maining in Mantchuria New Mantchoos. . Tunguses is the title of all the tribes of that stock not subject to the Chinese emperor: they are uncivilized nomads, dwelling in Russian Siberia. We distinguish three branches of them:-the Tunguses proper, who nomadize from the Yenisei to the north-western limits of Mantchuria; the Olenians, about the river Lena; and the Lamutes, on the coasts of the Okhotsk Sea.

(IV.) The Siberian Stock.

We include in the Siberian stock a number of uncivilized tribes inhabiting the north and east of Siberia and the coasts of the Icy Sea. They should not properly be considered as of one stock, but merely as a number of tribes, all belonging to Northern Asia, and displaying a certain general similarity in their mode of life and in their low social condition. The Samoiedes, whose original abode was the region of the upper Yenisei and the Sayansk Mountains, from an actual popular stock, composed of the Soiotes, in the mountains just named; the Ostiaks, (this name, it will be remembered, properly belongs to a Finnish people,) of Naryna and Tomsk; the Samoiedes proper; and others. The Samoiedes, so termed by the Russians, bear various special appellations among themselves, and live in two separate groups,-one on the coasts of the Icy Sea from the Yenisei to the White Sea; the other, from the Upper Yenisei southward to the Chinese Empire. The Yeniseans or Ostiaks of the Yenisei are another Siberian group, dwelling about the Yenisei between the two Samoiede groups. The Koriaks, in North Kamtschatka, form, with some other tribes there, a distinct group, who are perhaps allied to the polar tribes of America. The Yakaghiri are between the rivers Jana and Covima, on the shores of the Icy Sea. The Kamtschadales, or, as they term themselves, Itelmans, are in the peninsula of the same name; the Kurilians or Ainos, on the Kurilian Islands, Tarakai, and the Japanese island of Jesso.

(V.) Siberian-American.

To the Polar people, to which the foregoing group belongs, may be added some others, partly in the extreme north-east of Siberia, partly in America, who are of the Mongolian race, and who, though their affinities are not yet definitely ascertained, may be included under the name of Siberian-American nations. Among them are the Esquimaux in North America, the Tchugatschi in Russian America, the Aleutians on the islands of that name, and the Tchutchi in the north-eastern extremity of Siberia.

(VI.) Indo-Chinese.

The Farther-Indian, or Indo-Chinese nations, form a group related by language and physical characters, whose numbers are estimated at from twenty-two to twenty-three millions. But many of them are hardly known to us, and the languages of some of them are known to be very different from those of the rest. We have, however, reasons for believing that, with the exception of the Malays and Negritos, they belong to the Mongolian race, and are sure that this is the case with the following most important nations of them: The Anamese, who are the Tongkinese, and the Kio-katchin, or, as they are termed in Europe, the Cochin-Chinese. The Siamese, called Schans by the Birmans, comprise the Siamese proper, who style themselves Thay, or the Free, and the Laos, (Loi, Lowa, and Lolo,) who dwell in parts of Anam, Siam, Birmah, and South-eastern China, to whom also probably belong the Pei-i, or Loktai, and the Pa-pe, on the southern limits of China and Ava. In physical character, culture, and manners, the Kambojans, or Khomen, belong to the Siamese branch; but they speak a dialect of the Anamese. The Birmans, or Barmans, who style themselves Wranma, form a third branch that embraces the Arakanese, or Rukheng. A fourth branch is that of the Peguans, calling themselves Mon. Those tribes of Farther-India, almost or entirely unknown, whose position in the classification of the Indo-Chinese nations cannot be fixed, are the Kariang in Siam and Birmah; the Ka, or Panong, in Siam; the Tschong in its southern mountains, the Moi in the interior of CochinChina, the Kassi in Assam, and many others.

III. THE NEGRO RACE.

The Negro race, or, more correctly, the Native African race, has the least historical significance of all the races; for its members, with few exceptions, have displayed no mental development, and, consequently, have exerted no influence upon the current of events with the other nations of the earth. There is, however, a difference in this respect among the African negroes. In the countries lying southwest of the great African desert, the inhabitants were converted centuries since to Mohammedanism. They have made such advances in trades, commerce, and mental cultivation, that they are now broadly distinguished from the negroes farther south, who are still perfect savages. They have, meanwhile, remained for the most part a prey to the despotism that has always ruled among negro nations, and are far distant from the degree of civilization to which

some Asiatics of the same faith have raised themselves. Indeed, early in the middle ages some of the Mohammedan Asiatic nations were the most enlightened of the human race. From this point of view, the negro race is too unimportant to require a statement of its several nations. The following general observations will suffice: The Greeks and Romans named all the nations of Central Africa, Ethiopians; a term often applied in modern times to the whole native African race. But this word is not rightly so employed; for the ancients did not consider it synonymous with negroes, but extended it to the nations on the river Indus, applying it to all the inhabitants of the torrid south, though more particularly to the Central Africans. The case is quite similar with the word Moors, which originally denoted the Mauritanians, of what is now Barbary. It was transferred by the Europeans of the middle ages to those Arabians who settled in North Africa, and afterwards in Spain; then was applied to all Mohammedan heathen people of the south, till finally it was fixed upon the negroes.

The natives of Middle and Southern Africa are not all negroes. The main families are distinguished from each other by the hair, the colour of the skin, and other physcical characters, as follows: The Hottentots, in the southern extremity of Africa; the Caffres and Bechuans, directly north of them; and between these and the Sahara, the negro nations. But even of the latter, not all are strictly negroes; the Felahs, or Fellatahs, for example, who, by their complexion, which is bronze rather than black; by their speech, which is not related to any negro tongue, and by their mental characters, are decidedly distinguished from the surrounding negro people.

IV. THE AMERICAN RACE.

The American race being, so far as we know, from the earliest period of history up to the time of the discovery of its country, entirely disconnected from the rest of humanity, has had even less to do with the course of the great events of the world than the African. But notwithstanding its isolation, a degree of cultivation was developed among some of its members, which raises them far above the negro race; and in many quarters of the western hemisphere, vestiges appear in evidence that the predecessors of many now savage stocks occupied a much higher position than their degraded posterity. The foremost of those civilized Indians were the ancient Peruvians, and the Toltecas and Aztecs in Mexico. The American. race comprises an astonishingly large number of nations, a particular mention of which is forbidden by the nature of this synopsis. They

are allied by certain similarities; but we are not to understand by this, that definite physical attributes are common to all, but that, in spite of their variety, some general characters connect several stems together, which again have some general affinities to other like groups; and that such similarities are found between nations widely removed from each other.

V. THE MALAYAN RACE

Is another of those families of nations whose influence has been slight upon the general development of humanity; but it is not, like the Americans, separated by great distance from the rest of mankind, and, consequently, not withdrawn like them from the influence of others. Its habitation is, on its north-west side, not far from India, one of the oldest nurseries of civilization; and the early adoption of the Kavi (Karvis) as a sacred tongue in the island of Java, shows that the Malays then had early received a rich portion of the spiritual prosperity developed in India. A portion of the Malay nations have long enjoyed a degree of civilization and a distinct literature; and notwithstanding the barbarous character of many of them, have displayed an enterprising activity, especially in naval matters, that is widely removed from the persistent uniform stupidity of most of the negro nations.

The Malay race is divided into two main groups-the Malays, in the stricter sense of the word, and the Polynesians, or Oceanicans. The Malays inhabit the Peninsula of Malacca, the Philippine Isles, Java, Sumatra, and the other islands between the Philippines; NewHolland and the Straits of Malacca, and the island of Madagascar. They have been islanders from ancient times, for the only continental possession of the race, Malacca, was first colonized from the south-eastern Asiatic Archipelago. The Malays proper form the more civilized portion of the race. The second group, known in England as the Polynesians, or people of Oceanica, includes the inhabitants of all those islands scattered from the Philippine to the Sandwich islands, to New-Zealand and Easter-Island, excepting the blacks found on some of them. These many tribes, some of whom, like the Otaheitans and New-Zealanders, have become well known in Europe, were, previous to their acquaintance with Europeans, ignorant of writing, and consequently uncivilized; but they had an aptness to learn, an adroitness, and some cultivation in their religious and political life, which, notwithstanding many inhuman customs, set them above most of the negro, and many of the American nations.

The Haraforas, or Alforas, calling themselves Eudamens, in the

mountainous parts of the Moluccas, Borneo, Celebes, and some other islands, are of the Polynesian group. They are in a savage state, below others of the Malay stock. Their colour is a dark brown, approaching to black; their hair not woolly, their appearance the least favourable of any of this race.

Far different from the Malay nations are the Negritos, AustralNegroes, or Papuas, sometimes included with the Alforas, under the name of Melanesians, (black islanders.) This people received the name of Negritos, as if little negroes, from the Spaniards; that of Austral-Negroes from European scholars. Papuas, which, in the Malay tongue, signifies crisp-haired, is their title among the Malays. They inhabit the secluded parts of the Philippine and other islands, and of Malacca, where they are also styled Semang, and live in New-Guinea, New-Britain, New-Ireland, and some of the New Hebrides. This extremely degraded people are black and woolly-haired, but in respect of these and other characters, are very different from the African negroes. Their dialects are but slightly known; but are said to bear some analogy to the Malayan idioms. The New-Hollanders and the people of Van Diemen's Land, probably the lowest in the human scale, are kindred to the Papuas. The affinity between these and the Malayan, or any other human race, cannot as yet be explained.

ART. III. JOHN CALVIN.

1. The Life and Times of John Calvin, the great Reformer. Translated from the German of Paul Henry, D. D., Minister and Seminary Inspector in Berlin. By HENRY STEBBING, D. D., F. R. S. Two volumes, 8vo. London, 1849.

2. History of the Life, Works, and Doctrines of John Calvin, from the French of J. M. V. Audin, Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. Translated by JOHN M'GILL. 8vo. Baltimore.

3. The Life of John Calvin; compiled from authentic Sources, and particularly from his Correspondence. By THOMAS H. DYER. 8 vo. London, 1850.

UNTIL recently a complete biography of Calvin has not been written. Correct and detailed information relative to the life and the labours of the great French reformer was not within reach of the student; but in its stead sketches and partial memoirs, panegyrics and one-sided views, coloured by partisan feeling and sectarian prejudice.