[MARCH 24, 1826. for this purpose, it would I think be safe to estimate plum and morello cherry, and our native plants of SALTED STRAW.-A farmer in the West of Susits fitness, in proportion as it will produce good the genus cerasus, (for they in our woods are nearly sex, having had, from the late Weyhill Fair, 40 Dorwheat and clover. destroyed by it) is not owing to an extravasation of set Ewes, he a few days ago gave them, merely to Planting and cultivation. the sap, of which the insect avails itself, is perfectly see if they would eat it, some very coarse Barley The most approved distance for planting apple well known to me. say it with perfect confidence. Straw sprinkled with salt; which fodder, he states, trees, is from 35 to 45 feet apart, varying according The disease afflicts the young and the healthy as notwithstanding their being in a field of fresh and to the strength of soil: they will do well in a sandy soil well as those which are bark bound. It is seen exceedingly sweet pasturage, that had been laid off at 35 feet, but in a rich loam, where the trees will chiefly in the young and healthy branches, and I on purpose for them, they devoured with the greatbe likely to grow to a large size, 45 feet is sufficient- have opened them within two days after the first est degree of avidity. I ly nigh; in ordinary land, perhaps 40 feet is the rupture, and always found the insect. The destruc best distance. At 35 feet asunder, thirty-five trees tion of the insect in that stage has uniformly cured HUMANITY TO BEES.-A shoemaker, who resides may be planted in an acre; at 40 feet, twenty-seven; the complaint, without any splitting of the bark, a in the East of Sussex, has, for three following seaand at 45 feet, twenty-one. The looser the ground dangerous remedy. It is precisely so with all the sons, it is credibly asserted, taken the honey from is kept for the first year, and indeed for several suc- other wood eating insects-those which infest the his bees, without destroying them, by the following ceeding years, the more certain and the more vigo-white pine and the locust. By carefully cutting off simple means: The hive that contains both bees and rous will be the growth of the orchard. Winter the diseased limb, on all your trees, you extirpate it honey he places bottom upwards, on a form, with a grain, oats, barley and clover, have all been found from your grounds. I first discovered the cause of round hole cut in it of sufficient dimensions to reto be injurious to the newly planted orchard; when the blight in pears, and carried the insect to Prof. ceive the crown of the hive, and to keep it in an the ground cannot be spared from the usual routine Peck. The insect had completely girdled the trees, erect position in its inverted state. Over this hive of crops, it would be of great advantage to young and they perished. By early excision I have rooted he places another, well smeared with strong beer trees to have the grain or clover dug in early in the it out of my grounds, and have no doubt we might and honey mixed together, and filled about half full season, or well dressed with a hoe within the space raise the locust as our ancestors did, by the same with sweet flowers, sweet and aromatic shrubs, of three feet from the tree, forming a circle of the care and attention." diameter of six feet, and to have it kept open and free from weeds and grass during the summer. Indian corn, potatoes, vines and buckwheat, have all been considered favourable to the growth of orchards. Pears. RURAL ECONOMY. NORTH BORDER EWES. Pear trees while young, require pretty much the Mr. Alvey, a respectable Beast Salesman in Smithsame treatment as recommended for apples; they field, gives the following account of the North Bordelight most in a deep, strong loamy soil, into which der Ewe flocks, amongst which he says he lived uptheir roots can easily penetrate; a low moist soil is wards of 20 years: herbs, &c.-then placing it, rim to rim, over the inverted hive, the bees ascend into it and become so tipsy by feasting on the honey and beer, that they sleep the whole of the next day in their new habitation, consequently, may be removed to any place that might be thought proper, leaving their property behind them, but saving their lives. JEWS' SYSTEM OF FATTENING GEESE.-A gentleman who has recently travelled in Poland, intimates that the Jews in that country, who are celebrated unfavourable, and as they seldom grow to so large It is a practice with the farmers on, and near to, for their skill in goose-fattening, fatten their geese a size as apple trees, and their forms being more the Cheviot Hills, to have milking pens prepared in the following curious manner. They, he asserts, aspiring, and less inclined to spread, they may be (generally with hurdles, either under cover in stalls, wrap their geese, if the weather be mild, in coarse planted much nearer together; from 20 to 30 feet unoccupied stables, or sheds, or in the open air,) a linen-if cold, in flannel, first cutting off a small asunder will afford sufficient room. They are sub- short time before they wean their Lambs and im- bunch of feathers that stand erect on their rump, on ject to a malady almost peculiar to them, called the mediately after these are weaned, to begin to milk which, it is well known to English goose-feeders, fire-blight, or brulure, which often injures them their Ewes once a day, which they continue to do the goose, in the night time, rests its bill, and sucks very much, and not unfrequently entirely destroys till within a week of their receiving the annual visit them. I have noticed this disease to attack pear trees of the Ram. Hence their Ewe-milking season is them up in dark places, and in separate cages, and away a considerable part of its fat. They then hang in almost every stage of their growth; the time, how- from the last week in July to the first week in Octo- stopping their ears with small peas, to prevent them ever, it appears the most decisively destructive, is ber, during which time their Ewes give, on an ave- from being disturbed by noise, and placing by them about the period of their approach to that degree rage, nearly or quite a pint of milk per day. The plenty of water and gravel, feed them three times of maturity, which promises a remuneration for the operation of milking is, he states, performed by the a-day, with pellets of malt, or barley-meal, by which trouble and expense of the anxious, attentive culti-labourers' children, who will, after a little practice, treatment their geese become wonderfully fat in an vator, and while exhibiting the most flourishing ap-milk about 30 Ewes each per hour, or, as their incredibly short space of time. pearance, thrifty, well formed, and increasing fast morning's milking generally lasts two hours, about in size and beauty, almost oppressed with the re- 60 in a morning, for which labour they are paid has been brought to it either by land or water, is [The difficulty of fattening poultry in town, which dundancy of their rich foliage. The cause of this after the rate of 1s. 9d. per week each Young much complained of, and its cause not well undermalady has employed the attentive investigation of Ewes, in their first milk are, Mr. A. intimates, a stood. A lady at Annapolis, Mrs. Carroll, whose many ingenious and experienced cultivators, with- little troublesome for a few mornings; but, as the hospitable table is remarkable for the fatness and out producing any result entirely satisfactory, or pens are so contrived as to barely afford space for delicacy of the poultry to be found upon it, finds no any remedy that I have met with, in my estimation one Ewe and the child that milks it, they, in a very difficulty on this point.-This department is manabetter, than cutting the branches as soon as the short time become tractable, and habituated to what ged by her venerable superintendant, Mrs. Johnson, blight is discovered, completely below the part af- dairy-maids term setting their leg-after the manner and as we have understood more after the usual fected. I have known trees under this treatment to of the most gentle Milch Cow, and will stand quite fashion of feeding pigs than poultry; that is, they are lose one limb after another until the trunk seemed still, to be milked, even in an open field. Mr. A. fed indiscriminately from the offal of the kitchen, on to be left almost branchless, and afterwards recover says, he knew one flock master, who milked a flock greens, pot liquor, parings of bacon, and other meats, and become healthy, flourishing and productive. of about 58 score Ewes, for a considerable number As soon as the trees have formed good heads, and of years, and made of their milk, in the shape of and simple, we are told will never fail to give us, potatoes, &c. &c. This treatment, so convenient by the appearance of blossoms promise some fruit, butter and cheese, and by selling some of it in its what is so much to be esteemed, good fat plump I would recommend to lay the ground in grass and natural state, from 360l. to 3901. each season, exclupoultry.-ED. Am. Farm.] withhold the ordinary portion of manure, suffering sive of the expense of milking. Ewe milk, he obit to form a sward immediately round the body of serves, is very sweet, and though of a bluish tint, exCHINESE METHOD OF REARING DUCKS.-In Chithe tree, and to be very sparing in the use of the ceedingly rich. It is, he states, the opinion of South na the rearing of ducks is an object of great moknife, cutting out only such branches as cross others of England farmers that milking of Ewes must ment. The major part of them are hatched by arand are likely to injure by rubbing, except in the hurt their constitution; but in this, he remarks, they tificial heat; the eggs, being laid in boxes of sand, case of blight as before noticed. are greatly deceived, the North Border Ewes re- are placed on a brick hearth, to which is given a maining healthy, and bearing fine Lambs to a great- proper heat during the time required for hatching. er age than those of any other breed whatever! On The ducklings are fed with craw-fish and crabs, being asked how the North Border Ewes stood the boiled and cut small, and afterwards mixed with winter, Mr. Alvey replied "Why, they will stand boiled rice; and in about a fortnight they are able any thing! They are the hardiest devils in the world! to shift for themselves. The Chinese then provide If there is no herbage or fodder for them they will them with an old step-mother, who leads them where "I have read with great pleasure, Mr. Buel's re- eat the hedges, or the mortar out of the walls of they are to find provender, being first put on board marks on Mr. Worth's paper, and I feel sure from their field; or, if there are neither walls nor hedges a sampane, or boat, which is destined for their halong and very minute observation, that he is right, they will eat the field itself, or at least its mould, bitation, and from which the whole flock, often, it is entirely right. That the disease which attacks the land what is more, do well on it!" said, to the amount of three or four hundred, go out (To be concluded in next number.) DISEASES OF FRUIT TREES. Extract of a letter from a distinguished Horticulturist in Massachusetts. to feed and return at command. This method is used nine months out of the twelve, for in the colder months it does not succeed. much abruptness, that each has reason to suspect which each day will produce. Your husband perthat some transformation has happened on the wed-haps does, or says, something provoking; your serding night,and that by a strange imposture, as in the vants do, or say, something provoking-or some case of Jacob, one has been courted and another valuable article is injured by their negligence;-a married." handsome piece of china or glass is broken; a tire"However discreet your choice has been, time some visitor comes in at a most mal-apropos moment, and circumstances alone can sufficiently develope and breaks in on some matter of consequence;-&c. A WHISPER TO A NEWLY-MARRIED PAIR. your husband's character: by degrees the discove- &c. But remember the great Solomon's words:(Continued from p. 351, vol. 7.) LADIES' DEPARTMENT. A WHISPER TO THE WIFE. "Think not, the husband gain'd, that all is done, The prize of happiness must still be won." Chapter I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ry will be made that you have married a mortal, and He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and that the object of your affections is not entirely he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city.— free from the infirmities of human nature. Then it (Prov. xvi. 32.) By the expression ruleth his spirit, is, that by an impartial survey of your own charac- the inspired writer's views on the subject are eviter, your disappointment may be moderated; and dently wide and extensive. He alludes to those inyour love, so far from declining, may acquire addi-firmities of temper and disposition which so often tional tenderness, from the consciousness that there corrode our peace, and make us unamiable and unis room for mutual forbearance." comfortable to ourselves and those around us.GENTLE lady, my whisper to your husband is When the risings of discontent, peevishness, envy, ended. From you a moment's attention is now anger, resentment, or any evil passion, disturb or claimed by a widowed wife, whose bridal morning threaten to take possession of our hearts, then is the rose as bright as yours; whose youthful heart loved After marriage, a man generally takes his wife to man that ruleth his spirit superior in the eyes of the "with all a woman's love;" and who anxiously his home, perhaps to the seat of his ancestors,where eastern monarch to the hero returning from the batwishes to secure for her interesting sisters, that first every object is endeared to him by local attach- tle or the siege, crowned with laurels and covered and most important of all a wife's pursuits-the ment and interesting remembrances. With pride with glory! I cannot dismiss this subject without confidence and affection of her husband. and pleasure does he walk out with his fair bride. remarking, the very sweet and engaging point of Chap. II. ON CONNUBIAL HAPPINESS. You are now become a wife; and sacred and im- to exhibit to her the beauties of his demain and the view in which a person appears to me when I see portant are the duties you have to fulfil. Your hus-scenes of his youth. "Look," says he, "at that no- them pliably yielding their own will to the will of band has bestowed on you the most flattering dis ble view down the river; see that boat, how softly another. A late writer makes the following exceltinction: he has selected you from the world, and it glides, and that little temple on the hill, where on lent remark-"Great actions are so often performthe chain he has put on can be broken only by a fine evening I used to sit with my excellent mo-ed from little motives of vanity, self-complacency, death! Be it your care never to let him feel this ther, and say my tasks by her side: she was, in and the like, that I am apt to think more highly of chain, and by your kindness and gentleness make truth, my Emily, an excellent mother, several years the person whom I observe checking a reply to a him even forget he wears it. have elapsed since I lost her, and yet I cannot think petulant speech, or even submitting to the judg A bride, wherever she appears, is ever consider- of her but with the strongest fcelings of affection ment of another in stirring the fire, than of one who ed an object of importance and a subject for re- and regret." Endeavour, gentle lady, to enter into gives away thousands!" mark. "Have you seen the bride?" is the eager his feelings, and to admire, and to feel pleased with Let your husband be dearer and of more conseand general question: and what she does, what she every thing. In those bridal moments, your smiles quence to you than any other human being; and says, what she wears, and how she looks, swell the and approbation are delightful to him: and although have no hesitation in confessing those feelings to insignificant chat of every gossip's visit. Let the alterations and improvements may occur to you, him. Leave father and mother, and brother and notice which you thus excite make you particularly let him see it is for the sake of those improvements, sister, and cleave only to him. It is expressly observant of your manner and conduct; and give not for the sake of finding fault, you point out the the will of God; for of course the command apthe busy whisperer no food for a new sarcasm in defect. plies to woman in the same degree as to man. Study your husband's temper and character; and What is any one to you in comparison of your the next importation of tittle-tattle. A bride is generally (indeed I think always,) be it your pride and pleasure to conform to his husband? Whom have you a legal claim on, genproud of the new character she has entered on; and wishes. Check at once the first advances to con- tle lady? Your husband only. Who has sworn unless she is a woman of sense, fond of exhibiting tradiction, even of the most trivial nature. I re by the laws of God and man to support and protect the love she has inspired. Pursue a different course; peat the word trivial, for it is really inconceivable you? Your husband only. Whose home have you let your manner to your husband be kind and good- the power which the veriest trifles have, at times, a lawful right to?--whose purse have you a lawful humoured; but sacred to the hours of retirement over the mind, either in irritating or pleasing. And claim on? Your husband's only. In whose house do be those expressions and that display of endear- the woman, who after a few years are gone by can you feel the sweets of independence? and in whose ment, which, used in public, argue in loud terms say, "My husband and I have never yet had a loud house can you proudly look round you, and say, "I a want of true delicacy, and are ever particularly or angry debate," is in my opinion better entitled reign as mistress here?" Your husband's, and your disagreeable to the spectator. to a chaplet of laurels, than the hero who has fought husband's only. Turn then, gentle lady, to your husband: let his interest, his comforts, his wishes, The first inquiry of a woman after marriage on the plains of Waterloo. should be, "How shall I continue the love I have "There is one simple direction, which, if care-all be yours; and without hesitation give up for his inspired? How shall I preserve the heart I have fully regarded, might long preserve the tranquillity sake all the world besides. There is an old Irish won?" Gentle lady, at the present moment your of the married life, and ensure no inconsiderable saying, and like the generality of Irish sayings, exhusband thinks you the loveliest, the gentlest of portion of connubial happiness to the observers of pressive and true, the translation of which is as beings. Destroy not the illusion: be lovely still; be it; it is, to beware of the FIRST dispute." follows: "He must be a very good-for-nothing, in him. gentle still. The long and dreary road that lies An admired writer says, "Let it never be forgot- different husband, whose bosom is not the best pilthrough the wilderness of life is stretched before ten that, during the whole of life, beauty must suffer low a woman ever laid her head on." you; and by a chain, the links of which no human no diminution from inelegance, but every charm Endeavour to make your husband's habitation power can break, you are bound to a companion must contribute to keep the heart which it has won. alluring and delightful to him. Let it be to him a with whom, hand in hand, you must walk through Whatever would have been concealed as a defect sanctuary to which his heart may always turn from this long, long road. For the sake then of peace, from the lover, must with greater diligence be con- the ills and anxieties of life. Make it a repose from for the sake of happiness, for the sake of self, (that cealed from the husband. The most intimate and his cares, a shelter from the world—a home not for most powerful feeling,) brighten the way by endea- tender familiarity cannot surely be supposed to ex- his person only, but for his heart. He may meet vouring to make yourself amiable and pleasing to clude decorum; and there is naturally a delicacy in with pleasure in other houses, but let him find hapevery mind, which is disgusted at the breach of it, piness in his own. Should he be dejected, sooth The great Dr. Johnson, with his usual strength though every mind is not sufficiently attentive to him; should he be silent and thoughtful, or even of expression, laments, in the following words, the avoid at all times that mode of conduct which it has peevish, make allowances for the defects of human contrasted manner which frequently occurs before often itself found offensive. That unwearied solici nature, and, by your sweetness, gentleness and and after marriage. One would think, the whole tude to please, which was once the effect of choice, good humour, urge him continually to think, though endeavour of both parties during the time of court- is now become a duty, and should be considered as he may not say it, "This woman is indeed a comship is to hinder themselves from being known-to a pleasure. fort to me. I cannot but love her, and requite such disguise their natural temper and real desires in gentleness and affection as they deserve." hypocritical imitation, studied compliance, and continued affectation. From the time that their love is avowed, neither sees the other but in a mask; and the cheat is often managed on both sides with so much art, and discovered afterwards with so "E'en in the happiest choice, where favouring Heaven I know not two female attractions so captivating to men as delicacy and modesty. Let not the familiar intercourse which marriage produces banish When once you enter the matrimonial state, gen-such powerful charms. On the contrary, this very tle lady, prepare for the various trials of temper familiarity should be your strongest excitement in endeavouring to preserve them; and believe me, the SPORTING OLIO. CANTON RACES. Three mile heats, for a purse of Two mile heats, for a purse of Third Day. $250 150 PRICES CURRENT. ARTICLES. per from lb. WHOLESALE. RETAIL. to from to 8 25 BUFFALOE BERRIES FROM UPPER Missouri. J. S. SKINNER, Esq. B. RILEY. VIRGINIA.--In the Virginia House of Delegates, the following resolutions have been adopted: ⚫Havana,. Georgia Upland,. An advance of 1 cent Dipt, 11 ii 124 10 12 32 33 37 bbl. 2 75 3 00 5 00 6 bush 90 8 1 00 15 FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 4 25 4 37 5 50 6 25 1. That the imposition of taxes and duties, by the noes 23. 2. That the Congress of the United States does not possess the power, under the constitution, to adopt a general system of internal improvements in Proprietor's Silver Cup, free for saddle horses only. the States, as a national measure-ayes 128, noes 24. Fourth Day. Two mile heats, for a Handy Cap purse. Hour of starting, 12 o'clock each day. The horses to be run, must be entered by a subscriber, with THE PROPRIETOR. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 1826. The Index of the last volume is in type, and would have gone out with this number, if we had not been disappointed in a supply of paper. 3. That the appropriation of money by the Con gress of the United States, to construct roads and canals in the States, is a violation of the constitution-ayes 127, noes 26. COMMERCIAL RECORD. Susquehanna, superfi. do. White Flint, 4 5 50 bush 3 75 4 00 5 00 lb. 1 bush 1 75 2 00 ton 215 220 120 130 lb. lb. 69 37 50 12 24 25 Clover Seed, Red.. Ruta Baga Seed,. Orchard Grass Seed, Mangel Wurtzel Seed, Timothy Seed, Oats, Advices from Liverpool as late as the 28th Beans, White, of January, represent the continuance of extreme HEMP, Russia, clean, embarrassment in the mercantile world-it is said Do. Country as to Cotton, that old Uplands may be quoted at HOPS,. from 5 up to 74d; the most of the sales are at 64 a HOGS' LARD, 6d per lb. The total business done in Cotton in LEATHER, Soal, best, the course of the week amounts to 14,000 bags, of MOLASSES, sugar-house gal. Havana, 1st qual. which 8,000 are American Cottons. Our imports The receipt of this number will remind our are 6,600 bags, of which 5,000 are from the United MEAL, Corn, kiln dried, bbl. NAILS, 6a20d. friends that according to the terms of subscription, States. As to Tobacco, there has been one failure NAVAL STORES, Tar, bhi. 1 75 the advance for this volume is now due.-We have here this week in the Tobacco Trade, and there to pay the printer, paper maker, clerk, &c. &c. as are rumours of others being in difficulties. These regularly as the week comes round, and we shall circumstances naturally tend to depress the market be extremely thankful to those who can, with their for this article, but on the whole it has remained own, inclose a like amount from a new subscriber. quite as firm as could have been expected. TOBACCO-York and James River low and infeTHE FINE THOROUGH BRED COLT, adver- rior, in bond, lb. 34 to 4d; ordinary and middling 4 tised by the Editor, is still for sale, at the price to 6d; fair to fine 6 to 9d; stemmed 34 to 9d; Kennamed, $350. Horses of the best English racing 5 to 8d; Carolina and Georgia Leaf 3 to 44d; Matucky and Rappahannock Leaf 3 to 5d; stemmed blood are getting every day into greater demand; and an opportunity does not often occur of procur- ryland, none; Potomac 3 to 4 d. ing, on terms so moderate, a young horse of such In Baltimore, nothing has been done in Maryland tobacco, as the purchasers are waiting for further great promise. The pedigree of Silver-tail, now so called, was accounts from Europe, and for the new crop, which given at pages 391-2 of the last vol. From Gover- begins to be inspected freely about the 1st of April. nor Wright to whom we had written for the pedi-Our quotations are nominal, and higher than the gree of the dam, (by Vingt-un) we received the fol- opening of the spring trade, it is believed, will aulowing letter, whereby it will be seen that she ran thorize. Seconds, as in qual. $3 a 8; common crop, 3 three mile heats in 24 minutes less than they were 4 a 6; common red, 5 a 7; good red, 8 a 10; fine red, run at the great race at Charleston last month10 a 15; yellow and red, 16 a 20; yellow, 20 a 25; for account of which, see last vol. Am. Farm. p. 407. brown, 5 a 7; fine yellow, 25 a 40; Virginia, good and fine, 6 a 10; Rappahannock, 3 a 4; Kentucky, fine, $6 a 8. I received your letter and inclose you the pedigree of Vingt-un, the sire of Aurora, the dam of CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. your colt. She was a great running mare-won six Scientific Memoranda, applicable to rural economy, or seven races, three of them Jockey Club races at continued-Grain and Grass Cutting Machines-InverWashington; run 3 three mile heats-1 in 5 minutes ness-shire Farming Society-The Suffolk Cow-Average 48 seconds--2 in 5 minutes 46 seconds-3 in 5 annual importation of Grain in London-Advantages of minutes 52 seconds.-At Marlborough, beat Ground Fallow Crops over Summer Fallows-Rotation of Crops Hog, who betted $300 to $100 against her, and Mr.Potatoes-J. Buel on the Plum and Morello cherry Jenifer's mare, a match race. -Catalogue of Daniel Smith's Fruit and Ornamental. Trees and Plants--North Border Ewes-Humanity to Yours, &c. Bees-Jews' system of Fattening Geese-Chinese method of rearing Ducks-Whisper to a Newly-married 'Pair-Canton Races-Editorial-Commercial Record. 9 ton. 5 25 lb. 12 5 gal. 251 75 100 1 25 none 37 15 50 none 16 PEACH BRANDY, 4th pr Ginger, Ground, Liverpool Blown Port, first quality, do. crossed,. 35 40 28 30 25 33 unwashed but free of tags. Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. No. 2.-VOL. 8. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, MARCH 31, 1826. SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA-APPLICABLE (Continued from p. 2.) and other ornaments; with phosphoric acid in the of lime imparts this property to sands in a remark- led by heat, in the common process of burning. It| thus becomes caustic, or quick lime. But its value Even a free silicious soil will, if left untouched, as such is impaired in proportion as it recombines become too compact for the proper admission of air, with carbonic acid, which it does rapidly if exposed rain and heat, and for the free growth of the fibres; The utility of corn stalks for manure, has been to the atmosphere. It also possesses a strong affini- and strong upland clays, not submitted to the plough demonstrated upon scientific principles, to an extent ty for water, and will absorb one fourth of its weight or spade, will, in a few years, be found in the posI believe not generally apprehended. 1000 parts of of that fluid; and yet remain perfectly dry. The session of fibrous rooted perennial grasses, which dry wheat straw gave 43 parts of ashes; and 1000 water becomes solidified, and identified with the form a clothing on their surface, or strong top-rootparts of those ashes afforded 22.5 of soluble matter. earth. The heat, therefore, that is evolved in the ed trees, as the oak, which force their way through 1000 parts of the stalks of Indian corn (Zea mays) process of slacking lime, is the caloric of the water, the interior of the mass. Annuals and ramentacegave 84 parts of ashes; and 1000 parts of those ashes as it passes to its solid state, and does not proceed ous rooted herbaceous plants cannot penetrate into afforded 72.56 of soluble matter. See Davy, p. 105. from the lime as is sometimes supposed-Parkes. such a soil. Hence 100 pounds of stalks will afford more food Upon an average every ton of lime stone has been The first object then of pulverization is to give to vegetables than 600 lbs. of wheat straw. This is found on experiment, to produce 11 cwt. 1 qr. 4 lbs. scope to the roots of vegetables; for without abundance a matter of moment to the farmer who duly appre- of quicklime, weighed before it was cold; and that of these no plant will become vigorous, whatever ciates the importance of manure, and affords a strong when exposed to the air it increased in weight daily, may be the richness of the soil in which it is placed. inducement to extend the cultivation of this useful at the rate of a hundred weight per ton, for the first The fibres of the roots take up the extract of the plant. Corn takes less from the soil, and more from five or six days after it was drawn from the kiln.- soil, or food of the vegetable, in proportion to their the atmosphere, in consequence of its large system Bishop Watson. These facts suggest the importance number. The more the soil is pulverized, the more of leaves, than wheat, and consequently is less ex- of transporting lime, where it is to be used at a dis- these fibres are increased, the more food is absorbhausting. Its average product is three times as tance from the kiln, as soon as possible after it is ed, and the more vigorous does the plant become. great. It serves as food for all animals. Its ordi- burnt; and also of using it speedily when its caustic Duhamel and Tull ascertained by various experinary price in market is about one half the price of qualities are to be relied on. Slacked lime, there- ments, that the increase of these fibres was in prowheat. Both now are about the same price. Fed fore, is a combination of 55 parts of lime, and 17 portion to the pulverization of the soil; though it is with unfermented manure, and planted on a clover parts of water solidified; and in this state it is called now known, that the vigor of growth, depends, not lay, it is the most certain and profitable grain crop hydrate of lime, to denote its union with hydrogen, as Tull supposed, entirely upon pulverization, but that is grown. On poor or wet ground, badly taken the principal constituent of water.-See Davy's Ag. essentially upon the quantity of food within the reach care of, no crop is less profitable. We have corn soils and corn districts, and soils and districts that A second use of pulverization is to increase the will not produce it to advantage. When we become capillary attraction, or sponge like property of soils, wiser, every district will confine its culture to the by which their humidity is rendered more uniform. products for which it is best adapted. We shall When lime, freshly burnt or slacked, is mixed To illustrate this let the reader examine his garden hereafter have our wheat districts, our barley dis- with any moist fibrous vegetable matter, there is a during a drought. He will find those parts the most tricts, our corn districts, and our grazing districts; strong action between the two, and they form a moist where the spade or hoe are most frequently and an interchange of commodities will take place kind of compost together, of which a part is usually used. They are the most permeable to heat and between them mutually advantageous. Our great soluble in water. Lime thus renders matter which air, and draw most moisture from the subsoil during error consists in blending all branches of husbandry, was before inert, nutritive to vegetables; and as the day, and from the atmosphere during the night. when our soil and location are probably only well charcoal and oxygen abound in all vegetable mat- Pulverization promotes the access of water, which adapted to a single branch. ters, quick lime is converted into mild lime by ab- holds in solution the food, to the roots of the sorbing carbonic acid, which is their joint product. plant. Cranberries. Black Cherry-(prunus cerasus.) Strawberry-(fragaria vesca.) Chem. p. 283. Caustic or quick-lime is extensively used in the arts, but I shall confine my present observations to some of its benefits in husbandry. of the fibres. As this fruit is largely employed in most families, Davy. Lime possesses the property of hastening Another benefit results from the admission of air. some persons may be glad to be informed, that these the dissolution and putrefaction of all animal and Manure is useless in vegetation till it becomes soluberries may be preserved several years, merely by vegetable matters, and of imparting to the soil the ble in water, and it would remain useless in a state drying them a little in the sun, and then stopping power of retaining a quantity of moisture necessary of solution, if it so abounded as wholly to exclude them closely in dry bottles. Parkes. for the nourishment and vigorous growth of plants. air, for then the fibres or mouths, unable to perform Parkes. their functions, would soon decay and rot off. Mild lime, powdered lime stone, marles or chalks Earths are bad conductors of heat; and it would The gum which exudes from this tree is extreme- have no action of this kind upon vegetable matter. be a considerable time before the gradually increasly nutritious; indeed it is equal in every respect to By their action they prevent the too rapid decom- ing temperature of spring could communicate its gum arabic. Hasselquist relates that a hundred position of substances already dissolved; but they genial warmth to the roots of vegetables, if their men, during a siege, were kept alive rearly two have no tendency to form soluble matters. Davy. lower strata were not heated by some other means. months, without any other substance than a little of They are mechanically beneficial upon sands, in To remove this defect, which always belongs to a this gum taken occasionally into the mouth, and rendering them more firm and adhesive; and upon close compact soil, it is necessary to have the land suffered gradually to dissolve. Id. clays, in rendering them less so. open, that there may be a free ingress of the warm The fertility of a soil depends materially (the food air and tepid rains of spring. Animal and vegetaIt has been said that this fruit has the property of of vegetables being alike present) on its absorbent ble substances, exposed to the alternate action of dissolving the tartareous encrustations upon the qualities; or the power which it possesses of retain- beat, moisture, light and air, undergo spontaneous teeth; and that hence, those who have been affected in a quantity of moisture necessary for the nou- decompositions, which would not take place inderishment and vigorous growth of plants. When pendent of it. with the gout and nephritic diseases (stone, &c.) have this power is great, Davy observes, the plant is sup-number of the fibrous roots or mouths of plants; faThus pulverization increases the found great relief by eating them very freely. Id. plied with moisture in dry seasons; and the effect of cilitates the more speedy and perfect preparation of evaporation in the day is counteracted by the absorption their food; and conducts it, so prepared, more reaReadily decomposes sulphate of line (gypsum.) of aqueous vapour from the atmosphere, by the interior dily to their roots.-See Grisenthwaite and Loudon. Parkes. This explains why plaster dways benefits parts of the soil during the day, and by both the in- These principles are illustrated by the fertility of clover, &c. on the light grounds which abound interior and exterior during the night. This shows a clover lay. The roots of this plant penetrate the sorrel. the importance of keeping the soil loose, even in soil in every direction; and as they decay, they droughts, in order to render it permeable to the at- afford not only the elements of food, but free admismosphere and dews. Various soils, dried at 112, sion to heat, air and moisture, the agents for preIs an alkaline earth, and when divested of the acid were found by Davy, to acquire in an hour, by ex- paring this food. A complete pulverization is induwith which it is naturally combined, is caustic like posure to a moist air of 69, an increased weight of ced. Hence most crops are benefitted by a clover potash. It exists in rocks, in earths, in water, in from 3 to 18 grains in 1000, in proportion to the lay; and probably none more so than Indian corn, vegetables, and is the basis of animal bones It is vegetable and finely divided matter contained in the which is enabled to multiply its mouths to an increcombined with carbonic acid in commor lime stone, different specimens-the absorption being greatest dible extent. It is the property which they possess chalk, marble, and the shells of marine animals; with where these most prevailed. Vegetable substances of pulverizing the soil, that renders almost all root sulphuric acid in gypsum; with fluoric acid in Der-possess the power of absorbing and retaining mois- crops meliorating, and proper to precede barley and byshire spar, from which is manufactured vases ture in the greatest degree. Mild lime, or carbonate wheat. The effects of pulverization in multiplying No. 2.-VOL. 8. Oxalic acid-(the acid of sorrel.) Lime fibres is particularly apparent in trees and shrubs.-locked jaw proceeds. The part should be covered to be taken to keep the system in as tranquil a state Trees taken from a forest are found to possess far with lint dipped in spirits of turpentine, and occa- as possible. Every source of mental irritation less fibrous roots than those taken from a cultivated sionally renewed to excite inflammation in the must be carefully avoided, and the diet be genenursery. This is the reason that forest trees, raised wound, which must not be allowed to heal for a rous and easy of digestion. A glass of wine, or in a nursery, are much more liable to grow, than week or two. This mode has been so well, and so sound bottled ale or porter occasionally taken, will those taken from uncultivated grounds. Curwen long tested, that it is recommended with confidence. be highly proper. The disposition to costiveness is has furnished a remarkable evidence of the benefit Instances have occurred of tetanus taking place six to be relieved by mild purgatives of castor oil, or of pulverization, in his "Hints on agricultural sub-weeks after a nail or thorn had been run in the Epsom salts. jects." He grew thirty-five and an half tons of cab-foot, and the wound healed. The first symptom of Dysentery.-This is a very serious complaint, and bages, some of them weighing fifty-five pounds, on the tetanus is often a severe pain at the pit of the deserves particular consideration, inasmuch as it is an acre of stiff clay, in a very dry season; and he stomach. The rigidity of the jaws and back of the not like many other diseases, confined to one perimputes the success of the experiment principally neck, soon follows; and at intervals the body is son, but often prevails as an epidemic through a to very frequent ploughings which he gave to the drawn backward by a violent spasm. country town, township, or county. Scarcely a crop. Treatment.-Open the punctured part and fill it year passes, without the newspapers announcing its with lint dipped in spirits of turpentine. If the prevalence in some part of the United States. The spasms are very violent, and the sufferer be a strong particular symptoms which mark the disease, are ON DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF FAR- man, sixteen ounces of blood may be taken away frequent calls to stool, with trifling but bloody disMERS. The cold bath must then be used, dashing two or charges, attended with great pain in the bowels and Observations on the means of preventing and relievthree buckets full of cold water in quick succes-loins, and slight fever. The first point to be ating the accidents and diseases, to which farmers are friction, with coarse cloths, should be employ- purgatives. Epsom or Glauber's salts, and for chilsion upon the naked body; after which, powerful tended to is to open the bowels thoroughly, by mild particularly subject. By JAMES MEASE, M. D. ed, and the patient put to bed. A glass of Madren magnesia, are to be preferred. An ounce of [From the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for pro-deira wine is then to be given, regularly every half either of the two first, dissolved in a pint of hot moting Agriculture-Read May, June, July, August, hour, until a powerful impression be made upon the water, to which a grain of tartar emetic should be 1825.] system. It is surprising how much wine may be added, may be taken at two doses in the course of I have frequently had occasion to witness the suf- taken in this disease, even by one not accustomed an hour. They should be worked off with thin ferings, and even the loss of lives, which have taken to the use of it in health; and it must not be with gruel of corn meal. A prejudice prevails among place among people in the country, owing to their held from the fear of intoxication. If the disease some physicians, and with people generally, in fabeing unacquainted with the dangers, to which, does not yield to this treatment, the cold bath must vour of castor oil as a purgative in this disease; but upon certain occasions, they were exposed; through be repeated. As the bowels are obstinately costive, ample experience warrants me in saying, that it is their inattention to an apparently trifling disease or they must be opened by ten grains of calomel, and not supported by fact. This prejudice is grounded wound, or, to their neglect in applying suitable re-fifteen of jalap, or by castor oil, aided by glysters upon the supposition, that the oil will sheath the medies, in the early stage of a disease; and have Ample experience authorizes me to say that opium, tender and inflamed coats of the intestines, as well therefore thought, that I might render an accepta- although often given, is useless, and frequently hurt as open the bowels: but there is more reason to beble service to them, by calling their attention to a ful in this disease, when given internally. It neither lieve, that the febrile state of the intestines, and the few subjects, and by suggesting the means of pre- relieves the spasm nor procures sleep, and inter- acrimonious nature of their contents, will render the vention and relief, which will be found effectual feres with the treatment which is known to be suc-oil rancid, and cause it to prove a source of irritaand easy of application. My object is not to sucessful. Externally applied in the form of lauda- tion and increase of disease. It has occurred to persede the necessity of a physician; on the con- num, and mixed with oil, it may however be useful me to know of the deaths of several persons by the trary, if a good one be within reach, he ought to be by relieving the painful rigidity of the muscles of dysentery, in the year 1816, in Philadelphia, all of employed, and at an early stage of an accident or the jaw and neck. The proportions of each should whom took repeated doses of castor oil. The safedisease; but it often happens that no one may be be equal. The rigid parts ought to be covered ty of the neutral salts has been sanctioned by the near, or that no apprehension of present or future with flannel, after being well anointed with the practice of the most eminent physicians; exclusivedanger exists, when there are grounds for serious mixture. A large tea-spoonful of Peruvian bark ly of their purgative property, they are proper from alarm. In such cases, my advice will be opportune: should be given every hour during the disease, and their sedative operation. If the pain in the bowels it may also happen that medical men will derive three times a day for some days after recovery. If be severe, and headache and fever attend, twelve useful hints from the practice I shall recommend, the treatment recommended should fail in making ounces of blood should be taken away from a grown as I should doubtless do, by reading their own ob- an impression on the disease, I advise the use of person, and a proportional quantity from a youth. servations on the subjects upon which I shall treat. Dr. Hartshorn's plan, of inflaming the surface along Injections of warm water, in which a portion of Simple incised wounds.-Nothing more is requi- the course of the spine by means of caustic potash. starch has been mixed, and a tea-spoonful or two site, when the cut is not extensive, than to bind up The mode is, to tie a piece of sponge to a fork, and of laudanum, will ease the pain in the bowels. the part, and to permit the balsamic blood to effect after dipping it in a solution of the caustic in water, Equal parts of laudanum and sweet oil should be a union of the muscular fibres. The common ap- in the proportion of a drachm to the ounce, and to rubbed on the belly, and perspiration promoted by plications of brown paper, dipped in ardent spirits, apply it two or three times along the whole course covering it with flannel, by lying in bed, and drinkand covered with brown sugar; or of balsam-apple of the spine.* ing freely of rice-water, in which a stick of cinnainfused in spirit, answer no purpose, except that of Another cause of tetanus is, the exposure of the mon has been boiled. If it be possible to obtain giving unnecessary pain. When a small vessel has body during sleep to a current of air, after being the inner bark of the slippery elm, it should be inbeen divided and the blood flows freely, one or heated by exercise, work, or after a hot day. Per fused in water, and the mucilage taken freely and more strips of linen or muslin, may be covered sons thus exposed are aroused from sleep by spasms frequently. No article in the materia medica equals with Canada balsam or sticking plaster, and ap- of the muscles, and stiff neck. An emetic has been this as a demulcent, and its speedy operation in afplied to the part across the line of the wound. Even found very beneficial in such cases, as a first reme- fording relief to the pain in the bowels, in dysentein cases where a portion of flesh has been sliced dy. Powerful perspiration should then be excited, ry, has been amply tested. An infusion of the nearly or entirely off, it should be instantly replac- by covering the body with blankets and the use of leaves of the bêne plant,* has also been used with ed and covered with the plaster, and lint over it; as weak snake-root infusion, taken as hot as possible signal success. If the pain continue violent after under such a circumstance, a union of the divided and kept up for three or four hours. If the stomach the bowels have been well opened, a blister to the parts will take place. The bandages should be rejects it, hot lemonade or hot thoroughwort infu- belly will seldom fail of relief. In this stage, twenpermitted to remain until the wound is cured; say sion may be taken. If the disease do not yield to ty, thirty, or borty drops of laudanum may be given a week or ten days. The part may then be soaked this treatment, the cold bath, with powerful fric- at night, if sleep cannot be obtained without it. in warm water, and the bandage cut through with tions, may be used, and the remedies given as be- The salts or magnesia must be repeated, at least a sharp pair of scissors. Even when the lacera- fore recommended. every other day, during the continuanee of the tion of flesh or skin has been considerable, a union If the rigidity of the body do not amount to ac-bloody discharges. When they have ceased, and a will be effected, provided the parts be united spec- tual tetanus, the same treatment is still to be pur- simple diarhoes or lax remains, it may be gradually dily, and covered with the sticking plaster as above sued. After recovery from either forms of the checked by the use of laudanum at night, and a directed. Dirt, and all foreign matters, it is ob- disease, the body is left in a very weak and irrita- tea-spoonful of burnt brandy and white sugar, taken vious, should be removed in the first instance: quiet ble state, and in females particularly great care is frequently in the course of the day. The diet in to the part is indispensable. this disease must consist of the mildest and most Punctured wounds.-When a nail, splinter, or thorn, has penetrated a foot or hand, immediate the above treatment, by Dr. Lewis, of Pittsburg, (Meď. The medical reader is referred to the case cured by attention should be paid to the wound, as it is from Recorder, vol. 3, p. 170,) and to the remarks of the ausuch a cause that the terrible disease tetanus, orthor on the subject, in vol. 2, p. 297. * Sesamum erientale. See my account of this remedy in the dysentery. (Coxe's Med. Museum, vol. 2, p. 159, Philad. 1806.) |