LADIES' DEPARTMENT. HOW TO CHOOSE A GOOD HUSBAND. When you see a young man of modest, respectful, retiring manners, not given to pride, to vanity, or flattery, he will make a good husband; for he will be the same kind man towards his wife after marriage, that he was before it. morous joy. She divided among them the scanty thoughts of leaving them exposed to a world which portion of food which her day's labour had been she had found so pitiless, sometimes shook her forable to procure, and I saw her turn away and weep titude; her religion would then come to her aid, in silence that it was so little. I resolved to inquire and she remembered that they had a Father in her history, for she appeared like one who had seen Heaven, and she knew that "God tempers the wind better days. She had entered life with fair pros-to the shorn lamb." This was the account I had pects; had married early, and lost a husband whom of her; it is unnecessary to add that I was deepshe had tenderly loved; he had been unfortunate in ly interested: it is no tale of fiction. There are his business, and at his death was unable to leave thousands such in this land of liberty, peace and When you see a young man of frugal and indus- her an adequate support for herself and three chil- plenty. In this refined and enlightened age, talents trious habits, no "fortune hunter," but who would dren; misfortunes had continued to pursue her. She are neglected, industry too frequently discouraged, take a wife for the value of herself, and not for the had talents, but ill health and poverty prevented virtue unnoticed, and pride and riches alone trisake of her wealth, that man will make a good hus- her exercising them. She had industry, but could umphant. I have often reflected on the happiness band, for his affection will not decrease, neither find little to employ it. She called at the houses of it would have afforded me, if Heaven had blest me will he bring himself or his partner to poverty and the rich, but they could not afford to employ her;" with the means to seek out neglected merit, to enshe was too delicate for hard labour, and her feel-courage virtuous industry, to show my respect to When you see a young man, whose manners are ings were too refined to allow of her being impor- talents, though obscured by poverty, and to speak of the boisterous and disgusting kind, with "brass" tunate. She bore her sorrows, her privations, her consolation to the delicate and sensitive heart, when enough to carry him any where, and vanity enough hardships, and the mortifications attendant on a labouring under wrongs, which "patient merit of to make him think every one inferior to himself-condition like hers, in silence. The friends of her the unworthy takes" It galls me to think that vuldon't marry him, girls, he will not make a good prosperity had forgotten her in her misfortunes; she gar importunity, and unblushing effrontery, too had nothing to attach her to life except those deso- often obtain that notice and support, which modest late infants-for their sake she tried to support her merit sighs for in silence and in vain. miseries, and to struggle on yet a little longer. The want. husband. When you see a young man, who is using his best endeavours to raise himself from obscurity to credit, character, and affluence, by his own merits, marry him; he will make a good husband, and one worth having. When you see a young man depending solely for his reputation and standing in society, upon the wealth of his father or other relations-don't marry him, for goodness' sake; he will make a poor husband. When you see a young man one half of his time employed in adorning his person, or riding through the streets in gigs, who leaves his debts unpaid, although frequently demanded-never, never do you marry him; for he will in every respect make a bad husband. When you see a young man who never engages in any affrays or quarrels by day, nor follies by night, and whose general conduct is not of so mean a character as to make him wish to conceal his name; who does not keep low company, gamble, nor break the Sabbath, nor use profane language, but whose face is seen regularly at church, where he ought to be-he will certainly make a good husband. When a young man, who is below you in wealth, offers you marriage, don't deem it a disgrace, but look into his character; and if you find it correspond with these directions, take him, and you will get a good husband. Never make money an object of marriage; for if you do, depend upon it, as a balance for the good, you will get a bad husband. SPORTING OLIO. THE SETTER. HARRIET. When you see a young man, who is attentive The Setter was originally a Spaniel, perhaps of thus describes the crack Setters in that country;and kind to his sisters, or aged mother; who is not the larger kind, taught to sit or couch on scenting colours deep chestnut and white, or all red, ashamed to be seen in the streets with the woman the game, as the Hound was subsequently taught to with the nose and roof of the mouth black. In genwho gave him birth and nursed him, supporting her stand or point, in the similar circumstance. Had eral, Setters partake of the variety of colours in the weak and tottering frame upon his arm, and who we not the testimony of history, the deep flew and Spaniel and Pointer. On the same authority, we will attend to all her little wants with filial love, external form of the Setter, even when highly cross-learn that the Hibernian sportsmen are in the habit affection and tenderness--take him, girls, who can ed with the Pointer, according to modern fashion, of giving very liberal prices for the best kinds of get him; no matter what his circumstances in life, fully demonstrate his origin. A Duke of Northum this dog: as a proof, a gentleman in the north of he is truly worth the winning, and will in certainty make a good husband. Lastly, always examine into character, conduct and motives, and when you find these good quali ties in a young man, then may you be sure he will make a good husband. THE WIDOW. berland of the fourteenth century, has the reputa- Ireland, gave to his tenant for a Setter dog and tion of being the first sportsman who broke and bitch, the renewal of a lease of a farm for nine huntrained the Setting dog to the net. In the year dred and ninety nine years, which farm, had the 1685, a yeoman of the name of John Harris, of Will lease expired, would have cleared to the landlord, don, in the parish of Hastlebury, county of Wor- above two hundred and fifty pounds per annum. In cester, executed a deed signed by his mark, to this case, it is but fair that, we be allowed to preHenry Herbert, of Robbesford, said county, Essume some additional and valuable consideration. quire, in consideration of ten shillings of lawful Extraordinary high prices for Setters, in England, English money, well and sufficiently to maintain have not hitherto come under our notice; and we I perceived her as she slowly turned the corner and keep, until the first day of March, for the said believe at the present time, a very good Setter may of the street to stop and wipe away the tears that Henry Herbert, a Spaniel bitch named Quaud, and be purchased for ten pounds. Yet Setters, howwere fast coursing each other down her feeble fully and effectually train up and teach the said ever extremely useful, and preferred by many sportscheek, and my heart took an interest in her afflic bitch to set partridges, pheasants and other game, as men, are by no means so numerous as Pointers, the tion; though I knew not the cause. I followed her, well and exactly, as the best sitting dogs usually set latter breed being the greatest favourites of the day. unnoticed, to her humble habitation. I saw her the same. Mr. Daniel has copied at length this cu- The Setter is a very beautiful and engaging dog, enter, and heard her bestow a benediction on three rious instrument. Setters in Ireland, are, or used and the more so in proportion to retaining his orishivering infants, who hailed her return with cla- to be, termed English Spaniels. Mr. Thornhill ginal breed and form, and being free from the THE FARMER. Pointer cross. His eye and countenance have aliver failing desire of shining by the intermixture of India ships might bring in seeds and plants of that the softness of the Spaniel, and when of good size, breeds, with little consideration of the end, Point- most valuable wood, the Teak. It might grow in with his soft, deep, and curly flew, and long fringed ers have been crossed with Setters, and Setters with Florida, if not in Maryland. I do think that you tail, he makes a charming and enticing appearance Pointers; but we have not observed the beneficial would not feel the expense, or regret the trouble, if in the field. It is difficult however, at present, to result. On the score of utility, the Setter can de- you would prepare two duodecimo leaves, with a find a true Setter, so much has the original breed rive no improvement from such a cross; and grant-list of what you wish for, and short directions for been mixed with the Pointer; perhaps the breed ing, which however is not proved, that the Pointer the preservation of seeds and plants. Place a copy may have been preserved more pure in Ireland gains something in regard of usefulness, such advan- in the hands of our naval officers, and on board cur The field duties of the Setter and Pointer are the tage will be countervailed by an abatement of size, merchant ships, on strong, firm paper.” same, but the former is more active, hardy, and figure, and stateliness, on which account only, per- [We would do it with pleasure if our corresponspirited, fearing no ground, wet or dry, nor the haps, he superseded the Setter in the affections of dent would make out the list. We take this opporthickest covers, his feet being narrow, hard, and the sportsman. Many instances have been related tunity to request some friend in South Carolina, to well defended by hair. He is well fitted for moor of the unwearied activity and stoutness of the Set- send us a copy or two of the little pamphlet, puband heath, and no day is too long for his unwearied ter, whilst following his master travelling on horse-lished by the Agricultural Society there, containing a activity and courage. He is said to be sometimes back: this dog will hunt all the fields adjoining the list of such things as they wished to be imported given to strange antipathies, caprices, and self road, during the journey, whilst a Pointer, in the for experiment.] will, in his hunting, of which Mr. Daniel gives a same circumstances, will generally stick close and singular instance. The narrowness of his loin is unconcernedly at the horse's heels. The late well perhaps to be found in many Spaniels, and does not known Mr. Elwes affirmed that one of his famous seem to detract from his stoutness in the field; should breed of Setters, in following him to town, hunted all this peculiarity require a remedy, it must be sought the road side fields during a journey of sixty miles. in attention to that respect in breeding. As to the Another anecdote, of a rum complexion, is detailed offensive discharge from the ears so common to of a Setter bitch, called Dido, the property of the Our subscribers are respectfully reminded, Spaniels and Setters, if it be not prevented by cool- late Dr. Hugh Smith, of London, who was much that the next number will be the last of this volume. ing purges, accompanied with proper external ap- attached to the sports of the field. Dido, it seems, It will be speedily followed by the index and title plications; but suffered to acquire that inveteracy following the Doctor into the country, happened to page, to complete it for the binder. which we often witness in old dogs, the best reme meet with a little ugly cur dog, in a village upon For the next volume, there will be no lack of indy, and far the least painful, in the long run, to the the road, fell in love with him, and that which was teresting materials for the several departments; and animal, is the excision of almost the whole of the far more surprising, never afterwards forgot it. The we can assure our patrons, that there will be no ears, and suffering them to bleed considerably. Doctor, indignant at the advances of such a piebeian lack of exertion on the part of the Editor to justify When external application can be of use, drying cur, to his high-born bitch, instantly drew a pistol their confidence and good will. His friends are washes and ointments, of which the mel Egyptia- and shot the offender dead. The whole of the respectfully requested to use their influence to incum is the basis, may prove most successful, in- bitch's love affair, as how she retained to her dying crease the circulation of his journal; so far, at least, ternals not being neglected: of these last, sulphur-day, an inviolable attachment to her first murdered as to counterbalance the names that may be withated water continued for a time, with a few occa- lover, and however subsequently matched, she re-drawn at the end of the year. sional doses of calomel, are the medicines most solutely and spitefully determined never to produce worthy of dependance. jany but cur whelps, is circumstantially related by BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MARCH 9, 1827. HONOURABLE!-We received last week a letIt has been disputed, very uselessly, whether the our writers; to whose minds, fully engrossed by the ter from a gentleman, of which the following is a Setter or Pointer have the most powerful nose; but lovely part of the subject, it seems never to have literal copy. It struck us as a model, in its way, let a sportsman take a thorough good dog of either occurred that, Smith in shooting the dog of another for plainness, brevity and honesty! kind, into the field, and he will no longer trouble person, and by that person, perhaps, equally valued, SIR, himself with that dispute. Beyond a doubt, the as his own bitch by him, had committed a gross and Setter is the most useful gun dog of the two; but unpardonable act of despotism. Warrenton, Feb. 26, 1827. Enclosed you will find ten dollars, which I believe is the full amount due you for the American the Pointer is the largest, most stately and shewy, We have observed that a Setter was originally a Farmer. You will please discontinue my name on and is admired for his rate, his high ranging and Spaniel taught to set. or couch, on scent of game; your list as one of your subscribers; I am too poor to steadiness The Setter on his part, may put in his but although the land Spaniel was always preferred pay punctually, and wish no man to spend his money claim, and more especially, when of the pure breed, for the purpose, yet in former days, any dogs that in ink, paper, and the hire of Printer, for nothing. to his full share of the intelligence, sagacity and af- would hunt, being "strong and nimble rangers, with Yours, &c. E. E. fection for man, which shines so eminently and so wanton tails and busy nostrils," were taught to set; delightfully in the Spaniel. among these were mongrels between land and water RINALDO.-Proposals will be received for The two breeds being of similar use and qualifi- Spaniels, shallow flewed hounds, tumblers, lurchers, taking this valuable horse by the season, for a cercation, an anecdote of either will not be out of and small bastard mastiffs. The training these tain sum, to be paid after the expiration of the place. In the Sporting Magazine for June, 1811, dogs commenced at six, and even as early as four season. The testimony of some of the best judges there is a portrait of a Pointer named Basto, the months old, which chiefly consisted in teaching the can be given, to show that a finer horse was never property of Mildred, Esq. of Walton upon dog to lead in a line and collar, following close at offered to the pubick use in this state. He is of a Thames. This dog was got by Mr. Rydes' Basto, the breaker's heels, and to couch, or lie down close beautiful bay colour, 5 years old last spring-got out of a famous bitch called Romp. He was a na- to the ground, his distinguishing attitude. by SIR ARCHY out of Miss Ryland by Gracchusturally staunch and thoroughly trained young dog, Duette, by Silvertail, full bred son of Clockfast; and had the peculiar qualification of bringing his Vanity, Celer, Mark Anthony; Jolly Roger. game from water, as well as land. This peculiarity was an inducement to make the quotation, since the Pointer in general is not very ready to take water, MR. SKINNER, Ball. March 5, 1827. and more especially if he be of the fashionable smooth haired cross, of which Basto by his portrait "Let me ask you if, through the medium of the You are requested to say in your very useful paseems a prominent specimen: indeed the picture Farmer, you can furnish the most approved method per, that the great racer, "AMERICAN ECLIPSE," of New York, will stand for mares the ensuing season, may almost as well be taken for a Fox Hound as a of making good barrelled Pork and Beef. The Pointer. The old Setter would take water very barrel or 100lbs.; the proportion of salt petre; if the Mecklenburg county, Va.; where good pasturage is whole process, including the quantity of salt to the at the stable of Mr. William Towns, in Boydtown, secured for mares sent from a distance. The ownamusement of moor hen shooting in moats and ponds. meat is immediately barrelled up, or has it a pre-ers of the horse have, in addition to the groom, sent Many sportsmen prefer the Setter to the Pointer, vious salting, and how done?" readily, and we have often seen Setters used in the [Sportsman's Rep. EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE. EXTRACT-INQUIRY. ON IMPORTING SEEDS AND PLANTS. "I wish to draw your attention to the enclosed. AMERICAN ECLIPSE. on a competent person to take charge of the busi- for pheasant shooting, as more active and hardy, [We hope the foregoing will meet with a ready having so much of the quality of the Spaniel, and answer.] thence not flinching at the thickest coverts. On the moors and for grouse shooting also, the preference of the Setter is decisive, for although he is said to require much water, and to be unable to en-Could you print a dozen copies, and place them in dure heat and thirst like the Pointer; the former, the hands of our captains and supercargoes who readers to the following notice of a valuable literary from his constitutional activity, and the hardness of visit the Pacific? I am but a lame geographer; yet publication: THE CASKET; or Flowers of Literature, his feet, is superior in a long day, over a rough and will also draw your attention to the celebrated pines Wit and Sentiment; published at Philadelphia, by uneven surface. From accident, or from that ne-of Norfolk island, near to New South Wales, Our Atkinson & Alexander. which are above 1,000 fine Double Camellia Japonica March 9, 1827. This is a monthly publication, got up in a superior manner, at great expense, every number of Catalogues are deposited for distribution at the office which contains forty large octavo pages, printed of the American Farmer, and orders left there, or forwell, on small handsome type, upon the finest paper, warded direct per mail to the proprietor, will receive stitched and covered, accompanied with a table of contents, and furnished at the low price of two dol- prompt attention. lars and fifty cents per annum, in advance. The VALUABLE HORSE FOR SALE. work is enriched with the choicest original and seThat well known and very valuable horse Toм JEFlected literary productions of our own and foreign FERSON, raised by the late Mr Thomas Lewis, of Balticountries; and in addition to the recommendation more county, will be exposed to public sale in Monuof neatness in its general appearance, and particu- ment Square, on Monday, the 12th inst., at 12 o'clock. lar attention to the typographical execution, each Tom Jefferson was four years old last fall-sired by number of the Casket is embellished with three Exile, out of an Eagle mare. Persons desirous of obhandsome engravings, from the hands of some of the most distinguished native artists. The numbers already published contain January-An excellent likeness of the late John Adams, by Longacre-a View of Fair Mount Water Works, near Philadelphia-and Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the "School of Flora," with cuts. February-A View of the Capitol at Harrisburg, Pa.--a spirited engraving of the Passaic Falls near Patterson, N. J.-a Front View of a Kitchen, Grate, Crane, &c.-and Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the "School of Flora." March-A likeness of John C. Calhoun, Vice President of the United States, by Longacre-a View of the Catskill Mountain House, at the Pine Orchard Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the School of Flora"-and a new Ballad, by Thomas Moore, Esq. called "To-day, dearest, is ours," set to music. taining his full pedigree, (which is not excelled by any CANDLES, Mould, COTTON SEED. The stock of this seed has grown at least two years A specimen of the cotton may be seen at the office of Cambridge, Md. March 5, 1827. The April number will contain Views of the Port of Buffalo-the Elm Tree under which Penn's treaty was formed, taken at Kensington, with a distant prospect of Philadelphia-Nos. 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the School of Flora"-and the popular song of "I've been Roaming," set to music, as sung by Mrs. (Reported for the American Farmer, by MERRYMAN & Knight. In the month of April will be commenced in this work, the publication of the prize essays, for which premiums have been offered by the editors of the Saturday Evening Post. PRICES OF STOCKS. Dipt, FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 5 121 5 25 Susquehanna, superfi. do. Barley, Eastern Do. country. Oats, BANK STOCKS. U. States' Bank Stock, per share, f. s. $100 At the end of the year, subscribers to the Casket, which will form a volume of near five hundred pages, and contain upwards of thirty engravings, besides music, &c. will be furnished with an elegant and Franklin Bank, appropriate engraved title page, and general table Commercial and Farmers' Bank, of contents. Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, City Bank, Marine Bank, With these claims to patronage, the "Casket" will, as has been previously mentioned, be afforded to those who subscribe for that paper exclusively, at the low price of $2.50 per year; a subscription which it is confidently believed, is much lower than that for any other publication of a similar character in the United States-but to the subscribers of "The Saturday Evening Post" "The Casket" will be furnished for $2 only. 5 50 50 50 1 10 1 201 1 00 1 10 1 05 1 10 NAVAL STORES, Tar, bbl. 1 501 621 53 w PORK Baltimore Mess, PLASTER, cargo price, ton. 3 25 75 120 200 lb 10 lb. 61 do. 73 LEATHER, Soal, best, 21 23 32 9.50 MOLASSES, sugar-house gal. 31 32 371 lb. to the public such Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs Four and half per cent. do. Ginger, Ground, Liverpool ground do. Sicily,. do. crossed,. Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. do. 100 83 100 1024 100 107 SPICES, Cloves, 70 1 00 7 12 12 18 16 25 SALT, St. Ubes, bush 50 55 75 52 75 c}b. gal. gal. No. 52.-VOL. 8. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, MARCH 16, 1827. (From the New England Farmer.) ON THE MANUFACTURE OF CIDER. The quality of cider depends on several contingencies; among which I will enumerate 1. The species of fruit employed. 2. Soil and aspect of the orchard. 5. Management of the vinous fermentation; and 6. The precautions which are taken to prevent the acetous fermentation. I intend to offer remarks upon each of these divisions And, 409 their properties should be tested, and the result of other. Who would ever think of making a supethe investigation made public. rior wine from an indiscriminate mixture of a dozen In Great Britain more attention has been given kinds of grapes? And yet we seem to expect good to this subject. The specific gravity of the juice cider from an indiscriminate mixture of a dozen of old cider varieties, has not only been ascertained kinds of apples. It may be urged, that the evil is by scientific men, and their relative value fixed, but irremediable, because our orchards, containing these new varieties have been obtained by artificial cross- dozen varieties, have been furnished to our hands; ing, surpassing, in richness of juice, any before cul and that neither the quantity nor quality of any one tivated. Loudon has given a table of 38 cider ap- kind of fruit renders it an object to manufacture it ples, in his Encyclopædia of Agriculture. Of these, separately. Is it not time, then, to set about corthe following are only known to be in our nurseries, recting the evil, by selecting only the best kinds for viz: *Redstreak, Wine, Stire. Hagloe crab, *Maid- new plantations. A farmer should make cider to en's Blush, "Count Pendu, *Downton and Grange sell, and it is material to him whether he obtains pippins, Foxley, Siberian Harvey, yellow Siberian, two or ten dollars the barrel. Our manufactories, and *Minshul's crab. Those with an asterisk are our towns and cities, and the demand for exportaalso excellent dessert apples. The seven last nam- tion, will always ensure a market and price for good 1. The Fruit. Apples differ not only in their fla- ed, five of which are new varieties by Knight, I ciders. Mr. Wynkoop, of Lancaster, Pa. has 400 vour, colour and time of ripening, but in the pro- have obtained from Europe, and propagated in my trees, of the Virginia crab, on less than five acres of portions of their constituent parts. The most ma- nursery. None of the old English cider varieties ground; and when bis orchard was twenty two years terial of these constituent parts are acid, sugar, exceed, in the specific gravity of their juice, 1079, old, he stated to the President of the Pennsylvania astringency, vegetable extract and water. The water being 1,000. Six of Knight's new varieties Agricultural Society, that it produced him every properties of good dessert and cider apples, are are over 1,079, and one is 1,091 Knight is of opi- other year forty hogsheads of cider, of 112 gallons seldom found united, though they are not incompa- nion, that with proper varieties of fruit, the defects each; which he sold at Philadelphia at 2s. 6d. the tible with each other. Table apples are esteemed of almost every soil and aspect might be corrected, gallon, or about $1500 in the gross. And yet this on account of their bland and aromatic flavour, and that fine ciders might be made in any part of apple is not a first rate cider apple. It is deficient crisp and juicy pulp, and for the property of keep England. In France and Italy, small berried grapes in sugar, but abounds in astringency, rather a keeping long, or ripening late. The characteristics of of a harsh flavour are preferred for wine making, ing than an enriching quality. What farmer can a good cider apple are, a red skin; yellow and ofter (Loudon,) and it will be found that the cider apples apply his land to better profit? Wines differ as tough and fibrous pulp, astringency, dryness, and recommended by Loudon and Coxe are under a much in their quality and price as ciders. Fruit, ripeness at the cider making season. "When the medium size, and several of them austere and harsh. soil and skill make the difference in both; and upon rind and pulp are green, the cider will always be 2. Soil and aspect. The apple, like the grape, is the proper selection and expense of those, depend thin, weak and colourless; and when these are known to take much of its character from the soil the quality of the liquor, and the consequent profits deeply tinged with yellow, it will, however manu-on which it grows. The best cider orchards in of the cultivator. Upon this branch of the subject I factured, or in whatever soil it may have grown, England are on a stratum of red marle which will only add, that the apples should ripen upon the almost always possess colour, with either strength stretches across the island. The soil of Hereford- tree, be gathered when dry, in a cleanly manner, or richness."(Knight.) The apple, like the grape, shire, highly reputed for its ciders, is an argilla- spread in an airy, convenient situation, if practicable, must attain a state of perfection, or perfect maturi ceous, or clay marle; and Knight says, the strongest for a time, to induce an evaporation of aqueous matty, before its juices develope all their excellence, and most highly flavoured cider which has been ob- ter, which will increase the strength and flavour of and as many of our best eating apples do not ac- tained from the apple, was produced from fruit the liquor, and be separated from rotten fruit and quire this maturity until winter or spring, this af growing on a shallow loam, on limestone basis. All every kind of filth, before they are ground. fords a satisfactory reason why winter fruit is sel- the writers upon the subject seem to agree, that 4. Grinding, &c. The apples should be reduced, dom or never good cider fruit. In a dry apple, the calcareous earth should form a component part of by the mill, as nearly as possible to an uniform mass, essential elements of cider are generally more ean- the soil of a cider orchard. It appears to have the in which the rinds and seeds are scarcely discoveracentrated, or are accompanied with a loov propor- effect of mitigating the harshness of rough and ble; and the pomace should be exposed to the air tion of water, than in a juicy one; of course the austere fruits, and of neutralizing the juices of those from twelve to twenty-four hours, according to the liquor of the former, is stronger than that of the which are too acid. Coxe says, the soil which temperature, before it is pressed. The juices of latter. Of our best cider apples, ten or twelve grows good wheat and clover, is best for a cider the rind of fruit, as may be instanced in the orange bushels of fruit are required for a barrel of juice; orchard. My own observation would induce me and lemon, are highly concentrated; and those of while of the ordinary juicy kinds, eight bushels also to prefer a dry and somewhat loose soil, in the rind of the apple have a material influence, generally suffice which the roots, destined to furnish food for the with the aromatic bitter of the seeds, upon the fla The only artificial criterion employed to ascer-ree and fruit, may penetrate freely, and range ex-vour and strength of the liquor. tain the quality of an apple for cider, is the specific tensively, in search of nutriment. The juices of On partially macerating the pulp of an apple, gravity of its must, or unfermented juice; or, its plants and fruits are always more concentrated and subjecting it to immediate pressure, the juice weight, compared with that of water. This, says, when growing on a dry, than on a wet soil. Mint, which escapes will be found to be thin, nearly coKnight, indicates, with very considerable accuracy, or other aromatic herbs, is much stronger in the lourless, and devoid of flavour. If the maceration is the strength of the future cider. Its weight, and specific virtues of the plant, when grown on a dry perfect, so as to crush the seeds and break down consequent value, is supposed to be increased in soil, and greater in volume, when grown on a wet the rind, the strength, colour and flavour of the must the ratio of the increase of the saccharine matter. one. The maple yields the sweetest sap, though will be improved: and if the macerated pulp is exIn making wine of domestic fruit, say of the cur less in quantity. on a dry soil. Apples may grow posed for a few hours to the atmosphere, and then rant or gooseberry, for example, we use sugar till large on a moist alluvion; but the fruit will neither subjected to pressure, these desirable properties in the unfermented liquor attains a certain specige be so abundant, nor so rich, as on a dry soil. The the liquor will be found to be still further augmentgravity; or until the saccharine matter of the fruit, thriftiest trees produce the most wood buds; those ed. "By the chemical action of the roller," says and that artificially supplied, bears a certain pro- less thrifty, the most fruit buds. The best aspect Knight, "the various fluids which occupy the difportion to the water. This insures to the liquor, for an orchard is one somewhat elevated or undulat- ferent vessels and cells of the fruit, are mingled strength, or body, as the sugar is converted into ing, protected from prevailing cold winds, and facing with the juices of the rinds and seeds, and with the spirit by the fermentive process. the south, south east or east. Ciders brought to macerated substance of the vessels and cells themVery lit le has been done to acquire a correct the Albany market, from the hilly towns of Colum selves. In such a mixture it seems probable that knowledge of the relative value of our native ap-bia and Saratoga, on the transition formation, pos- new elective attractions will be exerted, and comples for cider. Coxe has described and figured one sess the most spirit, best flavour, and resist longest pounds formed, which did not exist previously to hundred varieties of this fruit, of which about thirty the acetous fermentation. the fruit being placed under the roller; and hence are recommended for cider. Of these thirty kinds, 3. Condition of the fruit. Fruit should be used the most correct analysis of the expressed juices I selected the following for my nursery, as not only when it has attained its perfect state of maturity, will convey but a very imperfect degree of knowbeing best for cider, but as generally combining and before it begins to decay, because it then yields ledge of the component parts of the different fluids, the desirable qualities of table fruit also: viz. the the greatest proportion of saccharine matter. The as they existed in their state of separation, within Hagloe and Virginia crabs; Harrison, Campfield, most certain indication of ripeness, says Crocker, the fruit." "I have often extracted," he continues, Sure, yellow Newton and Newark pippins; Priest is the fragrance of the smell and the spontaneous "by means of a small hand press, the juice of a ley, Graniwinkle, Winesap, Carthouse and Cooper's dropping from the trees. Each kind of the apple single apple, without having previously bruised it russetting. We have, undoubtedly, among our in- should be manufactured separately, or those kinds to pieces; and I have always found the juice thus digenous fruit, many kinds of excellent cider apples only mixed which ripen at one time, and which ex- obtained to be pale and thin, and extremely defechitherto unnoticed; and it is very desirable that perience shall show, are not prejudicial to each tive in richness, though the apple possessed great No. 52.-VOL. 8. merit as a cider fruit. I have then returned the ex- certained by the experiments of Lavoisier, are the or vegetable leaven. This may be done by what is pressed juice to the pulp which I have exposed, same; and these substances only differ in the pro- called stumming, that is burning a rag impregnated during a few hours, to the air and light; and the portion of their component parts, and in the modes with sulphur, in the cask in which the liquor is to be juice has then become deeply tinged and very rich. of their chemical union Sugar consists of hydro- decanted, after it has been partly filled, and rolling it In the former state it apparently contained but agen, oxygen and carbon. An increased proportion so as to incorporate the liquid with the gas; or by very small portion of sugar; in the latter it certain- of hydrogen enters into the composition of ardent putting a drachm or two of the sulphite of potash ly contained a great quantity; much of which I be spirits, and of oxygen into vinegar. The same agent, into each cask, which will precipitate and render inlieve to have been generated subsequently to the vegetable mucilage, which converts the sugar of the soluble the remaining leaven. If the fruit is good, juice having been subjected to the action of the apple into spirits, will convert the spirits into vine- and properly ground, and the cider racked from the press; though it may be difficult to explain satisfac-gar, under a proper temperature, and aided by the fermenting casks at a proper time, most or all of torily the means by which it could have been pro-oxygen of the atmosphere. The process of making the subsequent operations will be superseded. duced." Knight ascertained, by a subsequent ex- vinegar is greatly accelerated by exposing cider or I fear, Mr. Editor, I have been too prolix upon a periment, that by exposing the reduced pulp to the wine to the atmosphere, the oxygen of which it im subject which almost every farmer professes to unoperation of the atmosphere, for a few hours, the bibes, and which is termed by chemists the great derstand; yet considering it, as I do, of great imspecific gravity of the juice increased from 1,064 acidifying principle. Here again we see the proportance to the community at large, I cannot close to 1,078; and from the experiment being repeated priety of professional cider manufacturers, who this without suggesting to the consideration of the in a closed vessel with atmospheric air, he ascer- might be provided with cellars where the tempera enlightened Trustees of your state Agricultural Sotained the accession to be oxygen, which according ture could be regulated, and who would carefully ciety, the propriety of ascertaining, by experiment to Lavoisier, constitutes 64 per cent. of sugar. For rack off the liquor at the completion of the vinons fine cider, he recommends, that the fruit be ground fermentation. and analysis, the comparative value of our cider Albany, Feb. 26, 1827. Letters on various branches of American Husbandry, and pressed imperfectly, and that the pulp be then The vinous fermentation commences and termi exposed twenty four hours to the air, being spread, nates at different periods, according to the condition and once or twice turned, to facilitate the absorp and quality of the fruit, and the state of the wea tion of oxygen; that it be then ground again, and ther The juice of unripe fruit, if the weather be the expressed juice be added to it before repress-warm, will begin to ferment in a few hours after if ing. In straining the must, too much care cannot passes from the press; and seldom stops at the vinbe taken to exclude the pulp, as its presence is apt ous stage. The juice of ripe fruit, when the temto render the fermentation too violent, and drive it perature is lower, does not begin to ferment under a into the acetous stage. A hair sieve, filled partly week or fortnight, or longer, often continues slowly with straw, answers the purpose well. The mill through the winter, and when made from some of which most effectually reduces the pulp is to be the finer cider apples, is not completed under six or preferred. It has been remarked with much force, nine months. Indeed, in some cases the liquor does that cider mills should, like school houses, be limit- not become clear under a year, and the sugar is not SIR, ed to one in a district. In this way it would be an wholly decomposed under two years: for the whole I have been favoured with a letter from you of object with the owner to render his implements of the sugar is seldom decomposed during the first the 29th May, requesting some information on the complete, and to conduct the process with care and sensible fermentation. Knight considers cider at cultivation of apple orchards and other kinds of skill. And as the value of the cider depends so much two years old as in the best state for bottling. For fruit trees. It has ever been an object particularly upon its being well made, it is believed the owners until the sugar is decomposed, fermentation insen in resting to me, as a source of rational and pleasof fruit, as well as the purchasers of the cider,would sibly goes on, and the strength of the liquor increasing occupation-and I have been gratified by the be benefitted by such an arrangement. es. The like insensible process goes on in wires, improvements which have been progressing rapidly Burlington, June 12, 1817. 5. Vinous fermentation. This is commonly called and when it is completed, the wines are said to be in our country since I first turned my attention to working It commences at the temperature of 59° ripe, and are in their highest state of perfection. the subject. I proceed to answer your queries as Fah. and cannot be conducted in safety when the (See Mc Culloch.) Temperature being the same. I they respectively occur, but in a very summary and heat is over 75°, for a high temperature induces a think it as a rule, that fermenta-condensed manner; and for more full information I be assumed may too rapid fermentation, by which much of the spirit tion will be rapid and short, in an inverse ratio to would refer you to a work now publishing by passes off with the disengaged carbonic acid gas, and the proportion which the saccharine matter bears Messrs. Matthew Carey & Son, of Philadelphia, the acetous or vinegar fermentation begins at 77°. to the mucilage and water; and that the vinous li wherein I have treated at large the subject of fruit, This will show the importance of conducting the quor will be rich, high flavoured and durable, in orchards and cider, and have described and delivinous fermentation under a proper temperature, proportion as the sugar and astringency preponde-neated by engravings of the full size and natural which is from 50 to 70° of Fah. To show the che rate in the must. formation about 200 kinds of fruits cultivated in mical effect of the vinous fermentation, it will be 6. Precautions to prevent acetous fermentation.-this state. proper to repeat that the unfermented juice, or must, These are, supposing the previous contingencies to 1. The soil best adapted for an orchard is a loam of the apple, consists of saccharine matter or sugar, have been favourable, a careful separation of the or loamy clay; but any soil which will produce good vegetable mucilage or extract; astringency or tan- vinous liquor from the froth and lees--a cool tempe wheat and red clover, will answer, a wet subsoil or nin; malic, and a small matter of gallic acid, the rature-racking and fining-and artificial means to quicksand exceped. principle of flavour, tinging or colouring matter, and destroy the fermenting quality of the remaining mu water. The sugar becomes the basis, or spirit, of cilage. 2. Nurseries are best situated when on soils of the foregoing description. The apple seeds from the fermented liquor; the spirit, after vinous fermen- I have already suggested the importance of draw the pumace of the latest ciders are scattered on tation, and the tannin, or astringent matter, preserve ing off the liquor from the scum and sediment-at ground previously well cultivated and cleaned from it from the acetous fermentation, if the vegetable the termination of the vinous fermentation. This the seeds of weeds, then covered and neatly raked. mucilage, or yeast, is separated when it has perform period may be known by the cracking of the froth They remain during the winter in this state. The ed its office. This vegetable mucilage acts upon the in an open cask, or, if in a close one, by the applica next season they are thinned and weeded. The saccharine matter in a manner analogous to yeast tion of the nose or ear to the bung hole. If the following fall or spring, they are planted in rows upon the wort of the brewer-it causes fermenta- fermentation has not ceased, a hissing will be appa- four feet apart, one foot distant; well ploughed and tion, and converts sugar into spirits-by its giving rent, and the gas given off will give a pungent sen harrowed to promote their growth. They are innooff carbonic acid gas, and imbibing hydrogen; the sation to the nose. If the liquor is not sufficiently culated the next autumn, or engrafted the next liquor becomes clear, and part of the mucilage rises clear, or indications appear of the acetous fermen spring if the growth be vigorous; if not, they must to the surface with the disengaged air, in the form tation having commenced, the cider should be rack- remain a year longer. The buds are inserted about of froth, and the residue is precipitated, with the ed into clean, strong casks, and fined with isinglass, two inches from the ground, and the grafts may be heavier impurities, to the bottom, in the form of se- eggs, or skimmed milk. This operation may be re-inserted just under he surface, which is removed diment or lees. This is the critical period. The peated, if found necessary; but it should be perform by a hoe for this purpose, and then returned so as liquor may now be drawn off clear. If left longer, the ed in clear, cold weather. After the first racking, to cover the fissure and lower ends of the scions, feculent matter, or froth, by parting with the gas, the casks should be kept bunged close, and further which require no bandage or composition when which renders it buoyant, soon settles and mixes rackings be avoided, if possible, as every racking carefully treated in this mode. In every stage of a with the liquor, renders it turbid, and as soon as the reduces its strength, and much of the spirit escapes nursery, and also of an orchard, the trees grow in temperature attains a proper height, causes a new with the carbonic acid gas which is evolved in the proportion to the frequency and perfection of their fermentation. This will explain the reason why ci fermentive process. The oxygen of the atmosphere, cultivation. In two or three years from engrafting, ders become harsh and soar on the approach of warm besides, increases the vinegar fermentation. But if if well managed, and when planted in good ground, weather in the spring. The elementary principles these methods fail, resort may be had to the means they will be large enough to plant out. Their stems of sugar, ardent spirits and vinegar, it has been as-of impeding the natural operation of the mucilage, should be from one to two inches in diameter, a |