cian freedom, were assembled. He received, at this place, from Alex. Ypsilanti, orders to repair to the Morea. April 16, O. S., he proceeded to Trieste, by way of Vienna and Laybach. At Laybach, he had two interviews with count Nesselrode, the Russian minister, who said, among other things, "It is the will of his majesty, that you do not go to Greece; but you may continue your travels." This made Alex. Cantacuzeno irresolute what to do; but, being informed, during his residence of four weeks in Venice, of the murder of the patriarch, and the breaking out of the Greek insurrection in the Morea, the idea that his absence might corroborate the suspicion that the revolution met with the disapprobation of Russia, induced him to sacrifice every thing to the cause of his country. He obtained from the Russian consul a passport to return to Odessa by water, and went to Greece without interruption. For this step, he was subsequently forbidden to return to Russia. 60 young Greeks, from the various universities, the French captain Balestras, and Demetrius Ypsilanti, who had been intrusted, by his brother Alexander, with the management of the insurrection in the Morea, embarked with him. June 19, they reached Hydra, where they were received with the greatest rejoicings. Alex. Cantacuzeno immediately undertook the charge of the department of war, organized a general administration of the islands, and formed a band of volunteers, whom Balestras commanded. But they were soon in want of arms and powder. June 20, Cantacuzeno and Demetrius Ypsilanti proceeded to the Peloponnesus, to Gerusia, in Vervena, a village near Tripolizza. Cantacuzeno immediately invested the fortress of Malvasia (Epidaurus), and reduced it by famine, July 21, 1821. He next deliberated with the Hydriots and Spezziots respecting the formation of a national senate, and was, in other respects, active in establishing order. He then proceeded to Tripolizza, and, at the head of the Albanian soldiers, took part in the siege of the place; refused, in the meanwhile, an offer of the Cretans, who wished to confer on him the command of their island; travelled through the provinces of Hellas, in order to establish elective assemblies, and undertook the charge of fortifying Missolonghi, though he had to contend with great obstacles, confusion and discord prevailing every. where. The management of Greek affairs having passed into other hands, he received, from the Greek senate, the com mission to convey to Petersburg the solicitations of the Greeks for succor from the Russian government; but, being unable to obtain a passport for this purpose, he remained in Dresden. His brother George, under the command of Ypsilanti, was engaged in the unsuccessful struggle in Moldavia and Walachia, and published a memorial on the subject at Kischenaw, Oct. 28, containing, likewise, a vindication of his conduct. Both of the brothers have been erroneously estimated by many. Even Pouqueville, in his Hist. de la Régénération de la Grèce (Paris, 1824, 4 vols.), has represented the two Cantacuzenos as one person, and given an incorrect view of their character. (See Ypsilanti.) CANTACUZENUS, John, a Byzantine emperor and historian, was born in 1295. While minister of Andronicus III, he negotiated a favorable peace with the Genoese in 1336, and repelled the encroachments of the Turks in 1337. On the death of Andronicus in 1341, C. became regent during the minority of the young emperor, John Palæologus. He defeated the Bulgarians and Turks, assumed the diadem, and entered Constantinople, victorious over his rivals, in 1346. He used his power with moderation, and endeavored to heal the wounds which five years of civil war had inflicted on the state; but religious disputes, civil dissensions and foreign enemies soon disturbed his government; and the jealousy of Paleologus, the rebellion of his own son, war, plague, the frightful disorders which prevailed in the empire, and his own loss of popular favor, induced him to renounce the crown. He retired to a monastery (1355), where he employed himself in literary labors. He is considered one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. His Four Books of Byzantine History were printed in 1645 (Paris, 3 vols., folio), and belong to the collection of the Byzantine historians. His other works, principally theological, are partly printed, and partly in manuscript. CANTAL; a chain of mountains in Upper Auvergne, France, the highest peak of which, called le plomb de Cantal, is said to be nearly 6000 feet above the level of the sea. They give name to a department. (See Department.) CANTATA; an elegant and passionate species of vocal composition, consisting of an intermixture of air and recitative. It was invented by Barbara Strozzi, a Venetian lady, who flourished about the middle of the 17th century, and was at one time extended to such length as to form a little opera, but has since been cultivated in Italy, Germany and England only as chamber music. CANTEEN (from the French cantine, Spanish cantina) signifies both a bottlecase and a tavern for soldiers.-In military language, it denotes a little coffer divided into minute partitions for holding an officer's eating utensils; likewise, a semi-cylindric tin case, carried over a soldier's knapsack, to hold his cooked victuals in; also a vessel to hold the ration of spirits or wine served out to the English troops when employed abroad. -Canteen, moreover, signifies a public house, licensed in English barracks or forts, to sell liquors and tobacco to the soldiers. CANTEMIR, Demetrius, was born in Moldavia, in 1673. At the age of 15, he was sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he remained 4 years. He served his first campaign in 1692, under his father, upon whose death, in the succeeding year, he was chosen prince of Moldavia, at the age of 20. This choice was not confirmed by the Porte, and he was ordered to reside at Constantinople, where his abilities soon gained him the favor of the government; and he was twice nominated hospodar of Moravia. He successfully used his influence to transfer that dignity to his brother. He was appointed the third time, in 1710, with the promise of the annexation of Walachia, and exemption from tribute. Notwithstanding this promise, as soon as he was invested with his office, he was called upon for the amount usually paid on such occasions. He entered, therefore, into a treaty with the czar Peter, by the terms of which the principality was to be hereditary in the family of C., under the protection of the czar, whom Cantemir was to assist in his war with Turkey. The czar, however, being abandoned by the Poles and betrayed by the Moldavians, was obliged to retire, and C. took refuge in his dominions, with the rank of prince of the Russian empire. He died at Astracan, in 1723. C. spoke 8 languages, and understood the ancient Greek, French and Sclavonian. He was a member of the academy of Berlin. His principal work is called History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire (in Latin). It has been translated into English (London, 1734, 2 vols., folio), French and German. He is the author, likewise, of the Present State of Moldavia (in Latin), and the System of the Mohammedan Religion, which have both been published. His other works are in MS. CANTERBURY (ancient Darvenum, Du rovernum, Dorobernia, and Cantwara-byrg city, Eng., capital of Kent; 56 E. Losdon; lon. 0° 55′ E.; lat. 51° 17′ N.; pop. 10,498; houses, 2,093. It is the see of an archbishop, primate of all England, siteated in a valley, between gently-rising hills, on the river Stour; founded before the Christian era. It is a county of itself, and the magistrates have authority to determine all law-suits between the citizens, and to try for capital crimes committed within the city. There are two markes weekly, on Wednesday and Saturday. It contains a cathedral, and 12 parish churches within the walls, and 3 in the suburbs. The cathedral is spacious and magnificent, built in the form of a double cross, 514 feet long; the height of the great tower is 235 feet. The Jews have a synagogue here; Methodists, Baptists, Pres byterians and Quakers have each a place of public worship. It sends 2 members to parliament. The principal manufactures are cotton and silk. It is famous for its brawn. The country round it produces a great quantity of hops. I former times, this place was distinguished for the festivals celebrated here in memory of St. Thomas à Becket, who was murdered here. (See Becket.) CANTHARIDES, or Spanish fly (in medicine); the name of a kind of fly, the cantharis vesicatoria, Geoffray; meloë vesicatoria, Lin.; lytta vesicatoria, Fab.: belonging to the family of the trachelides. They are very common in Spain, Italy and France, where they are found in large families on the ash, lilac, viburnum, &c. Their body is from 6 to 10 lines long; the feelers are black, setaceous, composed of 12 articulations; the elytra long, flexible, of a shining, golden green, and the tarses of a deep brown. Their odor is strong, penetrating, peculiar and unpleasant; their taste extremely acrid; their powder is of a brownish gray, intermixed with shining particles of a metale green color. According to Robiquet. they contain, with several other ingredi ents, a peculiar substance, called cantharidin. (q. v.) These insects are, of all the vesicating substances, those which are most commonly used. Their action principally confined to the skin; however, their active principles may be absorbed, and cause serious accidents. The application of a blister is often followed by strangury, hæmaturia, priapism, &e. Taken internally, they act as the most energetic acrid poison; they produce irrita tion on the intestines, and especially affect the genito-urinary organs, which they stimulate violently. In certain disorders, they are administered in small doses, as powerful stimulants. The medicine is of a very dangerous character, and its use requires the greatest caution on the part of the physician. Several species of blistering fly are found in the U. States, some of which are more powerful than the Spanish fly. CANTHARIDIN, the vesicating principle of the cantharides, or Spanish fly, is white, in small, crystalline scales, insoluble in water and cold alcohol, soluble in ether, boiling oils and alcohol, from which it precipitates by cooling. The vesicating properties could be extracted from cantharides by oil of turpentine, and probably a satisfactory ointment be prepared by merely evaporating the oil of turpentine at a moderate temperature. (See Cantharides.) CANTICLES. (See Solomon, Song of.) CANTIUM; an ancient territory in South Britain, whence the English word Kent is derived, supposed to have been the first district which received a colony from the continent. The situation of Cantium occasioned its being much frequented by the Romans, who generally took their way through it in their marches to and from the continent. Few places in Britain are more frequently mentioned by the Roman writers than Portus Rutupensis. Portus Dubris (now Dover), Durobrivæ and Durovernum (now Rochester and Canterbury) were also Roman towns and stations. Cantium, in the most perfect state of the Roman government, made a part of the province called Flavia Casariensis. (See Kent.) CANTO FERMO; the name given to the ancient chants of the Roman Catholic church, which were adopted as standing melodies. These chants, until counterpoint was discovered, were unaccompanied, or only harmonized with octaves. CANTO FIGURATO. This term was applied, by the old Christian ecclesiastics, to the canto fermo in its more cultivated state, when harmony began to assume modulation. CANTON, principal city of the Chinese province of the same name, otherwise called Quang-tong, or Koanton, is situated in 23° 30 N. lat., and 113° 2′ 45′′ E. lon., on the banks of the river Taho, which is here very wide. This city, distinguished for size, wealth, and a numerous population, is the only seaport in China open to the ships of Europe and America. The estimate of missionaries, that it contains The 1,000,000 of inhabitants, is exaggerated. The number is probably nearer 750,000. The circuit of the walls, which are of a moderate height, is over 9 miles. Only about a third part, however, of the space enclosed is covered with buildings; the rest is occupied with pleasure-gardens and fish-ponds. The neighboring country is very charming, hilly towards the east, and presenting, in that quarter, a beautiful prospect. The houses are mostly of one story; but those of the mandarins and principal merchants are high and well built. In every quarter of the town and the suburbs are seen temples and pagodas, containing the images of Chinese gods. The populous streets are long and narrow, paved with flat stones, and adornedat intervals with triumphal arches. Shops line the sides, and an unbroken range of piazza protects the occupants of the houses, as well as foot-passengers, from the rays of the sun. At night, the gates are closed, and bars are thrown across the entrances of the streets. The traders express themselves with sufficient fluency in the languages of their European and American customers, with whom they deal almost exclusively, selling them porcelain, lackered wares, &c. Americans trade here to a greater extent than any other nation: next to them come the English. The greatest part of the silver, which is carried from America to Europe, eventually circulates through China, by means of the ports of Canton and Batavia, to which large supplies of the productions of the empire are transmitted. The principal articles of export are tea, India ink, varnish, porcelain, rhubarb, silk and nankeen. A company, consisting of 12 or 13 merchants, called the Cohong, is established here, by order of the government, for the purpose of purchasing the cargoes of foreign ships, and supplying them with return cargoes of tea, raw silk, &c. This society interferes, undoubtedly, with private trade, but adds greatly to the security of the foreign dealer, as each member is answerable for all the rest. Carriages are not used here, but all burdens are transported on bamboo poles laid across the shoulders of men." All the inhabitants of distinction make use of litters. Chinese women are never seen in the streets, and Tartar women but seldom. The European factories, to wit, the Dutch, French, Swedish, Danish and English, are situated on a very commodious quay, on the bank of the river. Nearly a league from Canton is the Boat-town, which consists of about Year. 40,000 barks, of various kinds, arranged his ravages in the south of England. The close to each other in regular rows, with valiant Edmund marched against him passages between them, to allow other with an army, and, although he was sevevessels to pass. In this manner they ral times overcome, through the treachery form a kind of floating city, the inhabit- of Edric, his brother-in-law, he still mainants of which have no other dwellings, tained himself against Canute, so that the and are prohibited by law from settling English and Danish nobles, weary of the on shore. As this is the only emporium long-continued contest, sought to bring in the empire for foreign commerce, which about a division of England between the is carried on not only by Europeans and two princes. A solemn treaty secured to Americans, but also to a great extent by Canute the north of England, and to Edthe Chinese themselves, with almost all mund the south. But only a month after the ports of India and the eastern Archi- this contract, Edmund was assassinated pelago, the number of vessels frequently by two chamberlains, hired by Edric; and seen in the river, at once, is said to exceed Canute became master of all England. 5000. An American paper, issued twice At a general assembly of the states, he ina month, called the Canton Register, has duced false witnesses to affirm that Edlately been established at Canton. The mund had appointed him heir to his following table gives the amount of im- crown, to the prejudice of his two minor ports from Canton into the ports of the children. After the assembly had conU. States, also the exports of domestic firmed this settlement, Canute sent the and foreign goods from the U. States to two young princes to the king of Sweden, Canton, from 1821 to 1827. with the request that he would put them Imports. Dom. Exp. For. Exp. to Hungary, where they met with the to death. The latter, however, sent them 1821 $3,111,951 $388,535 $3,902,025 kindest reception. Canute, who had be 1822 5,242,536 429,230 5,506,138 gun his reign with barbarity and crime, 1823 6,511,425 288,375 4,347,686 afterwards became humane, and finally 1824 5,618,502 330,466 4,970,705 pious, and even superstitious. He com1825 7,573,115 160,059 5,410,456 menced a more equitable administration, 1826 7,422,186 . 242,451 2,324,193 by punishing the English natives, who 1827 3,617,183 290,862 3,573,543 had betrayed their king, and by causing The climate of Canton is healthy, warm Edric to be hanged, and thrown into the in summer, but pretty cold in winter. Thames. He restored the Saxon customs Provisions, including various luxuries, are at a general assembly, and ensured to the abundant. Danes and Englishmen equal rights and equal protection of person and property, so that the horror which had been excited by his tyranny was changed into respect and gratitude. His power was confirmed by his marriage with Emma, Ethelred's widow. He now made two expeditions to the continent, one to conquer Sweden, and the other to reduce Norway. But the most powerful prince of his age was at length brought to feel the vanity of earthly greatness. He erected churches and monasteries, and even performed a pilgrimage to Rome, where he obtained important privileges for the schools of England. It was this spirit of piety that animated him, when, to confound his fiatterers, he seated himself upon the strand, and commanded the waves to retire. As they advanced, and bathed his feet, Conute arose, and said, that He only was almighty, whom the ocean obeyed when he proclaimed, "Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther." His last expedition was against Malcolm, king of Scotland. He died four years after, A. D. 1036, at Shaftsbury. By his will, he left Norway CANUTE I, king of England and Denmark, ascended the throne of both kingdoms A. D. 1015. He was called the Great, on account of his power, as Alfred had been for his virtue. The barbarities committed by the Danes in England excited Ethelred II, the 12th king of Saxon descent, to a bloody vengeance. In 1002, he caused all the Danes, women and children, to be massacred on the same day. The sister of Sweyn, then king of Denmark, he caused to be beheaded in his presence. Sweyn landed in England, and laid waste the country with fire and sword. Ethelred had escaped to Normandy. Sweyn died 1014, before he had time to confirm the Danish power in the island. This was accomplished, however, by his son and successor, Canute. He began his reign by devastating all the eastern coast of his new kingdom, and causing the English, who were given to his father as hostages, after he had cut off their noses and hands, to be drowned at Sandwich. He then received reinforcements from Denmark, and extended to his eldest son, Sweyn; to the second, Harold, England; to the third, Hardicanute, Denmark. CANZONA; a kind of lyric poem, of Provençal origin. It is found in the Italian poetry of the 13th century. At first, it was quite irregular, but was confined by Petrarch to more fixed and regular forms. Hence it is called canzone Petrarchesca: it is also called canzone Toscana, because it originated in Tuscany. It is divided into several stanzas, in which the nature and disposition of the verses, which are of 11 and 7 syllables, and the place of the rhymes, are uniform. The canzona usually concludes with a stanza which is shorter than the others, and is called ripresa, congedo, comiato (signifying dismission or taking leave). With Petrarch, this is rarely wanting; in the elder poets, it is often omitted. It generally contains the poet's apostrophe to his song, bidding it farewell, &c. There are different kinds of canzonas, and different names are given to the different parts. The canzona Anacreontica is divided into small stanzas, consisting of short verses, with a regular disposition of the rhymes through all the stanzas. In the selection of his verse, however, and of the disposition of the rhymes which he will observe in the poem, the poet may follow his pleasure. Not only light, pleasing songs of love, gayety and mirth, but poems on solemn and lofty subjects, and of an elevated dithyrambic strain, are included under this name. The latter subjects, however, are better adapted to the canzona Pindarica, which was first introduced into Italian poetry, in the 16th century, by Luigi Alamanni, and owes its perfection chiefly to Chiabrera. It is distinguished from that of Petrarch by a bolder flight, loftier ideas, greater freedom in the choice and disposition of the verses, and by the form of the stanzas, which is borrowed from the Greek chorus. The Pindaric canzonas are divided into strophe, antistrophe and epode, and are also called canzoni alla Greca. Those divisions are sometimes called ballata, contraballata and stanza; or volta, rivolta and stanza; almost all of which signify the same as the Greek divisions: the Greek names are the most common. There is also the canzona a ballo, an old Italian poem, originally intended to be sung at a dance (ballo). It is called, also, ballata. It is not employed by the Italian poets later than the 16th century. CANZONET, CANZONETTA (poetry and music); in Italian poetry, a canzona (q. v.), consisting of short verses, much in use Ri with the poets of the 15th century. nuccini, and, after him, Chiabrera, have used it in modern times, and given it more grace. Canzonets are generally expressive of tender feelings. In music, canzonet signifies a short song, in one, two or three parts; but, in England, it is more generally applied to the two latter. CAOUTCHOUC. This substance, improperly termed elastic gum, and more commonly, from its application to remove pencil-marks from paper, India rubber, is obtained from the milky juice of several plants, which are natives of the torrid zone. The chief of these are the hævea Guianensis, the jatropha elastica, and urceola elastica. Caoutchouc is brought principally from South America. This juice, obtained from incisions, is applied, in successive layers, over a mould of clay, and dried by exposure to the sun, and to the smoke from burning fuel. When perfectly dry, the mould is broken, leaving the caoutchouc in the form of a hollow ball. In its solid state, caoutchouc is of a close texture, distinctly fibrous, of a light-brown color, or sometimes nearly white. Its elasticity is such that it can be stretched to a great extent; and, on removing the stretching force, it recovers its original dimensions. Its softness and pliancy are increased by heat. Boiling water renders it so soft, that two slips, newly cut and pressed closely together, may be firmly united. By a greater heat, it is fused, and may, in that state, be applied, as proposed by Mr. Aitkin, to the surface of steel instruments, which it will cover with a transparent film, that effectually preserves them from rust. It is insoluble in alcohol and in water. Sulphuric ether, when purified by washing in water, dissolves it; and, by evaporation, the caoutchouc may be recovered unchanged. Oil of turpentine softens it, and forms with it a sort of paste, that may be spread as a varnish, but is very long in drying. The fluid now commonly used to dissolve it is the purified naphtha from coal tar, which is, at the same time, a cheap and effectual solvent, and which does not change its properties. This solution is employed to give a thin covering of caoutchouc to cloth, which is thus rendered impervious to moisture. Caoutchouc is also readily soluble in cajeput oil.-Caoutchouc, from its softness, elasticity, and impermeability to water, is applied to the formation of catheters, bougies, and tubes for conveying gases. These are formed by twisting a slip of it round a rod, and causing the edges to adhere by pressure, when softened by maceration in |