TARIFF CUSTOM HOUSE CHARGES. Having conversed with many gentlemen on the subject of the Tariff, I am led to believe that few people are at all acquainted with the mode of calculating the duties at our Custom houses; and for such I hand you the particulars of an invoice of broadcloths, with the duty and charges of importation As the example given below is a real invoice, or bill of parcels, with the export charges, which has passed the Custom House, the estimates may be implicitly relied upon. It will be observed, that in the subjoined example, the commission for buying is two and a half per cent., and that on the nett amount; whereas, in many cases, five per cent. is charged, which would necessarily increase the amount of the duty: 2 pieces, 41 yds. blue cloth, 10s do. do. 20s black do. 158 201 10 0 2 66 45 45 00 0 30 00 0 10 3 1793 CHARGES. Case, papering and pressing, Carriage to Liverpool, Storage, cartage, town dues, &c. Or, Deduct Insurance on which duty is not charged, Add 10 per cent., which is added to every invoice, and the duty is then estimated, Duty 33 per cent., 2967 lost by perils of the sea. 135 705 recaptured. 3639 total lost by capture. sea as above. 6606 grand total of ships lost in From the foregoing, it is perceived that the duty on 100l sterling paid to the English manufacturer, Marsk must be deemed a capital racer, since he beat Brilliant, but he was an uncertain horse. He started but five times, and no where, we believe, but at Newmarket. Being in low estimation as a stallion, in the Duke's stud, he was sold at his royal highness' sale at Tattersall's, to a farmer, for a trifling sum; and in 1766, as has been before observed, covered country mares and foresters, at half a guinea; when Mr. Wildman, finding his intelligence respecting the Eclipse colt, correct, thought it advisable to get into his possession the sire of such a colt, and purchased Marsk of the farmer, for twenty pounds, who professed himself happy to be so well rid of a bad bargain. Of Marsk's subsequent advance in fame and price, as a stallion, we have spoken before. He has been styled the "prince of horses," and his fame will be handed down to as late a posterity as the fame of his princely owner. It is sufficient to say that, besides so many other racers of high reputation, he was the sire of Eclipse, Shark, Pretender, Honest Kitt, Masquerade, Leviathan, Salopian, Pontac. Shark won sixteen thousand and fifty seven guineas, in matches, sweepstakes, and plates; beating the best horses of his day, at their own play, whether speed or stoutness. Marsk seems to have had the caprices of fortune imparted to him, as an inheritance from his sire. Squirt, after running with great repute, became a stallion in Sir Harry Harpier's stud, who esteeming him of no worth, ordered him to be shot. As the huntsman was leading him out to the dog kennel, he was begged off by the stud groom; and afterwards got Marsk, Syphon, Prat's famous Old Mare that bred Pumpkin, Maiden, Purity-with many others Syphon got Sweetwilliam, Sweetbriar, Tandem, Daisey, and others. These curious and interesting facts, which might be greatly multiplied, surely cannot fail of having a certain effect upon the minds of those, who breed and train horses for the course. But of such considerations, we in vain, Shark was taken from this country, for the paltry reminded O'Kelly and others, immediately before sum of one hundred and thirty pounds. [Sportsman's Rep. DUCK SHOOTING. [The Editor of the Manufacturers' and Farmers' or $444.44, for an invoice of cloths, is $171 69, or By the French law, the lord had a right to the Journal, in copying the article on duck shooting 38 per cent. on the invoice cost, in place of 334, as young pigeons of his vassal, except in the March from the Elkton Press, republished in this paper, ingenerally supposed. flight. Hartib supposes that there were, in his time, troduces it with the following observations:] Again, let us take the amount paid in England-in England, 26,000 dove houses, and allowing 500 "The writer of the following is evidently a keen Prime cost and charges, say $472 83 pair to each house, and four bushels to be consum- sportsman, and his description of duck shooting ed yearly by each pair, it makes the loss of corn in will be read with a good relish by his brother craft. a year, 13,000,000 bushels. In Persia, the pigeons He is, however, mistaken, in supposing this method 18 91 are trained to kill the wild ones, of which amuse- of shooting to be peculiar to Maryland. We have ment they are so fond, that a Christian is not per-practised it in boyhood on the bays of Massachusetts, mitted to keep any; and Tavernier, who mentions and it has been in use among the gunners of that this, adds, that some Christians have become Ma- region, and we presume elsewhere, since time, 37 82 hometans, merely to be entitled to this privilege. The brown horse MARSK, foaled in 1750, and so named from the place where he was bred, was the property of John Hutton, Esq, of Marsk, YorkHanover, near Wilkesbarre, Jan. 2, 1827. shire, who afterwards disposed of him to his royal Dear Sir- inclose herewith two small packets highness, the Duke of Cumberland, was got by of seed, one of which I will thank you to forward to Squirt, son of Bartlet's Childers, out of the Ruby William Bowly, Esq., to whose good lady its conmare, which was from a daughter of Bay Bolton tents will, I expect, be very acceptable; the other and Hutton's Black Legs-Fox Cub-Coneyskins-is for your own acceptance; and with respect to the Hutton's Grey Barb-a daughter of Hutton's Royal seeds, I can venture to assure you, that both are the Colt-a daughter of the Byerley Turk, from a very best of their kinds. Of the melon, I had the Bustler mare. ENGLISH SHIpping Lost in TEN YEARS. This is one of our highest bred pe- good fortune to obtain its seed, in the first instance, digrees, going back to the reign of Charles I. In from a friend in England, whose gardener is skilled The following is an account, made up from Lloyd's the year 1750, the Duke made an exchange of a in the raising of fine fruits; and last summer I suclist, of the number of ships and vessels belonging to chestnut Arabian with Mr. Hutton, for the colt, ceeded, for the first time, in raising an abundance of the British empire, which have been lost, stranded, which his royal highness afterwards named Marsk, fine fruit from this seed, and at a distance from all Test, J. S. SKINNER, Sec'y pro. tem. Any gentleman disposed to unite with two others in the purchase of an IMPROVED SHORT HORN BULL, for their joint use, will please give notice to the Editor of the American Farmer. other vines, so that there is good reason to believe now a member of the Board, it was agreed that the With great respect, I remain, dear sir, CHAS. STREATER. J. S. Skinner, Esq DOMESTIC WINE. Extract to the Editor, dated Columbia, S. C., Dec. 23, 1826. PRICES OF STOCKS. (Reported for the American Farmer, by MERRYMAN & BANK STOCKS. U. States' Bank Stock, per share, You, no doubt, remember that I made some wine two dollars per gallon, at which price, I firmly be- Commercial and Farmers' Bank, N. H. N. B. Dr. R. is so well satisfied with my success with the grape, that he assured me it was his firm determination to have two hundred acres planted in vines in ten years. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JANUARY 19, 1827. CITY STOCKS. Corporation 6 per cent. redeemable Penitentiary 5 pr. cent. stock; (none 100 LEATHER, Soal, best, 5 25 5 50 none 550 58 60 58 60 1205 1 10 1.00 1 10 1 05 1 10 1 22 1 25 1 00 bush 4 50 500 5 50 nominal. Orchard Grass Seed, Bar.. 74 8 23 32 50 75 30 32 37 NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. 1 501 621 Turpentine, Soft, do. RICF, fresh, Brown and yellow, APP! E BRANDY, 1st pr SUGARS, Havana White, c.lb. (div. off,) 100 1014 do. 100 1021 do. 100 104 Loaf, do. 100 80 SPICES, Cloves, 100 101 100 107 do. W., wanted-f. s., for sale, by Merryman & Gittings. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Mr. Caton, from the committee to whom was re-Four and half per cent. do. ferred the subject of memorializing Congress to Five per cent. allow the importation of rock salt free of duty, having stated the purport of the memorial, it was Resolved, That the same be deposited in the hands of the Corresponding Secretary, to be by him forwarded to one of our representatives in Congress. Society of Lower Virginia-On the management of Observations on Gentleman Farming-Agricultural A memorial to the legislature of Maryland, on Sheep, &c -Governor Lincoln's Farm-Colour of Catbehalf of the Maryland Academy of Sciences and tle-Boring for Water, in Milton, Pa.-German Kitchof the Agricultural Society of Maryland, praying for en-Improvement of the Internal resources of Marythe passage of a law authorising a geological and land, Publick meeting at Baltimore on the Susquehanmineralogical survey of the state, was read and ap-na Canal-Schuylkill Navigation in 1826-Rail Roads -On Female Education-Miss Livermore-Anecdote proved. Whereupon it was Resolved unanimously, That said memorial be Manufactures-Tariff and Custom house Charges-Engof Sheridan-Poetry, Faithless Nelly Gray-Woollen signed by the President on behalf of the Board. lish Shipping lost in ten years-Pigeons-Celebrated In testimony of their unabated respect for their horse Marsk-Duck Shooting-Domestic Wine-Prolate President, Gen. Charles Ridgely, of Hampton,ceedings of Trustees of the Agric. Soc'y of Maryland. Ginger, Ground, WINES, Madeira, L. P. lb. gal. gal. Port, first quality, Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. No. 45.-VOL. S. RURAL ECONOMY. J. S. SKINNER, Esq. ΤΑΡΙΑ. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, JANUARY 26, 1827. Georgetown, D. C., Jan. 1827. 353 individual, who reported to the War Department then boards an inch and a half thick, are set against that I was erecting a palace; and the work was in the inside of the uprights, and kept apart by means consequence of the report, suspended; but after of a small stick of the exact size or thickness of wards finished with one story, as it now stands. the wall. Where scantling cannot readily be proThe walls of this edifice were built by the labour cured, billets of wood split and auger holes bored of Africans, just arrived. in the last of the slave in them, and uprights of straight sapplings tied toSir, I have been much gratified and instructed ships; a fact which I mention, to show that it does gether at the top with withes of bark or grape vine. by perusing the volumes of your excellent paper, not require any remarkable skill to construct a tapia or pieces of rope, by making several turns round and was particularly struck with an article in the building. After the work was finished, the whole the uprights and secured to a stick. 1st number of the 4th volume, headed “Pisé, or the of the building was rough-cast, and it now has the The site for the building is now selected and leThe velled. If it is intended to have a cellar, the excaart of building strong and durable walls, to the height appearance of a substantial stone house. of several stories, with nothing but earth, or the most walls are twenty inches thick. I observed that in vation is made accordingly, but rather larger than common materials-drawn up and presented to the Carolina the composition is called tabby, and this I for a stone wall, so as to give room to set the Board of Agriculture, by Henry Holland, Esq." have supposed is a corruption of the Spanish word frames and to let the air pass round the wall, after The resemblance of this mode of construction to tapia Drinkwater, in his siege of Gibraltar, speaks it is made, in order that it may dry the quicker. that of building with Tapia, or Tabby, as it is term- of the tapia batteries in that fortress, which are com- The plan is then traced on the ground, the frames ed in South Carolina and Georgia, and which I do posed of similar materials-so that it may be pre- are then set at the distance of three feet apart, not see noticed in any part of your work, has in-sumed that the true word is tapia; so we will call where they are let into the ground, so as to let the boards come in contact with the earth, and the duced me to give a description of the latter, in or- it. der that you may insert it in your paper; as I be- In the southern states, where there are no stones, boards are set in the frames composed of the cross lieve the knowledge of the art of making tapia the tapia is composed of lime, sand and oyster pieces and uprights-the boards in the first instance buildings will be useful to some of your numerous shells. The lime on the sea coast being generally are kept asunder by a small stick in length just the readers. We will therefore head it in regular order indifferent, a greater proportion of that ingredient thickness of the intended wall. The composition under its proper title. is requisite to make good tapia, than where lime of is now thrown into the moulds commencing at one a superior quality can be obtained. of the corners and continued until it is filled all The proportions for making tapia on the coast round, and occasionally rammed to make it the of Carolina and Georgia, are Tapia, or the art of constructing edifices and walls with a composition of shells, lime and sand-or with small stones, lime and sand. 8 One part lime, more compact. By the time the whole of the wall has been gone round, the commencement or plan of beginning is ready to receive an additional layer; so proceeding round again it may be carried on the In the country, where good lime is to be had and height of two boards, when the frames are loosen Tapia is of very ancient origin. It is with this material that the castles and walls of Algiers, Tunis, and other cities on the coast of Barbary are constructed. In South Carolina and Georgia there no shells, the proportions areare still remaining buildings of this kind which were erected by the English before the American revolution. The sea battery of old Fort Johnson, One of lime, ed and taken off, and set anew-which is done in the following manner: The yokes on the top of the uprights are first loosened or taken off, then the Five of stones. The stones may be boards are removed; the uprights next taken out of in the harbour of Charleston, and the horn work in of any size convenient for mixing in the tapia. the cross pieces and then the cross pieces are drawn the rear of that city, were before the last war The proportion of sand must be adapted to the out of the wall, and placed or the top of the wall plainly to be seen, and so much of these works as strength of the lime. The principle is this: The just made; when they are laid on the wall and arwere permitted to remain, were firm and strong. lime and sand are to form the mortar, and the shells ranged as when first put up; and thus the work is The battery at Fort Johnson was blown up and the or stones are to supply the place of bricks or large continued until it is finished. The frames of the fragments are still seen lying in the sea like great stones in the walls. The proportions being now doors and windows and other openings, are made rocks, having resisted for half a century the lash of settled, we will proceed to show how the materials of strong plank, say 24 or 3 inch plank, and exactthat raging element General Oglethorpe, in about are mixed, and the manner of building with the ly of the thickness of the wall, and placed in their the year 1736, to defend himself against the Spa- composition-also the tools and implements for car- proper positions, as the work goes on. These niards, erected a fort, or fortified cantonment, at rying on the work. frames must be kept perpendicular, and thus serve Frederica, on the coast of Georgia, composed of a The method of mixing the tapia is simply this: as directors in the construction of the wall. castle, or citadel and barracks, in the form of a The shells, or small stones, are first strewed on the It is necessary in building high walls, to have scafsquare; the walls of the citadel and barracks were ground, or on a floor of boards laid for the pur-folding in the same manner as in buildings of any standing in 1808, and were in a good state of pre- pose; the lime is then thrown on top of the shells other materials; beams are laid as in other houses, servation, notwithstanding the whole of these build or stones; then the sand on the lime, and lastly and so are the rafters and other wood work-but in ings had been set on fire, and all the wood work of water, sufficient to mix the whole, is thrown on, order to receive the beams more readily in their them consumed. The walls of the castle were these ingredients, which are stirred up with a hoe places, blocks of wood or bricks may be placed in about two feet thick, and those of the barracks only or shovel, making the composition about as wet as the walls at the proper place where the beams are ten inches; the former two stories high, and the common mortar. Thus prepared, the tapia is to rest, and taken out afterwards, the more readily latter but one. There were also the walls of Fort thrown up in heaps, to keep it moist, or is immedi to insert the ends of the beams; or places may easi Littleton, at Port Royal, ia South Carolina, remain- ately put in tubs or hods and carried to the moulds, ly be made with a trowel when the wall is yet green, ing in good preservation; all these works were built and then emptied and afterwards rammed in the for their reception. of tapia, composed of lime and oyster shells, without moulds, the better to mix the several ingredients, The best time of the year to construct tapia, is sand Since the revolution, there have been seve- and to force the tapia into the corners and fill up during the dry season in summer, when, if sufficient ral buildings constructed of tapia. The mansion of any interstices that may be left by the inequality hands are employed, two feet of wall may be carGeneral Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, on Pinckney of the stones or shells-thus making it one solid ried on each day on a house of considerable size; island, in Broad river; and a college of four stories, and compacted mass. though it is better not to proceed quite so rapidly, at Beaufort, in South Carolina; and the splendid All the implements for mixing the tapia and for allowing more time for the tapia to dry. Two mansion of General Greene, on Cumberland island, carrying on the work, are hoes and shovels for mix boards in height is generally as much as ought to in Georgia. These buildings are all composed of ing the composition; buckets for the water, in which be filled at once. The holes in the wall occasioned lime and shells, and are strong and permanent edi- also the tapia may be carried to the moulds, if hods by drawing out the cross pieces, are filled with the fices. Since Savannah was destroyed by fire in are not used; a plumb line, for regulating the per- same materials as that of which the wall is made, 18, that city has been rebuilt, I am informed, pendicularity of the walls; hods for carrying the and are not perceptable afterwards. If the house with beautiful edifices of tapia. In 1808, I was sta- composition to the moulds; wooden pestles, or ram or wall to be constructed is not very high, the uptioned in the southern states, as chief Engineer for mers, for ramming the tapia into the moulds; which rights may be stuck into the ground at the proper North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Dur-moulds are made in the following manner. distance, suited to the thickness of the intended ing that period I made several experiments on the The mould is composed of any number of short wall, and the boards ranged as above directed, and tapia, and built several houses. One, in particular, pieces of scantling, about three inches square, of a the uprights fastened by cords or withes, bound is a noble edifice, the officers' quarters at Fort John-length suitable to the thickness of the intended wall, round them and secured with a stick; and as the son, in the harbour of Charleston. The edifice is having at each end a mortice or tenon hole, and as wall goes on, the boards may be raised, and small 125 feet by 40, including the walls—the wings pro- many upright pieces of scantling, three inches by sticks of wood laid across the wall, to hold up the ject 14 feet and are united by a colonade; it has a two, about four feet high, including tenons at each boards, when raised, to commence the new course; basement, and was to have had two stories with a end, so made as to enter the mortice easily into the but the sticks must be sunk into the wall, while it is flat roof; but the splendid appearance of the build- cross piece below, and to receive a yoke, or cross soft, so as to allow the boards to come in contact ing, when it was only one story high, alarmed some' piece above, which will keep two of them together; with the wall, in order to contain the tapia, as in No. 45.-VOL. 8. commencing the wall. If it is a house of a single dered to a tube, which is immersed to within an will be a continued tax on the farm, unless he leaves story, it would be economy to have the uprights inch of the bottom of the cask. At the same end that part of them to be inhabited by cats and owls, suited for rafters, or some other part of the building. is a condensing syringe, by means of which air can which would be unpleasant to those who like to see The boards are also applicable to some parts of the be forced into the cask; and whenever this is done, every thing around them in good condition. It will building after the walls are constructed. It is pre- it is obvious that the liquor will have a tendency to likewise be found that the ornamented grounds, ferable to have the boards planed, as they will make escape through the tube, and out at the cock, with which cost the gentleman so much money, and subthe faces of the walls smooth, so that in cottages or a force proportioned to the degree the air is com jected him to so much fatigue and perplexity, will other inferior buildings, it will not be necessary to pressed by the action of the syringe. If the cock be more likely to diminish than increase the value plaster them afterwards. Tapia walls take the plas- be now turned, the ale rushes out with violence, of the farm. The judicious purchaser will calcuter admirably, and may be rough-cast on the out forming at the same time a great quantity of froth, late that if they remain as they are, the rent of the side; and marked off like stone work, if desired.- or what is called a creamy head In this case it land is lost; also, that unless he submits to tue anThe tapia also makes very good floors for cottages, will be evident, that every time ale is drawn from nual tax of keeping them in order, the whole. in cellars, or other apartments where it is desirable to the cask, the air it contains is not exposed to the place of a part, will become a wilderness, and spoil have paved floors. By adding to the composition a atmosphere, the liquor is kept under pressure, no the appearance of his farm; therefore, expensive small proportion of canal or Roman cement, it will vent peg is necessary, and Mr. Donovan states that alterations must take place, before the obstacles make the floor exceedingly hard, and hold water the ale will come up sprightly and good, with a which folly has placed in the way of cultivation can like a cistern. From the nature of the material, dense creamy head to the last In short, all the be removed. The trees and shrubs must be grubany shape may be given to the walls that may be advantages of bottling will be obtained, without the bed up, and the gravel and other trash opposed to desired; either circular, octagonal or square. The disadvantage of sacrificing a whole bottle when no vegetation removed, before the grounds can be procomposition will also conform to any ornaments that more than a small quantity is required. fitably employed. may be inserted in the frames Pillars may be constructed, and also arches. Platforms for drying cotton, or any other article, may be made of tapia. I shall now refer the reader to the annexed plate, where will be more plainly shown the manner of building, and the form of each implement and arti cle used in the construction of tapia buildings, and at the same time some idea of the work as it proceeds, will be exhibited. The advantage of building with tapia, is its cheapness; no mechanics are necessary, except carpenters for the wood work in a house, but none in walls or fences. Labourers may do all the tapia work; it requiring only a principal hand to see that the walls are straight and plumb, and the windows and doors put in their proper places, as the work progresses. A master carpenLer can attend to the erection of the whole work. The comparative expense to brick or stone work, is one half in favour of tapia; and very little more than the cost of the lime dearer than pisé in its construction; but much more elegant and durable in our climate. If you conceive that this communication is worthy With much esteem, I am, sir, Died, at Allithwaite, Westmoreland, Mrs. Sarah Birkett, innkeeper, and formerly of Troutbeck, faous for brewing fine ale. On her sign-post is written these words: O mortal man, that liv'st by bread, AGRICULTURE. ON GENTLEMAN FARMING. Remarks on the gentleman's country establishment, [Continued from page 346.] I will now make my remarks on what has been Whereas if the gentleman had properly consiinformed him, that no art of man, aided by all the dered the subject, his own good sense would have beauties of nature, could possibly decorate the grounds round a farmer's house, with any variety half as interesting as luxuriant crops judiciously cultivated. The beautifully green headlands around his fields, when mowed for the cattle while the grasses are still young, would form a useful and interesting carpet, adorned with the small and simple flowers of the season, furnishing extensive walks and scenes truly in unison with rural simplicity, and the economy of farming, as well as honourable to the taste and good sense of the owner, especially if he be actually very wealthy, and might without the least inconvenience possess all those expensive and the minds; such a gentleman farmer would do honour useless toys which are so well calculated to divert litto his profession, for his example would not tempt other gentlemen in his neighbourhood, who were less opulent, to injure their finances by aping his splendour, or else induce them to avoid an intimate intercourse, lest the happiness of their families might be blighted by the creation of artificial and useless wants. a place in your valuable paper, you will insert it for ed, as to afford a tolerably comfortable residence the benefit of your readers. for his family, they generally continue in town; consequently his visits to the farm are transient; It may, however, be proper to observe, that if and having collected together masons, carpenters, the gentleman possess a princely estate, and has painters, &c. with the necessary labourers to wait resolved to live in style, it is certainly no business on them; also gardeners, with workmen to assist of mine; still, as he professes to admire agriculThe above interesting communication was ac- them in forming the garden and lawn, and to plant ture, and wishes to promote its interest to the ut companied with drawings very neatly executed, and a vast number of trees, shrubs, bushes, vines, flow most of his power, it would be unpardonable in him. clearly illustrative of the plan of the work, and the ers, &c.; likewise fence makers, ditchers, blasters, to saddle it with expenditures, entirely inconsistent implements for its execution; but it would be too ploughmen, carters, and labourers to do the busi- with the economy of farming, especially as this may costly to have them engraved. Where the text, ness on the farm; the wages and provision for such be readily avoided. ALE AND PORTER PRESERVER. however, does not amply explain, the subject may a host must cost an immense sum of money. When I therefore beg the liberty of proposing what be fully understood by reference to the engravings the wanton waste, depredation, and idleness, that seems to be a rational plan, and one well calculated used in previous volumes of this journal, in refer naturally take place, where no care can be taken, to gratify the gentleman's ambition, without injurence to the Pise mode of building houses. Those and every person follows the bent of his own incli-ing the reputation of gentleman farming: provided who desire it, can see the drawings at the office of nation without restraint, are considered, it is rea- he is not so engrossed by other pleasures as to prethe American Farmer, or the Editor will inclose sonable to suppose, that on an average every thing vent his personal attention, both early and late, to them to any gentleman who may wish it.] that is done, costs him two or three times as much the business of the farm. Unless a gentleman be as it ought to do, especially as many of the people as fond of agriculture as a sportsman of his dogs in the vicinity of our cities have been accustomed and gun, he cannot possibly derive any more pleato prey upon gentlemen farmers, and know full sure from it than the latter would do by keeping In order to preserve ale or porter in good condi- well how to practise every species of deception and guns and packs of dogs for the use of those whom tion, for a considerable length of time, it is gene- chicanery to effect this purpose; and as the gentle he had hired to procure game for his table, and to rally kept in bottles; and though the method of bot-man's head man or farmer is but too generally on kill the foxes in the neighbourhood, when he knew tling does sufficiently well, yet Mr. Donovan re-a level with them, he commonly finds it contrary that money would do this with much less trouble marks it is subject to this inconvenience, that in to his interest or inclination to expose their faults and expense, and that he loved his ease too well to cases where a small quantity, as one draught, is If the gentleman should finally get tired of farming, derive any pleasure from such fatiguing sports. wanted, all the rest of the, ale in the bottle goes to as too commonly happens, in consequence of saddling Now we all know that the sportsman is indefatiwaste, unless very small bottles be used, which it with a useless and enormous expense, he will soon gable, and that his pleasure arises from active pur would be expensive and inconvenient. Mr. Dono- discover that what he has expended over and above suit. He will rise long before day to join the chase van concludes, that pressure is the secret cause of useful improvements is lost. Useless brick, mortar in time; leap fences and ditches, and ride at full ale, &c. keeping so well in bottles; and therefore and lumber, united with every expensive ornamen-speed through the woods. If he happens to fall he has contrived an apparatus by which the liquids tal work, form no part of the estimate made of the from his horse, and his limbs are not dislocated, he may be constantly under pressure in casks, as well value of the premises by a prudent purchaser. He eagerly remounts and pursues the hounds with reas in corked bottles He has a vessel made in the knows full well that no profit which can be derived doubled activity, until he regains what he has lost form of a cask, of strong tin, strongly hooped; it from farming, will pay him an interest on it: also, by this temporary derangement: nor does he wait stands on its end. At the upper end is a cock sol-that the necessary repairs of the extra buildings to shake off the dust, or scrape off the mud from his clothes, and if his hat be not readily found, a seldom cost half so much as they would do in the ed, a smoother surface for mowing the clover is handkerchief quickly supplies its place, and he hies usual way. Much trouble and vexation will also be generally obtained by one ploughing than more, if on without it. Such choice spirits as those are ex-avoided, as his only care will be to observe that the the furrow slices be well turned, and levelled by the actly calculated for gentlemen farmers, provided business is properly executed. roller, previously to harrowing and sowing the small they are really interested in the pursuit, and are re- The gentleman will also find it much to his inte-grain. solved to be governed by the genuine principles of rest, when it is practicable, to have his mowing, The produce of a highly improved and well culrural economy, and their previous habits have reaping and cradling done by the acre, and his corn tivated farm, is very great. If extensive barns and taught them the inestimable advantages that may fodder cut and gathered in the same way; his ma- other buildings, sufficient to store the whole of these be derived from observation, reflection and calcu-nure hauled out to the fields by the load, of so many bulky articles, be erected in the plainest, but at the lation; for, on the proper exercise of these invalu-cubic feet in each; his grounds ploughed and har- same time in the best way, together with only such able principles, the prosperity of gentleman farming rowed by the acre, himself or the contractors find- a dwelling house as is commonly built by the plain, principally depends. ing the teams; ditching done by the perch, and but wealthy Pennsylvania farmer, the whole will When a gentleman possessing these qualifica- fencing by the pannel; wood chopped by the cord, amount to more money than the estate will bring, tions has purchased a farm, and is determined to and hauled in the same way; corn husked and crib- unless a favourable opportunity offers when it may live in style, I would advise him to lay off a suffi- bed by the bushel; it and other grain threshed in the happen to be sold. As the rise in the price of land ciency of ground for the necessary buildings, park, same way; removing stumps, rocks, and other ob- frequently covers the loss, this serious evil is too lawn, garden, fishpond, &c., and to charge this, stacles by the acre or job; clearing woodlands in seldom seen or considered. This, however, is not with every improvement made on it, to "Family the same way. The undertakers should either find all, for the interest and repairs on the multiplied Establishment," and the remaining acres to the their own board, or pay for it when they are not mass of building, will amount to a considerable farm. As the taxes will, or ought to be, considera-working, as this will not only lessen the expense, sum, and is a yearly tax on the farm. When, in bly increased in consequence of the expensive build- but also stimulate them to more industry. most instances, simple and cheap conveniences, ing, &c. erected for the family, he should be careful No live stock should be purchased, or any crops would secure the crops better from waste, and also not to burden the farm with more than its just pro- cultivated by the gentleman, until he removes to furnish preferable shelter for live stock, where they portion of them. As his steward, butler, huntsman, the farm. It is ten to one but the former will be so might be fattened with much less labour. England, gamekeeper. groom, coachman, and servants under much neglected through the winter, that they will though vastly too expensive in her agricultural purthem, together with his housekeeper, chambermaid, not sell for as much in the spring as they cost in the suits, (since it has become fashionable for gentlenurses, waiters, cook, scullions, &c. will have much fall, although much money has been expended for men to farm in that country,) is much more econoleisure, he should draw a positive line of demarca-food and attendance on them. It is also more than mical in the erection of farm buildings, than Penntion between these respectable inhabitants of the probable that crops grown at his expense during his sylvania, and in fact ought to be. castle and plebeians on the farm; otherwise, the absence or transient visits to the farm, would not If it costs the owners of lands in England, as latter will become very restive and troublesome to sell for half the money they cost. much for farm buildings, in proportion to the surhim. They will murmur loudly against hard la- But as it is of the utmost consequence to hasten face of the soil, as it costs too many Pennsylvania bour, while others, whom they will most certainly the improvement of the soil, and also to provide farmers, they would be entirely ruined. Here we consider no better than themselves, are well paid sufficient food for an extensive stock of cattle, the very frequently see large piles of buildings erected for lolling a considerable portion of their time in fields which are not in grass should be let out on on not more than from one hundred to a hundred the shade: more especially as they do not partake shares to the farmers in his neighbourhood to be and fifty acres of land, though the average product so freely of the delicacies from their employer's ta- sown in small grain: either on one or more plough- per acre, falls considerably short of that of Great ble, nor have the same opportunity of visiting his ings, as may best accord with the views of the cul- Britain; when if half the money expended on usestore rooms and cellars. tivator. On these grounds red clover ought to be less stone and mortar, had been judiciously laid out I would also advise the gentleman to keep a will sown early in the spring. If gypsum be sown on in live stock and the improvement of the soil, the always ready made, ordering the separate sale of them, bay and pasture will abound. The grounds product would be at least equal, for our soil is nathe Family Establishment," and of the farm; lest may be rough, and weeds too plentiful; still, this is turally as good, and our climate is vastly more fain the last act of his life he might disgrace gentle of but trivial consequence, when compared with the vourable to vegetation than the climate of England. man farming. If both should happen to be sold to- great advantage which may be derived from this Now if it be a fact, that the plain practical farmer gether, the world (which in cases of this kind sel- invaluable practice. is seldom remunerated for erecting very extensive, dom, if ever, discriminates properly,) will attribute It was by these means that the very rapid im- but plain buildings on a farm, it consequently folthe enormous loss arising from the sale, to gentle-provement was effected on the farm, in the vicinity lows that gentlemen farmer's extensive and splenman farming. If, however, the will be made, the of Philadelphia, formerly occupied by me. did establishments, must be very injudicious, as gentleman may have the satisfaction of feeling easy I would advise the gentleman, even if he should well as injurious to themselves, and the interest of on his dying pillow; at least so far as agriculture remove immediately to the farm, to put out on gentleman farming may be concerned: for his farming accounts will shares, all the fields that are not in grass, and which Regular and well formed fences look well, and clearly demonstrate to the world, that after the may not be wanted for the commencement of his of course should be preferred when the old ones farm has been charged with its first cost, and every first course of crops. are actually worn out; provided they are equally necessary rational improvement made on it, that it These should be very limited until he becomes good, and not more expensive than others that will is actually capable of producing a neat, clear, an- better acquainted with farming. This will ena- answer every purpose quite as well. The use of a nual income of at least ten per cent. on the aggre- ble him to execute the little he undertakes with fence is to defend the field. Beauty should never gate amount, and also a like interest on the capital more care and skill: also prevent the heavy losses, supersede economy in the practice of farming. necessary to carry it on: even after full allowance that but too often arise from gentlemen aiming at Where land is cheap, and timber an incumbrance, has been made for wear and tear, and also for the too much in the beginning. This is not all; for but a fence made by heaping up the logs, though far depreciation in value of horses grown older in his very light crops of grain are to be expected from a from being handsome, should be preferred; espeservice, together with every necessary repair done hasty and imperfect cultivation of a thin soil; especially by gentlemen farmers, for they ought to pato the buildings, fencing, &c. This is not all; for, cially when conducted by a person who has not tronize economy in their neighbourhood. Such a although temporary depreciations in real property sufficient information to employ every favourable fence is formed by materials which must be removwill occur from various causes, it is a well known circumstance to the best advantage; consequently, ed before the grounds can be cultivated. fact, that, on the whole, its value increases with the if he should only get the straw for his share of the A sufficiency of them may as well be heaped up increase of the population and prosperity of the crop, it will be better than to risk the cultivation of for a fence, as heaped and burned on the clearing; country. It will also be found, if the gentleman all the fields himself; but it is probable he may particularly as they are lasting, and may be readily has managed judiciously, that one acre of the soil, make a much better contract than this. Here it repaired by the falling timber, and are, if well taking the whole on an average, will produce more seems proper to remark that, although it may be made, the best defence. Even the falling of the than three acres did at the time he purchased the found necessary to meet the views of the farmer, to adjacent trees does not break them, neither can any farm; unless, indeed, it was at that time more high- admit him to plough more than once, it is not only domesticated animal jump over or break through ly improved than farms generally are. For talents, less expensive, but also far better to sow on but one them. If sheep or hogs climb over them, a little capital and industry are capable of effecting an imploughing, as the animal and vegetable matter is brush laid on the top, will effectually exclude those mense improvement in the soil, in a much shorter far better secured from useless waste; and unless intruders. The logs, as is too often done, should time than the probable existence of purchasers in the grounds be often ploughed, harrowed and roll- not interlock the whole length of the fence. In that general case, if the fire, which is often employed by the A gentleman should have all his buildings finish- *Disputes and complaining, however, would be bet-back-woods farmer, communicates to the fence, it ed before he removes to the farm. The whole ter avoided by charging them a moderate price for is very difficult to stop its progress by removing a ought to be erected by contract; the undertakers board the whole time the job is in hand, and paying part of the logs. Therefore, the farmer should be finding all the materials. If this be done, they will them more for doing the work. careful to heap the logs in certain parts of the |