until all was done that is recorded in that verse. And the historian tells us how, and of what, etc., the body was composed. "God' formed' it of the 'dust' of the ground;" and he tells us how the soul was added, not to the man, but to the body; "the Lord breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul." The reference to Gen. iii, 17, &c., fails to accomplish this end, except the 19th verse. We acknowledge the body is sometimes spoken of as the man; but the reverse is more frequently the case. And the judgment recorded in this passage spends its chief force on the soul. The body labours, but it alone does not labour; and only the soul is capable of sorrow, etc. So the soul is included in this connexion, though not included in the words, "dust thou art." But let us look again to the threatening: "In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." This was the case; Adam did die. The instant he put forth his hand in transgression, the union between his soul and God was broken off; and the next meeting of God and man was a memorable one. Adam, conscious that he had lost the favour of his Maker, aimed to hide himself; and when compelled to meet his God, he approached as a rebel, while he who had been his approving God, appears to him as his Judge. This plainly shows what death was threatened, and how Adam died the day he sinned. Assuming that temporal death, in whole or in part, was included as the penalty of the violated law, various efforts have been made to reconcile the idea with the fact, that Adam did not die the day he sinned, and not until several hundred years afterward. Such efforts are all abortive. Some say, "That day meant no particular or definite period of time." Then the threatening was vague, and almost without meaning. Besides, such emphatic words cannot be twisted so easily. But others say, "The meaning is, 'dying, he should die.' He should begin to die; the seeds of mortality and death were sown in his system." But if this is the case, he did not die that day. There is as much difference between the seed sown and death, as there is between seed-time and harvest. He began to die; if he did, he was dying for several hundred years. The history of Eve confirms this view. We are not told when she met and experienced temporal death; but her fall and spiritual death-or the separation of her soul from God-are minutely recorded. And now let us see if the federal relation of Adam to his posterity will not afford additional evidence of the correctness of our position. All fell in Adam. By his act of disobedience "judgment came upon all men to condemnation." Hence, if a Redeemer had not been provided, upon the supposition that temporal death is a part, or all, of the penalty of the law, the race would have come into existence and been left exposed to death temporal, if not spiritual and eternal death also; or otherwise the penalty would not have been inflicted. But we suppose a just God would execute a penalty he had himself appended to a law, when it was violated. But if spiritual death, or the separation of the soul from God, is the penalty of the law; then we would, if no Redeemer had been provided, without doubt, not have been brought into being. Such was Mr. Fletcher's opinion. In conclusion we repeat, spiritual death was the penalty of the law; that death Adam experienced the day—yes, the instant-he sinned. That moment the wrath of God, like a thunderbolt from heaven, fell upon him. And now, to turn man from this world, and lead him to seek God, and to lay up his treasure on high, "God has attached misery to vice, and emptiness to worldly good, and subjected man to bodily afflictions and to death." Thus interpreted, the text in question is taken out of the hands of those "sleepers" of whom your correspondent speaks. It lends their system no more support than would a dissertation on the changes of the moon. E. J. ART. XII.-LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. Theological. EUROPEAN. IF Calvin's personal history does not become well known to the people of this generation, it will not be for want of biographies. Besides Audin's, on the Roman Catholic side, we have lately had Stebbing's translation (London, 2 vols. 8vo.) of Henry's Leben J. Calvin's des grossen Reformators, (Hamburg, 3 vols. 8vo., 1835-1844.) We find Stebbing's translation awkward and laborious-certainly it is very hard and dull reading. Moreover, Dr. Stebbing has omitted most of the notes and appendices which make up a large part of Henry's work. And now we have just received “The Life of John Calvin, compiled from authentic Sources, and particularly from his Correspondence: by T. H. Dyer," (London, Murray, 1850,) forming a handsome 8vo. of 560 pages. And this, we think, will be the popular Life of Calvin. But it has a worldly tone throughout, and it will occupy about the relation to Calvin, that Southeys' Life does to Wesley. An article noticing all these works is in prepa ration for our pages. The second volume of Dr. Davidson's Introduction to the New Testament has reached us, but we have not yet been able to give it a thorough examination. It extends from Acts to 2d Thessalonians; a third volume will probably complete the work. Dr. Vaughan (editor of the British Quarterly) has published his able discourse delivered before the Congregational Union of England and Wales last October. It is entitled “Letter and Spirit," (18mo. pp. 88,) and treats of the modern so-called Philosophical Spiritualism, in its relation Christianity: maintaining sturdily and unanswerably the old foundations of our historical faith. We should be glad to see it reprinted for circulation, especially about Boston. to If any of our readers wish to see how the Church of England is kept "enthroned in the hearts of the people," by pluralist divines who get £1000 a year for riding ten miles of a Sunday, and preaching once a week, or once in two weeks, they will find both instruction and amusement in "The Church-Goer, or Calls at Country Churches," (12mo., London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co., 1850.) A new edition of the Works of John Owen is proposed by Messrs. Johnstone and Hunter, of Edinburgh, on very favourable terms. It will embrace all his works except the Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews-the whole to be completed in three years. For a yearly subscription of one guinea, payable in advance, subscribers will receive annually five handsome octavo volumes, containing about 550 pages each, printed in large type, and on excellent paper. The whole issue will thus consist of fifteen octavo volumes, at a cost of no more than three guineas. We mentioned in a former number the French and German editions of AMAND SAINTES' "Critical History of Rationalism in Germany, from its Origin to the present time;" and we now have before us an English translation, executed by Dr. J. R. Beard, (London, 1849, 8vo., pp. 379.) It furnishes the fullest account of the origin, growth, and decay of German Rationalism to which the English reader can have access. It is to be regretted, however, that the translator has not made use of Ficker's addenda to the German edition. Theological Seminary at Geneva.-From the seventy-ninth circular of this institution, it appears that the number of students is forty-one, of whom fourteen are in the preparatory department. The professors are: Dr. Merle D'Aubigné, President and Professor of Pastoral Theology and Church History; Dr. Gaussen, Professor of Dogmatic Theology; Rev. Professor La Harpe, of Hebrew and Biblical Criticism of the Old Testament; Rev. Professor Pilet, of Sacred Rhetoric and Criticism of the New Testament; Dr. Professor Scherer, of Exegesis. A difficulty has occurred from developments of Rationalism in Professor S.; but we are not able to give a distinct account of it. The first volume of Hengstenberg's Commentary on the Apocalypse has been published. We have not received it, but see, from the notices, that it considers the millennium over. In a former number we mentioned that a translation of Nitzsch's System der Christlichen Lehre, by Rev. R. Montgomery and J. Honnen, M. D., was announced in London. Lest any of our readers should be tempted to purchase it, we feel bound to say that we have since received and examined it, and find it one of the worst attempts (if not the very worst) at translation from the German that we have ever seen. The translators complain of Nitzsch's obscurity; but his German is translucent, in comparison with their English or no-English. A new Compendium of Church History is now in preparation by J. L. Jacobi, Professor Extraordinary in the University of Berlin. The first volume has been published, and is highly commended by Neander, with whom Jacobi is in the most intimate relations. Professor Jacobi writes to us that a translation will be published in London or New-York, (perhaps in both,) as soon as possible. Dr. John Brown, of Edinburgh, author of "Expository Lectures on First Peter," has in press a series of Expositions of the "Discourses and Sayings of our Lord Jesus Christ," to be completed in three volumes octavo. The able article on "Reason and Faith," in the Edinburgh Review for October, 1849, was written by the Rev. Henry Rogers, the author of that remarkable series of articles on Puseyism and kindred topics, which have appeared of late years in the Edinburgh Review. We notice that his contributions are to be collected and published in two 8vo. volumes, uniform with Stephens' and Macaulay's Essays. We see announced in London, "Friendly and Feejee Islands: a Missionary Visit to various Stations in the South Seas, in 1847. By Rev. Walter Lawry, (Wesleyan Missionary,) with an appendix: edited by Rev. Elijah Hoole: 12mo., pp. 304." Dr. Beard has just issued his translation of Schumann's Compendious Introduction to the Books of the Old and New Testament, in one small octavo volume. We continue our statements of the contents of the principal foreign theological journals: The Biblical Review for January contains the following articles :-I. The Doctrine of Inspiration, as maintained in the Scriptures themselves; II. Davidson's Introduction to the New Testament; III. German Sacred Oratory-Dr. H. L. Heubner; IV. Morell's Philosophy of Religion; V. Hints for an Apologetic Treatment of Christian Truth; VI. The Characteristics of Biblical Theology; VII. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology; VIII Posthumous Works of Dr. Chalmers: IX. Miscellanies and Correspondence; X. Critical Notices. The Journal of Sacred Literature (Kitto's) for January, contains, I. Illustrations of Scripture, from the ancient Bedouin Romance entitled Antar,-a very entertaining and instructive article:-II. A continuation of Tregelles' article on Tischendorf's Greek Testament:-III. An Attempt at a Restora. tion of the Chronology of Josephus :-IV. is an article vindicating the Doctrine of an Intermediate State of the Dead :-V, continues the translation of Keil's Introduction to the Book of Joshua:-VI. is a translation of Neander's Monograph (first published in 1842) of "Theobald Thamer, the Rep resentative and Forerunner of Modera Rationalism at the time of the Reformation:"-VII. An Argument to prove that St. Matthew's Gospel was originally written in Hebrew:-VIII. is on the Mosaic Account of the Creation, (of little worth):-IX. Of the Tenses of the Hebrew verb:-X. and XI. Miscellanies and Correspondence.Dr. Kitto finds himself compelled to abandon the plan of giving the names of his writers. It is impossible, he says, in England, to give names, without losing much important literary aid that might otherwise be obtained. We value Dr. Kitto's Journal highly, and think it remarkably well conducted. We have no objection at all to his transferring portions of our Literary Intelligence or Critical Notices to his pages, but think in such cases it would be as well for him to give us credit. The British Quarterly Review (February) has but few theological articles :-Art. I. is on Theodore Parker and Modern Deism,-8 pretty sharp and severe exposition of the tendencies of Parkerism. Art. VII. is on Harris's Man Primeval. Among the other articles is one on Ticknor's Spanish Literature, characterizing it as "fluent, sensible, elegant, scholarly,"—but denying it any high claims as a critical work. The article, on the whole, is unkind, under the garb of kindness. Among the books in theology and kindred topics recently announced in Great Britain are: The Star of the Wise Men: being a Commentary on the second chapter of St. Matthew; by Richard Chenevix Trench, B. D., Professor of Divinity in King's Col lege, London; Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford; fcp. 8vo:-The Preacher in Print; Twelve Sermons by the Rev. H. Melvill, B. D.; 18mo. :-Parochial Sketches, in Verse; by the Rev. Robert Wilson Evans, B. D., Author of "The Rectory of Valehead;" small 8vo. :-The Inner Life; its Nature, Relapse, and Recovery; by the Rev. Octavius Winslow; fcp. 8vo. :Israel after the Flesh; the Judaism of the Bible distinguished from its Spiritual Religion; by the Rev. W. H. Johnstone, M. A.; 8vo. The City of God; a Vision of the Past, the Present, and the Future; being a Symbolical History of the Church of all Ages, &c.; post 8vo. :-Four Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge, in November, 1849; by the Rev. J. J. Blunt, B. D., Margaret Professor of Divinity; 12mo. :-Lectures on Christian Theology, by the late Rev. George Payne, LL. D.; with Reminiscences by the Rev. Ralph Wardlaw, D. D.; and a Sketch of his Life, by a Friend:-Scripture Baptism; being a Series of Familiar Letters to a Friend in reply to "Christian Baptism," recently published by the Hon. and Rev. Baptist Noel, M. A.; by Henry J. Gamble, of Hanover Chapel, Peckham; fcp. 8vo. :-The Method of the Divine Government, Physical and Moral; by the Rev. James M'Cosh, A. M., 8vo. :-The Doctrine of a Future State; being the Hulsean Lectures for the Year 1849; by W. Gilson Humphry, B. D., Fellow and late Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of London, 8vo. :The Sufferings of the Rebels sentenced by Judge Jefferies; being a Memorandum of the Wonderful Providences of God to a poor unworthy Creature during the time of the Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion, and to the Revolution in 1688; by John Coad, one of the Sufferers; fcp. 8vo. Among the books in theology and kindred topics, recently announced on the continent, are the following: Monumenta Fidei Ecclesiæ orientalis. Primum in unum corpus collegit variantes lectiones ad fidem optimorum exemplorum adnotavit prolegomena addidit indice rerum præcipuarum instruxit E. J. Kimmel. Accedit appendix ex schedis editoris posthumus edita à H. J. Chr. Weissenborn. 2 Partes, 8vo. (Jenæ.) Jesaias, nicht Pseudo-Jesaias. Auslegung seiner Weissagung Kap. 40-66. Von Rudolf Stier. Nebst Einleitung wider die Pseudo-Kritik. Vol. 1, 8vo. (Barmen.) Exegetisches Handbuch zu. d. Büchern d. Könige. Von O. Thenius. Nebst Anhang das vorexilische Jerusalem u, dessen Tempel. 8vo. (Leipzig.) Der Prophet Jesaja, uebersetzst u. erklärt. Von M. Drechsler. Vol. 2. Part 1, 8vo., pp. 230, (Stuttgart.) Quæstionem de Marcione, Lucani evangelii, ut fertur, adulteratore, collatis Hahnii, Ritschelii aliorumque sententiis, novo examini submisit D. Hartung. Traj. ad Rhen. pp. 212, 8vo. Ueber den syrisch-ephraimitischen Krieg unter Jotham u. Ahas. Von C. P. Caspari. 8vo. Erkennen und Glauben, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Clemens von Alexandrien und des Anselmus von Canterbury, von J. H. Lenzen, 8vo. Bonn. Das Alte Testament im Neuen Testament. Ueber die Citate des Alten Testaments im Neuen Testament und über den Opfer-und Priesterbegriff im Alten und Neuen Testamente. Neue Ausarbeitung. [Zwei Beilagen zu dem Kommentare zum Briefe an die Hebräer.] Von Dr. A. ThoJuck. 3. Aufl. Hamburg, pp. 112, 8vo. Ueber die Aechtheit des bisherigen Textes der Ignatianischen Briefe. Von Dr. H. Denzinger, Prof. Würzburg. 1849. pp. 108, 8vo. Das Wesen des Christenthums. Von Ludw. Feuerbach. 3. umgearb. u. verm. Aufl. Leipzig. O. Wigand. 1849. pp. 440, 8vo. Die Kirchengeschichte des 18. u. 19. Jahrhunderts aus dem Standpuncte des evangel. Protestantismus betrachtet in einer Reihe von Vorlesungen. Von Dr. K. R. Hagenbach. 2 Thl. 2 verb. Aufl. Leipzig. pp. 467, 8vo. AMERICAN. MESSES. LANE & SCOTT are preparing for speedy publication, The New Testament expounded and illustrated, according to the usual marginal references, in the very words of Holy Scripture, together with the Notes and Translations, and a complete marginal Harmony of the Gospels. By Clement Moody, M. A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford; Perpetual Curate of Sebergham. (London, 1849.) The collation of parallel passages is one of the best and surest means of developing the true sense of Scripture, and that not merely for scholars, but for all readers. "I will not scruple to assert," says Bishop Horseley, "that the most illiterate Christian, if he can but read his English Bible, and will take the pains in reading it to study the parallel passages, without any other commentary, will not only attain that practical knowledge which is necessary to salvation, but will become learned in everything relating to his religion." But many are deterred from this mode of study by the difficulty and tediousness of the task of perpetual referenceindeed, in ordinary daily reading of the Scriptures, either in private or in the family, it is almost impracticable to carry it out thoroughly. The object of the edition of the New Testament now offered, is to make this method of reading perfectly convenient, by printing the best parallel passages in full at the foot of the page, thus affording a continuous commentary on the Scripture in the words of the Scripture itself. We consider the work one of the most useful and valuable that the Book Concern has ever undertaken. The same publishers have recently issued a number of new works and new editions, to the announcement of which in our advertising sheet we call the attention of our readers. The publication of the "Minister of Christ for the Times," (by Rev. CHARLES ADAMS,) which was announced in our January number, has been delayed by the unexampled pressure upon our printing-presses caused by the demand for the New Hymn-book. It will be issued in a few days; and we bespeak for it, what it will richly deserve, the attention of our readers, both lay and clerical. We learn that Rev. Charles Adams is preparing a new work on the " Present State of Christianity throughout the World," intended to give a fair view of the present condition of the kingdom of Christ among men. Such a work is a desideratum; and, if well prepared, as we have no doubt Mr. Adams' book will be, it will meet with a cordial reception from the Christian world. that We regret that some observations on "Methodism in Earnest," (an Account of the Revival labours and successes of Rev. James Caughey, edited by Rev. D. Wise and Rev. R. W. Allen,) which we had intended to lay before our readers in this number, are unavoidably crowded out. We deem it necessary, however, to say now, while the book contains accounts of the work of the Holy Spirit, in the awakening and conversion of sinners, that have thrilled our very hearts, it contains also so many objectionable features, that we heartily regret its publication in its present form. We shall attempt to show, in our next, that it elaims for Mr. Caughey a degree of super natural revelation, at once unscriptural, unWesleyan, and dangerous. Professor Stuart's "Critical History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon " has been reprinted in London, with an introduction and notes by Dr. Davidson. We understand that Prof. B. B. Edwards, of Andover, and Prof. Hackett, of Newton, are engaged upon a Commentary on the Psalms," to be published in one 8vo. volume, some time during the present year. It will be founded, to a certain extent, on Heng. stenberg. Professor Hackett is also engaged upon a Commentary on the Acts." The Southern Presbyterian Review contains, in its January number, an article designed to show the lawfulness of slaverythe unlawfulness of attempting to hinder its spread-the superior wealth of the Southern, and the greater poverty and crime of the Northern States of this Union. What a forlorn condition men must be in, when such sophisms as these propositions involve are believed. The article closes, however, with an earnest appeal (which we trust will be heeded) for a fuller religious instruction of the slaves. A translation of Theremin's Beredsamkeit eine Tugend, by Professor Shedd, has recently been published. We shall notice it hereafter. A translation of Tholuck's Auslegung der Bergpredigt Christi is shortly to appear from the Andover press. It is to be a reprint of Menzies' translation, published in Edinburgh. The "New-York Ecclesiological Society" is a club where sentimental young gentlemen and Romanizing old gentlemen indulge themselves periodically in reading and listening to old wives' fables. As a specimen. we give an extract from the Report of a recent meeting over which Dr. M'Vickar presided, and at which Mr. J. H. Hopkins, Jun., read a paper on Symbolism in Church Architecture : "Mr. Hopkins showed the symbolism of the parts of a Catholic Church edifice, as founded on Scripture. The Church of believers is called a spiritual house," therefore the edifice symbolizes the Church of the faithful. They are called 'living stones,' therefore the church is built of stone. We are fellow-citizens with the saints,' and the household of God,'-ali being one family,' and therefore chance. and nave are both requisite for a complete church. The building pointeth east, for therethe Sun of Righteousness arose," and there he shall appear again when he |