wet sponge or flannel, wipe off the quirement of the knowledge of the subject, the most remaining dirt which the pressure of the knife approved authors have been carefully consulted, and cannot effect. Then place them in a dry room, or nical affinity. each article arranged according to its respective botaat a convenient distance from the fire, for a few The following are the general outlines of the Materia hours, and they will take the blacking remarkably Medica of the United States, which will, without any furwell, and bear as fine a polish as they did before ther delay be published. The cause of its not having wetting. If proper attention is paid to this process emanated from the press last fall, may be attributed to the fingers will scarcely be soiled, and much trouble the intention that the author had in view, of enlarging] will be saved by the extra brushing required when it, in order, if possible, to render it more useful and the dirt is suffered to dry on. acceptable. The work alluded to will contain 200 pages, octavo, instead of 180, as was formerly contemplated. It will, therefore, be perceived that the matter contained therein has been increased in consequence OIL, Whale, common, of the delay. TO PREVENT SHOES FROM TAKING IN WATER. Clover Seed, Red Bar. ton 215 5 50 60 65 68 1 i 10 95 1 98 sales 65 67 80 1 00 bush 4 50 5 00 87 1 00 LEATHER, Soal, best, NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. Pitch,. One pint of drying oil, two ounces of yellow wax, Turpentine, Soft, two ounces of turpentine, and half an ounce of BurSpermaceti, winter gundy pitch, melted carefully over a slow fire. If Chapter 1. Treats of the improvements of the Materia new boots or shoes are rubbed carefully with this Medica.-2. Modus Operandi of Medicines.-3. Classi- PORK, Baltimore Mess, do. Prime, mixture, either in the sunshine, or at some distance fication of Medicines. from the fire, with a sponge or soft brush, and the Division I-Chap. 4. Treats of Narcotics.-5. Anti-PLASTER, cargo price, ton. 3 50 ground, bbl. 1 50 operation is repeated as often as they become dry, chapters are included in the first division of general SOAP, Baltimore White, Ib. spasmodics.-6. Tonics.-7. Astringents. The four last RICE, fresh, lb. till the leather is fully saturated, they will be imper-stimulants. 14 18 20 Brown and yellow, vious to the wet, and will wear much longer, as well 51 8 Division 2-Chap. S. Treats of Emetics.-9. Cathargal. 32 33 as acquiring a softness and pliability that will pre- tics. 10. Emmenagogues.-11. Diuretics.-12. Dia- WHISKEY, 1st proof, PEACH BRANDY, 4th pr vent the leather from ever shrivelling. phoretics.-13. Expectorants-14. Sialagogues.-15. APPLE BRANDY, 1st pr Errhines-16. Epispastics.-17. Escharotics. The chapters included in the second division are such as SUGARS, Havana White, c.lb. 12 50 13 50 14 do. Brown, treat of local stimulants. Louisiana, Loaf, SPICES, Cloves, . Ginger, Ground, Pepper,. SALT, St. Ubes, CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 10 12 38 50 75 100 1 25 29 50 No. 32.-VOL 8. MR. EDITOR, AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 27, 1826. AGRICULTURE. VIVED-No. 2. 249 p. 210 "An abundance of yolk was found in Merino come by any encouragements and bounties, which fleeces, and Merino fleeces were finer than any it is in the power of the state or societies to pay diothers"*; and, page 211, he asserts, that rectly to those concerned in its cultivation. An ef CURWEN IN REPLY TO COLUMELLA RE-Merino sheep are the only race in which an exube- ficient demand must be provided for the produce of rance of yolk is found." the land, which shall leave to the capitals and perIf Merino sheep have the finest fleeces, and Me- sons employed upon it, compensations, which shall I have endeavoured to shew in No. 1, that Colu-rino sheep are the only race, in which an exuberance be equal, or nearly so, to those employed in promella has failed in his case against one of my au- of yolk is found, what is the conclusion? ducing the other necessaries of life, before the dethorities, on Merinoes, whom he imagines to have Columella, would ridicule the "profound chemico- sired improvements in the cultivation of land can never seen "a Merino, nor even a mixed blood of physiologists of Scotland," who he imagines must reasonably be expected; and it is believed to be of that race." With the utmost respect for the good think, that "nature neglects her duty," as Luccock much more importance to the farming interests of intentions of this amusing and spirited writer, I am asserts "some breeds" require smearing on "the hills this country, that this demand should be provided, led to apprehend, that he has not only misconceived of Scotland"—whilst he would make her absurd in than to encourage the growth of larger quantities the authors to whom I had referred, but that he giving an exuberance of that which he contends is of those articles, which cannot be sold at remuneeither has not read, or has misconstrued, the au- "injurious" to "the most valuable race," fitted, it rating prices. thorities adduced by himself. He cites Sir George is said, to every region and clime. McKenzie, who "seems (he says,) to admit that a proper composition (smearing,) may be of some use, but adds that it can have very little effect on coarse fleeces," and that for "the finest wool, which HOME MARKETS-AGRICULTURAL PROis supplied with an oily matter, it is unnecessary"and he gives Sir Jos. Banks' opinion, that "smearing is required in proportion to the coarseness of the fleeces," but condemns the use of it for fine woolled sheep Can McKenzie and Banks be brought against Mr. Powel, accused of "error" when asserting CURWEN. DUCTIONS AND RAW MATERIALS. (From the Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the A State of New York.) It is held that where particular branches of busi- Read before the Board of Agriculture of the State The Board of Agriculture and agricultural socie-ly extended. "The sheep which produce the finest fleeces are not necessarily the best to form a breeding flock. If their constitutions be not good-if their forms be bad, the secretion of yolk, which is essential for the support of the fleece, must be small; the offspring, consequently, will be a degenerate race Thus in selecting Merinoes, regard should be given to their forms, even in those parts of the country, where the ties were instituted for the purpose of promoting The rude tribes give large quantities of valuable demand for the carcass is so small, as to make mut- the landed, or farming interest, by such means and articles, or peltries, for other articles of trifling ton of little value." (Am. Farmer, vol 7, p. 316.) measures, as they respectively might deem best value, in countries where the art of making them From Sir Jos. Banks' saying that smearing is re-adapted to that end. is understood. The channels of intercourse may, quired in proportion to the coarseness of the fleeces In general, the measures which have been adopt- moreover, be interrupted by wars; or the wants from his condemning the use of it for fine woolled ed, have been those of eliciting and disseminating and policy of different countries may alter, requirsheep, will Columella infer, that therefore fine wool- knowledge, as to the best modes of cultivating the ing correspondent changes in all the countries conled sheep are deficient in grease or yolk, for which land; the best breed of domestic animals; the most cerned in mutually exchanging their labours and smearing is the substitute, and which his own high approved implements; the most useful seeds, plants products with each other; particular arts, found to authority tells us need not to fine woolled sheep be and grasses; of encouraging experiments in agri-be of the first necessity, and difficult to learn or insupplied? cultural processes; the introduction and growth of troduce at once, to the required extent, may have He would not contend that Sir Joseph Banks de- superior animals, and practice of the best modes of been neglected in a country, while articles, the prosired to make the wool coarser, nor would he assert cultivation; with encouragements to manufactures, duct of those arts, were easily obtained in exchange that as a "profound chemico-physiologist" he ar- by the cultivators of the land, or in private families: for other products of the country. The neglect of raigned "the economy of nature" in proposing all tending, however, to encourage the growth of those arts, and the frequency of those changes and smearing to keep the sheep warm. an illimitable quantity of agricultural productions. interruptions, deranges the pursuits and labours of Wherein then does the President of the Royal I have long been of the opinion, that the most the different countries, always affecting those most Society, Columella's own authority, differ from the powerful inducement which could have been held severely, whose products are least diversified, and wool stapler whom he is brought to confound? out, has been omitted. I mean that of providing confined to the smallest number of articles. Will he argue, because Sir George M'Kenzie prompt and ready markets for these productions. The population of this country is essentially agrisays smearing can have very little effect on coarse Towards effecting this object, this Board and the cultural; or, perhaps, more properly, agricultural fleeces," and that "for the finest wool, which is sup-county societies, it is believed, may do much. and commercial; having none, or but a very small plied with an oily matter, it is unnecessary," that A ready demand for agricultural productions, at proportion, of that intermediate and manufacturing therefore the finest fleeces have not oily matter, i. e. remunerating prices, it is presumed, is the only ade- class, so indispensable in every well arranged comYOLK? quate inducement which can be relied upon, for in- munity; and we have been led into these pursuits, McKenzie cited Vauquelin to confute him. Co-suring a careful cultivation of the land, or for increas- by causes common to most newly settled countries, lumella cites McKenzie and confutes himself. ing the quantity of its produce. It appears almost between whom, and older manufacturing countries, Page 88-"Treatise on the Diseases and Manage- certain, that no bounties or encouragements, which commercial communications are allowed. ment of Sheep," Sir George McKenzie observes it is in the power of the state, or of societies to pay During our colonial state, manufactures were dis"Although every respect is due to so good a che directly to the agriculturist, can induce him to couraged, and some of them forbidden by the momist as M. Vauquelin, he could not have formed make much improvement in his modes of cultiva- ther country under severe penalties; while labour his opinion of the effect of yolk on the skin of tion, or to raise any thing beyond the immediate was invited, and almost exclusively confined to the sheep, but from analogy. As common soap is often demands of his family; while any surplus which he land, and to a limited commerce. The mother used with success in cleansing the skin, and curing may raise, beyond that amount, shall be worth no-country, in the mean time, compelling us to take cutaneous disorders, analogy would lead us to ex- thing; or where it cannot be sold, or exchanged, her manufactured articles, in exchange for the propect that yolk, being of the same nature, would be upon terms of comparative equality with the pro- ducts of the land, under regulations, fixed by herbeneficial instead of being injurious. And it is ob- fits of the capital and labour employed in the pro- self, in relation to that exchange. served that fine woolled sheep are less subject to duction of all the other articles required for his Soon after the Revolution, the long belligerent diseases of the skin, than those which carry coarse support. state of Europe commenced, and continued, to fleeces; the former being well supplied with yolk and oil, and the latter having drier wool and little yolk." Here M Kenzie tells us fine woolled sheep ARE well supplied with yolk-yet Columella quotes him, after eight months delay, to prove that fine woolled sheep ARE NOT well supplied with yolk. But your correspondent has told us himself, vol. 8, That capital and labour applied to land, has be- within a few years. Through the whole course of come less productive, than a like quantity of capital these long wars, the landed produce of these states and labour applied to almost any other object, is sold readily for cash, or was exchanged at fair presumed to be notorious, and conceded. That prices, for the manufactured articles of foreign this, more than any thing else, has paralized and countries, which gave to our population a further discouraged the efforts of the agriculturists, is be- propulsion towards the land, to the neglect of malieved, and which cannot be removed and over-nufactures. These causes, together with the abun dance and cheapness of land, gave to this country proportion of those trades and professions are found, rials, into the manufactured articles for which we the agricultural and commercial character which it and those of the coarser or more common, leaving have heretofore exchanged those raw materials now sustains; and has deeply fixed upon it the the wealthy and more fashionable part of the com-with foreigners. Our rent-receiving, and interestpractice of exchanging the raw produce of the munity, to be supplied by foreign importations, receiving gentlemen, our officers of government, land, for the manufactured articles of foreign coun- great embarrassments are frequent; attributable to professional and mercantile gentlemen, will not rethe causes already noticed. These communities ceive our products in the shape of raw materials, at tries. Our education and all our habits and efforts have are, moreover, comparatively poor; because the adequate prices, for their demands against us, nor in been devoted almost exclusively to the increase of rich and fashionable, who command whatever mo- the shape of coarse fabrics, into which some few of agricultural productions, and to the carrying and ney or means there may be in the country, apply them may be converted by the half learned artiexchanging those productions for an unlimited va- that money or means at any required sacrifice, as it zans of our country, while they have the option of riety of foreign manufactures. A very great ma- relates to the other classes, to the support of the taking these, or the finer and handsomer fabrics of jority of us have been bred to no other calling, and artizans, productions, and manufactures of other foreign countries. But was the eight millions of still remain ignorant of any other. We have con- countries. As a general rule, the wealth, comfort dollars, now annually paid to foreigners by this tinued in this practice, until the habit has become and strength of a community, is augmented or de-country for woollen goods, to be distributed among settled and fixed, and from which it is found diffi- pressed, in proportion as it possesses a knowledge our own people; to the farmer in part for the wool, cult suddenly to depart. The opinion was exten- of all the arts and sciences, required in producing and for the bread-stuffs and provisions, consumsively but vainly entertained, that it would be very every article in its consumption, to which its clied by the artizans while converting the wool into late before it would become necessary to depart mate is adapted, and in proportion to the industry articles now imported, it cannot be doubted but that from it. It was presumed, that the wants and ha- with which those arts and sciences are prosecuted great relief would be afforded thereby to the farmbits of foreign countries, had become as firmly and by that community.. ing or landed interest. The same may be said in reradically fixed to the practice of exchanging their The rude tribes of this country possessed exten-spect to all the manufactured articles now imported. manufactured articles, for our bread stuffs and pro-sive territories of fertile land; but they were igno- The cause of this great depression of agriculture visions, as our own. That the foreign countries rant of the arts; their numbers and comforts were is obvious. That branch of business, compared with whom we exchanged these commodities, could small, and their power insignificant. The Tartar, with every other, is overdone. At least eighty per not well subsist without our agricultural produc- or cattle-raising regions, are more numerous; they cent. of our population, is fixed, and from habits tions. That the policy and interests of those coun- have a surplus of cattle and horses, but nothing and education, confined to that profession. A due tries, would insure a continuance of this trade, as else; they feed on their flesh and are clothed with proportion, compared with other and better orgathereby they would retain their artizans at home, and their skins, and exchange a small proportion for nized countries, in this respect, would be much less, find a market for much of their wool, iron, and other implements of war. The people of this country and that of artizans much greater. The proportion products, improved to the highest practicable value, have advanced one step beyond them. We have a in each should be nearly equal; and there is no by the labour of these artizans. Experience has, surplus of cattle, bread-stuffs, provisions, and raw other way in which the board of agriculture, or however, realized to us exactly the reverse of our materials, with a few rude artizans: and here we agricultural societies, can as well promote the farmexpectations. stop, unless we take in the productions of the sea ing interest, as by facilitating the introduction, rise, It may have been a laudable desire to be inde- and of commerce. But we still remain dependent and increase of artizans, within this state, until pendent of all other nations, which induced those upon foreigners for about all the finer fabrics. Of their numbers shall be adequate to the demands of manufacturing countries, on their part, to decline woollen goods to the amount of $8,000,000-of cot- the country, and to the consumption of the agricultaking from us the only articles which we had to ton, to nearly 6,000,000 dollars-of silk, more than tural productions raised in it. To effect this object, give them in exchange for their manufactures. $5,000,000-of cutlery, hardware, iron, steel, &c., it will require not only the most vigorous efforts of While on our part, we remain so radically fixed to nearly $5,000,000; and a vast amount of other ma- this board, of the county societies. and of all good the use of foreign commodities, that we cannot re-nufactured articles, exceeding altogether 31,000,000 citizens, but the aid and protection of government. fuse to receive them, under any of the disadvanta- of dollars. For it is most certain, that manufactures cannot be tain them. geous terms imposed by those from whom we ob- A nation can never be rich, let the extent of its usefully and readily commenced in a country which territory, the fertility of its soil, and number of its has been in the practice of receiving its supplies It is found that foreign countries subsist very well people be whatever it may, if its labour and capital from foreign countries, let its population be whatwithout any, or but a small proportion of our agri- is limited to the production of but a small propor- ever it may unless they are protected, and defended cultural productions, and the most of them are refus- tion of the commodities required in its consump- from the interference of foreigners, until they have ed admittance, under severe penalties; (See note A.) tion. For although it may produce a great surplus passed through the initiatory state, and have bewhile our taste and inclinations for their manufac- of some particular articles, which, at particular come acquainted with, and instructed in, the diftures, are not at all abated, nor their consumption li- times, may possess fair exchangeable values, still it ferent arts and processes, indispensable to their promited in this country, by any other rule, than our po- cannot be certain of the necessary exchanges; and fitable and useful prosecution. verty and want of the means for paying for them. We it sometimes happens that the exchange cannot be It is asked, by the objectors to the protection recould give them agricultural produce in abundance; made on any terms. Its surplus articles then be- quired, why the capital and labour which is now but since it is refused to be taken in exchange, it come of no value, while it remains in greatest employed in the land, do not commence manufachas become of very little value. With the value want of the articles for which the exchange was tures if they afford better employment? of its products, land has fallen in price, its improve- intended. Mean time, the subject upon which her It may be answered, that the difficulties and losses ment is neglected, and the numerous class who capital and labour had been expended in produc- to be encountered at the commencement of any hold, or cultivate land, have become disheartened, ing the surplus, is neglected and goes to decay. newly set up branch of manufacturing business, in and discouraged. Very many of them are under We have the land, and understand the art of a country where but very few of the mechanic arts monied engagements, made in other times, and making bread-stuffs, provisions, and other landed have arrived at maturity, are much greater than with different prospects, when money was valued products adapted to our climate; but our principal meets the eye of a casual observer, and which less, and land, and landed produce much higher. customers for these articles have forsaken us; they cannot be overcome by any thing short of direct It would be difficult to propose any measure like- will not allow many of our articles to be consumed protection, or causes incidental and tantamount to ly to afford instant relief to the agricultural class. in their countries on any conditions. We have no that protection. But it may be encouraged to hope for relief, in pro-control over them; they consult their own interests. It is not only a knowledge of the practical operaportion as the labour and capital of the community If we had, however, the artizans for converting tion, and application of the particular parts of a shall become more equally distributed among the only one of the raw materials which we raise, and trade, about to be set up, which is to be learned, several branches of business, required in producing which we might readily raise to any required ex-but the aid of other and distinct branches is to be and manufacturing the articles of necessity, com- tent, (I mean the article of wool,) into the manu- called in, upon which the principal branch is incifort and luxury, which at this time are required, factured articles of that kind, now imported, it dentally dependent. The tools, implements and and consumed in this country; and in proportion as would afford great relief to the country. machines of the branch intended to be put into opethe articles which may conveniently be grown in But it is unfortunately our case, that the large ration, are to be made by another, or several other our climate, or manufactured from our raw mate-space between the landed interest on the one hand, different branches. If the manufacturers of these rials, shall be grown, or made at home, and not im- and mercantile and monied on the other, which in tools are not already located within the country, ported from abroad. all well ordered communities is filled with artizans who for want of employment, probably are not, the In communities where labour and capital is equal- and manufacturers, is left vacant, or nearly so, in tools, or the workmen to make them, are to be imly distributed among all the trades and professions, this; and we, the landed interest, feel at this time ported from abroad. But should these difficulties to produce the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries, most sensibly the want of that class. We want it be surmounted, the articles manufactured in the which that community requires for its support, very as the consumers of our bread-stuffs and provisions, principal branch, must be made in as workmanlike little embarrassment is ever found; but in those, and for the purpose, moreover, of converting our manner, not only in every substantial particular, where, from whatever cause, only a part, or small wool, hemp, flax, cotton, iron and other raw mate- but as neat and fashionable as the article imported, |