"I am now old and gray, the illusion is long since over, and I have been taught, by mournful experience, to know the world as it is, a poor and miserable stage-play, in which there is nothing of any value but those pure attachments which bind us to one another, and those which bind us to our God and Saviour. If this life were all,-the former, sweet and endearing as they are, would be but poor things: they are 'flowers of the forest,' withered and gone very often before we have had time to know their value. I lost a dear boy, in his 19th year. Two years this fall, he died far away from me, in France, where he had gone for his health. He was the pride and hope of my heart and family, and an object of admiration and love to all who knew him. My dear friend, I cannot think of him, and never shall I be able to think of him, without tears."-P. 221.

The year after his retirement, Wirt was employed in a case of considerable importance, against Webster, in Boston;-on which occasion he, for the first time, visited New-England. He thus conveys the impression of his visit to Judge Carr:

"Now, after all this, you will not be much surprised to learn, that I think the people of Boston amongst the most agreeable in the United States. I suppose their kindness to me may have some effect on my judgment;-but, divesting myself of this as much as possible, I say they are as warm-hearted, as kind, as frank, as truly hospitable as the Virginians themselves. In truth, they are Virginians in all the essentials of character. They speak and pronounce as we do, and their sentiments are very much in the same strain. Their literary improvement, as a mass, is much superior to ours. I expected to find them cold, shy, and suspicious. I found them, on the contrary, open, playful, and generous. They have no foreign mixture among them,-but are the native population, the original English and their descendants. In this, too, they resemble the people of Virginia, and, I think, are identical with them. They are, in republican principle and integrity, among the soundest, if not the very soundest of the people of the United States.-Would to heaven the people of Virginia and Massachusetts knew each other better! What a host of absurd and repulsive prejudices would that knowledge put to flight! How would it tend to consolidate the Union, threatened, as it is, with so many agents of dissolution!-My heart is set on bringing about this knowledge. How shall I effect it? If I write I shall be known, and be supposed to have been bought by a little kindness and flattery. * * I believe the prejudices are all on our side. The people of the North resent what they suppose to be the injustice of Southern opinion. Let them have reason to believe that we regard them with respect and kindness, and they will not be slow to give us theirs. I found it so in my own person.-And so, I believe, it will be found by every man of sense from the South who visits them. What a fool have I been to join in these vulgar prejudices against the Yankees! We judged them by their pedlers. It would be as just if they were to judge us by our blacklegs."-Pp. 273, 274.

*

In 1831 Wirt defended Judge Peck before the Senate, after his impeachment by the House of Representatives. In the course of the trial he received news of the death of his youngest daughter, Agnes, then in her sixteenth year. This, which was quite unexpected, was the severest blow that had befallen him in his life. The Senate adjourned the trial a week; and, when it resumed, Wirt left the defence chiefly in the hands of his coadjutor, Mr. Meredith, and FOURTH SERIES, VOL. II.—26

did not make his speech until nearly a month after;-when, to use his words, he spoke "under the pressure of ill health and in deep affliction of spirit." Some extracts from letters written in the midst of the trial, show how keenly he suffered. She was evidently his favourite child; his mind seems to have dwelt upon her loss. He wrote a memoir of her, and afterwards, in writing to Carr, we find him still alluding to her in words that seem almost to be moistened with tears:

"I owe you several letters, my dear friend; but you are kind, and can allow for my situation. I have had such a winter as I never had before. Heavy causes to argue, with a broken heart and exhausted strength,-when, at every step, I felt far better disposed to lie down in the grave. It was not in such a frame that I could address you. Even now I am unfit to write. For to me the heavens are hung with mourning, and the earth covered with darkness. The charm of life is gone. I look at my beloved wife and my still remaining circle of affectionate children, and my heart reproaches me with ingratitude to heaven. I have been too blessed for my deserts. The selection of the victim is too striking to be misunderstood. There is a better world, of which I have thought too little. To that world she is gone, and thither my affections have followed her. This was heaven's design. I see and feel it as distinctly as if an angel had revealed it. I often imagine that I can see her beckoning me to the happy world to which she has gone. She was my companion, my office companion, my librarian, my clerk. My papers now bear her endorsement. She pursued her studies in my office, by my side, sat with me, walked with me, was my inexpressibly sweet and inseparable companion-never left me but to go and sit with her mother.”—Pp. 343, 344.

At this period of his life, and when he was suffering such heavy domestic affliction, Wirt was put in nomination by the Anti-Masonic Convention as a candidate for the Presidency. It is not our purpose to go into the history of this election. It is sufficient that Wirt's correspondence throughout the canvass shows the same integrity of character which we have seen him to possess in tracing him through a long and honourable life. He neither sought the office eagerly, nor affected to shun it from personal motives; nor was he apparently the least affected by defeat. In the midst of the canvass we find him writing to his wife, which is the last extract we have space to make:

"How do you do, my dear wife? Is the rheumatism gone? How does the garden come on, and the canary, and the linnet, and the sky-lark, and the mocking-bird? And how do 'the bees suck,' and 'the fairies dance,' now, my dear girls? And how do the early rising and the studies go on, boys ?-and the flutes, and all that sort of thing? I feel quite excited, and miss you all most exceedingly much. My solitary room and my solitary siesta are not to my taste. I want to take my nap in company, as my children always prefer to get their lessons. Apropos, wife, I have not taken one pinch of snuff since I left home, though continually tempted with other people's boxes. I am sometimes truly disposed to reward my conscience for holding out so well. To speak the truth, there is still a considerable titillation around the region of the

nostril; but my desire for snuff is so feeble that it scarce deserves a mention. I shall keep aloof, and in about a fortnight more, I suppose, I shall be thinking, as I did in Washington when I quitted it once before, what will become of all the snuff-sellers? They will be ruined:-as if all the world had left off snuff because I had. I remember very seriously feeling this compassionate sentiment for Duport & Johnson, the tobacconists. Their prospects appeared to me to become suddenly quite magnificently bright, when I resumed snuff.”—P. 375.

We need not follow Wirt minutely through the two succeeding years that intervened before his decease. He died in 1834, surrounded by his family and friends, and giving them assurance a few hours before his death that he departed in Christian hope.

He died, but he has left a memory which will long survive, an ornament to the annals of our jurisprudence and our national councils, and an example for the imitation of our young men, in whose name we will conclude our hasty sketch with a word of thanks to his accomplished biographer, for the clear and elegant manner in which he has arranged the correspondence, and traced the career of one among our public characters of whom we wished to learn all, that we might the more esteem him.

ART. IV. THE BAPTISMAL FORMULA, MATTHEW XXVIII, 19, 20. Πορευθέντες οὖν μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ̔Αγίου Πνεύματος, διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν.

Going, therefore, disciple all the nations, BAPTIZING THEM TO THE NAME OF THE FATHER, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to keep all things whatever I have enjoined upon you.

ΤΗΕ phrase βαπτίζειν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τινός presents a peculiar combination of terms, which renders this intrinsically important text still more worthy of careful consideration: yet it seems to be generally adopted by modern administrators of the ordinance in a merely conventional acceptation, with little examination or apprehension of its real import. Its explication chiefly depends upon the solution of three questions, namely, the signification of ẞarrisw, the sense of ὄνομα, and the relation implied in εἰς.

1. The inherent import of ẞarris. There are but two ways in which the meaning of any word can be legitimately determined; (1.) by tracing its etymology, and, (2.) by appealing to its actual use. The word in question is usually said to be derived

from ẞánт. But this is not exactly true; for as the 7 is only a casual appendage (for the sake of strength) to the root of that primitive, the derivative thus formed would be ẞaniw: nor is it ever the custom of the Greek to derive one verb from another with this termination. Verbs in -iw (or, rather, in -5w, for the is only a connecting vowel) are formed from adjectives or nouns; those cases in which the derivation is apparently from a verb, will be found to be formed through the intervention of some (oftentimes obsolete) adjective or noun, e. g., airíçw, not from alréw, (the root of which is airéF-w,) but from air-ns, -ov, or, perhaps still better, from an older ΑΙΤΟΣ, -η, -ον, whence also αἰτία.* The true derivation of βαπτίζω is from βαπτός, the verbal adjective of βάπτω: this formation alone furnishes the root ẞаTт. The force of the termination -íw seems to be best apprehended by Kühner, (Intermediate Greek Grammar, § 232, I. (a,) Andover edition,) as denoting "the exercise of agency or activity," or, more definitely, (rem. 1, sub l. c.,) "the making something into that which the root denotes." This branch of lexicography (as, indeed, the whole department of etymons) has been very much neglected. Each of these sufformative additions to the root in derivation exerts a particular modification upon the radical idea, and has as constant and definite a significance as the root

tw, as this latter and the cognate

* The form ¿vio cannot in any case be derived directly from is itself a derivative for an older w, as is shown by the fut. wow tenses. Hence arises the suspicion of an obsolete (or suppositive) allied noun, perhaps dos, (root FoFT, identical with our shove, and perhaps push,) as the true theme of at least the two prolonged forms; ¿vw being a mere verb-expression of the radical idea, we denoting that the subject (casually) occupies this relation to the object. and vi indicating an active assumption of that relation, as self-prompted and of positive design. In this way the last-named form may come to have a somewhat frequentative force, (i. q., to jostle about, bandy words in altercation,) in consequence of the more decidedly transitive notion carried by its termination; and for the same reason, it is this peculiar (almost technical) usage that distinguishes it from tu. In rare instances (e. g., Epπw, to creep, ¿рrúsw, to crawl, through an imaginary Eρrνç, sc. a reptile, [compare the name "Epuç]) this secondary frequentative siguification dwindles to a species of diminutive application, and in others (e. g., ɛiko, to seem, ɛikúšw, to guess, through ɛikós, likeness, [orɛvá(w, fut. -5w, is only σrevá strengthened; indeed, this whole signification is dubious]) it is said to rise to a sort of intensive acceptation, while in more cases (e. g., þíπτw, jacio, pintáśw, jacto, through piτós) it continues without special modification. Very many verbs in -3w do not strikingly differ from simpler forms from the same root, (e. g., ẞhów, ẞ2v5w, the first softened, and the latter roughened, from βλύω; ὅρκος, ὁρκόωπὁρκίζω; πολεμάω, πολεμέω=πολεμίζω [fut. -ίξω and -ίσω ;] λάζω [? fut. λάξω] λακτίζω, through a presumed λακτός, after the analogy of λάξ [sc. λακίς, as if from a noun λάξ, λάκος;) but in all these gradations, the inherent factive force of the ending must not be lost sight of. Such obscure and doubtful examples, of course, are not fair tests of the import of a termination, when others, more clearly marked, exist.

=

itself.* The termination -ίζω, so far from being either a diminutive, frequentative, or the like, as it is sometimes vaguely termed, simply indicates the putting any object into the condition or relation denoted by the primitive, or (when intransitive) the putting one's self into such condition or relation. Even in the so-called imitative use, as in the patrials ἑλληνίζω, μηδίζω, &c., it is true to its native force; q. d., to make one's self (in language and custom) a Ελλην, (in political sentiment) a Mede, &c. In short, the ter mination -íw precisely corresponds with the English -ize or -ise, which is obviously derived from it; e. g., emphasize, to make emphatic; philosophize, employ philosophy; characterize, mark by a peculiar character; particularize, specify by particulars; civilize, reduce to civil regulation; monopolize, acquire a monopoly over, &c.

The following list, containing all the verbs with this termination used in the New Testament, shows how invariable is this import:—

ἁγνίζω, render ἁγνός, purify.

γαμίζω, make a γάμος, marry.

ἀγωνίζομαι, institute for one's self an ἀγών, γεμίζω, cause γέμος, fill.

contend.

[ἀθροίζω, make θρόος, collect.]
αἱρετίζω, render αἱρετός, prefer.

αἰχμαλωτίζω, render αἰχμάλωτος, captivate.
αλίζω, afect with ἅλς, salt.
[ἁλίζω, make ἁλής, gather.]
αναγνωρίζω, see γνωρίζω.

ἀναθεματίζω, render an ανάθεμα, curse.
ανακαθίζω, see καθίζω.
αναλογίζομαι, see λογίζομαι.
ἀνδρίζω, render an ἀνήρ, fortify.
ανεμίζω, affect with ἄνεμος, blow about.
ἀποδιορίζω, see ὁρίζω.

ἀποκεφαλίζω, render quasi ἀποκέφαλος,

behead.

γνωρίζω, render quasi γνωρός, publish.

δαιμονίζομαι, affect one's self with a δαίμων, be a demoniac.

δανείζω, cause a δάνειον, loan.

δειγματίζω, render a δείγμα, expose.
διαγνωρίζω, see γνωρίζω.
διακαθαρίζω, see καθαρίζω.
διαλογίζομαι, see λογίζομαι.
διαμερίζω, see μερίζω.
διαφημίζω, see φημίζω.
διισχυρίζομαι, see ἰσχυρίζομαι.
διυλίζω, see ύλίζω.

δογματίζω, make a δόγμα, decree.

ἐγγίζω, make ἐγγύς, bring (one's self) near.
ἐγκαινίζω, see καινίζω.
εγκεντρίζω, see κεντρίζω.
ἐδαφίζω, render ἔδαφος, raze.
ἐθίζω, produce an έθος, accustom.
ἐκγαμίζω, see γαμίζω.

* The same is true in English, e. g., depend, depend-ant, depend-ant-ly ; ridicule, ridicul-ous, ridicul-ous-ness. A child can appreciate the value of these added syllables.