of Africa, and especially of the coasts of Congo and Angola. In the proportions of its members, and form of the head, it most closely resembles the human kind. It is a very amusing, though, at the same time, an unproductive employment, to read the monstrous exaggerations and ridiculous fâbles, which have been written of this animal by various learned authors. As they are always obtained when very young, they are trained to the performance of actions, which their exhibitors afterwards are careful to say have been acquired by voluntary imitation. It is, however, only after long and painful discipline that this education is effected; and, this once terminated, they advance no farther. They never exhibit as much sagacity as is shown by a good dog, nor are they capable of an equal degree of improvement. As they advance in life, they become untractable and savage, and, if Cuvier's opinion be confirmed, that the pongo of Africa is this orang-otang in a state of maturity, they become, with age, the most terrible and indomitable of their whole race. Lascivious, filthy, gluttonous and ferocious, they offer to man a perfect picture of what he would be, were he, like them, destitute of the divine faculty of reason, which controls the brute impulses of his organization. In their native haunts, these animals manifest differences sufficiently striking, in their habits and modes of life, to render them interesting objects of contemplation. Some of the species are remarkable for great activity; others are sluggish, indolent and inert. The females manifest an ardent attachment to their offspring, and make vigorous efforts to save them from injury. All show various degrees of that restless mobility, which indicates how much they are under the exclusive influence of sensation, without appearing to form conclusions from their repeated experience. An ape, in captivity, on seeing his image in a mirror, will look behind it to discover the animal reflected; and will as eagerly perform this action after the thousandth repetition as the first.-Our limits will not permit us to enter more particularly into this subject; but the curious reader will find in the works of F. Cuvier details sufficiently ample to satisfy the most inquisitive spirit.

A-PEAK (à pique, Fr.); perpendicular to the anchor. A ship is said to be in this situation, when the cable is drawn so tight into the bow as to bring her directly over the anchor, so that the cable bears right down from the ship's stem.

APELLES, the most famous of the ancient portrait-painters, was the son of Pythias; probably born at Colophon. At Ephesus, he received the rights of citizenship, and therefore is called, sometimes, the Ephesian. Ephorus of Ephesus was his first teacher, but, attracted by the renown of the Sicyonian school, which distinguished itself by exact study, he became the disciple of Pamphilus, in Sicyon, though already himself an artist of reputation. Here he executed, with some other pupils of the same master, different paintings, which, for a long time, enjoyed great fame. In the time of Philip, A. went to Macedonia, and there, probably, the friendship and familiar intercourse between him and the king were established, which have given origin to so many anecdotes. But many of these may relate to a meeting with Alexander in Ephesus, where A. had gone, after a short stay at Rhodes, Cos and Alexandria. While staying at Rhodes, being in the study of Protogenes, during the absence of the latter, he drew a sketch, in which Protogenes, on his return, recognised the masterly stroke of A., and undertook to excel him. A. returned, and drew a third sketch, superior to both, so that the Rhodian painter declared himself conquered. The table containing the figures was afterwards brought to Rome, and ornamented the palace of the Caesars, till destroyed in a conflagration. The most celebrated painting of this artist-Alexander holding the lightning, from which the chief light of the picture proceeds-stood in the temple of Ephesus. By a happy application of perspective and chiaro-oscuro, the hand with the lightning seemed to project from the picture.-The talent and renown of A. were at their height in the 112th Olympiad. Yet, after the death of Alexander, he several times painted king Antiochus. This must have happened in the 118th Olympiad. Death seems to have surprised the artist in Cos, where an unfinished Venus was shown as his work, which nobody dared to complete. But the story that A., at the court of Ptolemy, at Alexandria, was accused, by the painter Antiphilus, of being engaged in a conspiracy, and that, his innocence being proved, he took revenge on the king and his rival, by a picture of Calumny, must refer to another artist of the same name. Tölken, professor at the university of Berlin, in his lecture, Apelles and Antiphilus, in vol. iii. of Amalthea, has proved that this Apelles lived between the

Olympiads 139 and 144, consequently 100 years later than the contemporary of Alexander. The greatest merit of A. was inimitable grace; his works were full of life, grace and poetry, and his art, therefore, was justly called ars Apellea.-According to Pliny, A. generally painted with four colors only, which he made to harmonize by means of the varnish, which he himself had invented.

APENNINES, or APPENNINES; a chain of mountains beginning near the Maritime Alps, not far from Genoa, there forming the pass of Bocchetta, extending through all Italy to the shores of Otranto and the straits of Sicily, and dividing it into two nearly equal parts, eastern and western. The Apennines are covered to the top with trees, particularly chestnut-trees, the fruit of which, in some countries, is the principal food of the inhabitants. Lower than the Alps, the Apennines present only a few elevated summits; e. g., the Gran Sasso, at Aquila, in the province of Abruzzo, 8255 feet high, and the Velino, 7872 feet high. The Apennines are covered with snow in winter, which sometimes melts late, and, congealing, forms ice, indispensable in a warm climate like Italy. In the Apennines are some large valleys, a few lakes and rivers, and many marshes at the foot of the hills. The internal construction of the chain shows great uniformity, the prevailing mineral, a thick, white limestone, being found in the same position in many places. The northern part deviates from this formation where it unites with the Alps, as well as the extreme south: both exhibit a great variety of elder formations. The lower elevations between the plain and the central chain display considerable diversity of construction. Primitive formations are wanting entirely in the next range of heights. In the highest of all, they are not abundant. Yet in the southern part, granite, gneiss and mica-slate are considerably diffused. The transition rocks, however, are widely spread, and abundant in various parts of the chain; e. g., gray wacke, clay-slate, limestone (e. g., the Carrara marble) and gabbro. Very widely diffused, also, is the compact floetz limestone, known under the name of Apennine limestone, which probably belongs to the limestone formation of the Jura. These mountains also are rich in recent formations, and in the volcanic tufa, which is an aggregate of volcanic substances transported and deposited by water. Proper volcanic and trapp formations, as they are called, are for

eign to the principal chain of the Apennines. These are confined to the southeastern part of Italy. Only Vesuvius, the extinct volcanoes of Nemi and Albano, and the lava stream of Borghetto, approach the borders of the chain.

APHELION (Greek, ano, from, and os, the sun); that part of the orbit of the earth, or any other planet, in which it is at the point remotest from the sun. This also applies to a satellite; for the moon has her aphelion as well as the planets.

APHRODITE; the goddess of love among the Grecks; synonymous with Aphrogeneia, that is, born of the foam of the sea.Aphrodisia; a festival sacred to Venus, which was celebrated in various parts of Greece, but with the greatest solemnity in the island of Cyprus. (See Venus.)

APICIUS, M. Gabius; an epicure in the time of Augustus and Tiberius. He had the most delicate table in Rome, proved his genius for cookery by the invention of new dishes, and at last, when he had exhausted his vast fortune, he poisoned himself, that he might not die with hunger.-There were two other notorious epicures of the same name at Rome. The book of cookery, however, De Arte Coquinaria, published under the name of Apicius, was written by one Cælius, who assumed the proverbial nickname Apicius. The latest edition was by Bernhold, Anspach, 1806.

APIS; a bull, to which divine honors were paid by the Egyptians, chiefly at Memphis. According to the belief of the people, a cow became pregnant of him by a beam of light from heaven, coming particularly from the moon. It was necessary that he should be black, with a triangle of white on the forehead, a white spot, in the form of a crescent, on the right side, and a sort of knot, like a beetle, under his tongue. When a bull of this description was found, he was fed 4 months in a building facing the east. At the new moon, he was led to a splendid ship, with great solemnity, and conveyed to Heliopolis, where he was fed 40 days more by priests and women, who performed before him various indecent ceremonies. After this, no one was suffered to approach him. From Heliopolis the priests carried him to Memphis, where he had a temple, two chapels to dwell in, and a large court for exercise. He had the gift of prophecy, which he imparted to the children about him. The omen is good or bad, according as he goes into one chapel or the other. His birth-day was celebrated every year; when the Nile

began to rise, the festival continued for 7 days; a golden shell was thrown into the Nile, and the crocodile was always tame as long as the feast continued. Notwithstanding all this veneration, the bull was not suffered to live beyond 25 years; the reason of which is probably to be found in the astronomical theology of the Egyptians. He was buried in a fountain. Belzoni thought he had discovered a tomb of Apis in one of the stone sepulchres among the mountains of Upper Egypt, which enclose the valley of tombs, or the gates of the kings. In the same place, he found a colossal sarcophagus of alabaster, transparent and sonorous (now in the British museum), ornamented within and without by carved hieroglyphics and figures. In the interior of the apartment was found the body of a bull, embalmed with asphaltum. The death of Apis excited universal mourning, which continued till the priests had found a successor to him. As it was extremely difficult to find one with all the above distinctions, fraud was often practised by the priests.

APOCALYPSE (Greek; from ȧnoкaλúпт, I reveal); the name of the last book of the New Testament, containing an account of the visions of St. John the evangelist. It is generally, at least, believed, that the Apocalypse was written by John, in his old age, at the end of the 1st century, in the isle of Patmos, whither he had been banished by the Roman emperor Domitian. Though the book was commonly regarded as genuine in the first centuries of Christianity, critics have not been wanting, who have doubted the evidence of its being the work of St. John. Its genuineness seems to have been first questioned in the 3d century, and, whether it be genuine or not, it still remains a question, whether it is the work of divine inspiration. However this may be, so much is certain, that the Apocalypse, on account of its metaphorical language, has been explained differently by almost every writer who has ventured to interpret it; and, for the same reason, it is one of those parts of the Bible which has furnished all sorts of sects and fanatics with quotations to support their creeds or pretensions. Even at the present time, people who have no clear and simple views of religion, but make it a mere matter of feeling and passion, refer more to this mysterious book, and to some parts of the Old Testament, than to the Gospels, and the other comparatively intelligible portions of the Scriptures. In the meta

phors and symbolical expressions with which the Apocalypse abounds, the author seems to have had in view the then existing state of the church of Christ, and its future prospects. He speaks of his vision as of a matter of fact, with a confidence resembling that of Dante; but though the language is often bold and poetical, yet it is evident that the mind of the author had been formed among Jews, whose history shows them to have been always deficient in sensibility for the beautiful. The Apocalypse contains 22 chapters, which may be divided into two principal parts. The first, after the title of the book (ch. i. 1—3.), comprises "the things which are," that is, the then present state of the Christian church, including the epistolary instructions and admonitions to the angels or bishops of the 7 churches of Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis and Laodicea, situated in Asia Minor. The second part comprehends a prediction of "the things which shall be hereafter," referring either to the future state of the church through succeeding ages, from the time when the apostle beheld the apocalyptic visions, to the grand consummation of all things, or the state of the souls of men after the great resurrection of the dead. The millennium, which is spoken of in the Apocalypse, has, at different times, seduced people into the strangest expectations respecting the end of the world, particularly in the earlier times of Christianity; nay, the expectation of a speedy destruction of the world appears to have been an idea of the apostles themselves, based on a misinterpretation of the assurance of Christ, that he would soon return, connected with the idea, that the only object of his return must be to judge the living and the dead.

APOCRYPHAL (Greek; concealed); an epithet generally applied to certain books not admitted into the canon of the Old Testament; being either spurious, or not acknowledged as of divine origin. They are opposed to the canonical writings, i. e. those which are considered as affording rules of faith and conduct, because a divine origin is attributed to them. Besides the apocryphal books of the Old Testament, which usually stand after the canonical books in our editions, there are numerous spurious books, composed in the early days of Christianity, and published under the names of Jesus Christ and his apostles, their companions, &c. These bear the names of Acts, Epistles, Revelations, &c. They are entirely destitute of

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evidence to justify their admission into the sacred canon, and, on this account, are omitted entirely. They may be found in the Cod. Apocryph. by Fabricius, (Hamburg, 1719, 2 vols.) There are also several books of the New Testament, in the common editions, which, though generally regarded as canonical, are by some deemed apocryphal ; e. g., the Revelation of St. John. (See Apocalypse.)

APOGEE (Greek; from an, from, and yñ, the earth); that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which is at the greatest distance possible from the earth. The point of greatest nearness is called the perigee. The ancient astronomers, regarding the earth as the centre of the system, paid particular attention to these points, which the moderns, making the sun the centre, change for the aphelion and perihelion.

APOLLINARIANS, in ecclesiastical history; a sect which maintained the doctrine that the Logos (the Word of God) holds in Christ the place of the rational soul, and consequently that God was united in him with the human body and the sensitive soul. Apollinaris, the author of this opinion, was, from A. D. 362 till at least A. D. 382, bishop of Laodicea, in Syria, and a zealous opposer of the Arians. As a man and a scholar, he was highly esteemed, and was among the most popular authors of his time. According to the old historians of the church, when the emperor Julian forbade Christians the use of schools and the study of the Greek classics, Apollinaris, with his father, of the same name, a teacher of languages, and a presbyter, composed imitations of them, for the use of the Christians; for instance, heroic poems and tragedies, from the historical matter of the Old Testament, and dialogues in imitation of Plato's, from portions of the New. None of these works are now extant. His doctrine above-mentioned was first made known A. D. 371, and has been condemned as heretical, since A. D. 375, by various councils; among others, by the œcumenical council at Constantinople, A. D. 381. Apollinaris, however, formed a congregation of his adherents at Antioch, and made Vitalis their bishop. The Apollinarians, or Vitalians, as the followers of Apollinaris and Vitalis were called, soon spread their sentiments in Syria and the neighboring countries, established several societies, with their own bishops, and one even in Constantinople; but, after the death of their leader, between A. D. 382 and A. D. 392, they

separated into two parties-one, the Valentinians, who adhered to the doctrine of Apollinaris; the other, the Polemians, who assert that God and the body of Christ became one substance, and who, consequently, pay divine honors to the flesh; for which reason they were called Sarcolatra, Anthropolatræ, and, because they admit the union of both natures in Christ, Synusians. Imperial edicts, A. D. 388 and 397, forbade them to hold religious assemblies; and, A. D. 428, they were wholly forbidden to have ecclesiastics, or to dwell in cities. This sect, never numerous, now disappeared, being partly included among the orthodox, and partly, afterwards, among the Monophysites. The doctrine of transubstantiation, and divine honor to the consecrated host, arises from the same view, which the Catholics deemed a crime in the Polemians.

APOLLO; Son of Jupiter and Latona, who, being persecuted by the jealousy of Juno, after tedious wanderings and nine days' labor, was delivered of him and his twin sister, Artemis (Diana), on the island of Delos. (q. v.) A. appears in mythology as the god of poetry, music and prophecy, the patron of physicians, shepherds and the founders of cities. Skilled in the use of the bow, he slew the serpent Python on the fifth day after his birth; afterwards, with his sister Diana, he killed the children of Niobe, &c. He aided Jupiter in the war with the Titans and the giants. He destroyed the Cyclops, because they forged the thunderbolts with which Jupiter killed his son and favorite Esculapius. All of the male sex who were snatched from the world by a sudden and easy death, without previous sickness, were supposed to be smitten by the arrows of A. In the oldest poems, A. is exhibited as the god of song. In the festivals of the gods on Olympus, and those of men in which they took part, he plays and sings, while the Muses dance around him. He invented the harp or lyre. Marsyas, who ventured to contend with him on the flute, was conquered and flayed alive by the god. A. had another contest with Pan, in which the former played on the lyre, the latter on the pipe. Tmolus had already decided in favor of A., when Midas opposed the sentence, and was decorated with a pair of ass's ears for his insolence. That A. had the gift of prophecy, appears from the Iliad, where he is said to have bestowed it upon Calchas; and, in the Odyssey, mention is made of an oracular response, delivered

by him in Delphi. (q. v.) The oracle of A. at this place became very famous. He also revealed future events at Didyma, Claros, Tenedos and Patara. As medical advice was sought chiefly from oracles and soothsayers, A., in later times, came to be regarded as the god of physic. He was called the father of Esculapius, and poets feigned that he taught the Asclepiades the art of healing. Fables about the pastoral life of A. were not unknown in Homer's time, and Callimachus mentions him among the gods of shepherds. He is reported to have taken charge, for a long time, of the herds of Admetus, according to some authorities, voluntarily, according to others, compelled by Jupiter, on account of the murder of the Cyclops, or the serpent Python. As a builder of cities, the founding of Cyzicum, Cyrene and Naxos in Sicily, is ascribed to him. Homer relates that he built the walls of Troy together with Neptune, and afflicted the city afterwards with a pestilence, because Laomedon defrauded him of his pay. According to Pausanias, he assisted in building the walls of Megara; at which time he laid down his lute upon a stone, which ever after sent forth the music of the lute, as often as it was touched. According to the descriptions of poets, and the representations of sculptors, A. with Mars, Mercury and Bacchus, belongs to the beardless gods, in whom the dawnings of early manhood appear. His attributes are a bow, a quiver and plectrum, a serpent, a shepherd's crook, a griffin and a swan, a tripod, a laurel, an olive-tree, &c. Mythology relates many of his amours. (See Daphne.) In later times, he was confounded with Helios, among the Romans, Sol, the sun. Besides many temples, the island Delos, the city Delphi, mount Helicon, Leucadia and Parnassus were sacred to him.-The Apollinaria were games, celebrated in honor of him at Rome, which consisted of bull-fights, theatrical shows, and athletic exercises. He is often called Phobus, both by Greeks and Romans. Among the ancient statues of A. that have come down to us, the most remarkable, and, in the judgment of the learned and acute Winckelmann, the best and most perfect that art has produced, is the one called the Apollo Belvidere, from the pavilion of Belvidere in the Vatican, at Rome; also called the Pythian Apollo, because it is supposed that the artist has represented the god as the conqueror of the serpent Python. This statue was found in the ruins of Antium, at the end

of the 15th century. On the peace of Tolentino, 1797, it was carried to Paris, with other treasures of art, whence it was restored to Rome, 1815.

APOLLODORUS; son of Asclepiades; an Athenian grammarian, who flourished about 140 B. C.; studied philosophy under Panætius, and grammar, in the ancient sense of the word, under Aristarchus. He wrote a work on the gods, a commentary on Homer's catalogue of ships, and a history in verse. The mythological work entitled Bibliotheca, which bears his name, is probably a later extract from the larger work of A. It is very closely connected, however, with his history of the gods and heroes. The best editions are Heyne's, 2d edition, Göttingen, 1803, 2 vols., and Clavier's, Paris, 1805, 2 vols., with a French translation.-A. is also the name of a distinguished architect, who built the forum Trajani.

APOLLODORUS of Athens; a distinguished painter, about 408 B. C. (See Painting.)

APOLLONIKON; a large hand-organ, completed, in 1817, by Flight and Robson, organ-builders, which, however, may be played by the aid of keys, of which there are five rows arranged together in such manner that several musicians may perform at the same time. It is said to resemble the panharmonicon of Maelzel, and is calculated to produce a powerful effect, which is greatly enhanced by the variety of its stops. Prior to this, Roeller, an instrument-maker, born in HesseDarmstadt, had invented an instrument with two rows of keys, which might be played as a piano-forte and as a chamberorgan, combined at the same time with a musical automaton. It is described in the 2d vol. of the Leipsic Musical Journal. This instrument was called the apollonion.

APOLLONIUS of Perga, in Pamphylia ; one of four authors (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius and Diophantes) whom we must regard as the founders of mathematical science. He lived about 240 B. C., and studied mathematics at Alexandria, among the scholars of Euclid. The most renowned of his numerous mathematical works is a book on Conic Sections (Oxford ed., 1710, fol.), a branch of the science to which he added much by new inventions and happy explanations.-A. of Rhodes, according to some authorities, was born at Alexandria, according to others, at Naucratis, about 230 B. C. As the jealousy of other learned men incessantly persecuted him in his own country,