man was afterwards captured by the Algerines; but, when the dey learned that he was a subject of the great king, he set him immediately at liberty, to show his respect for Frederic.

ARNOLD, Samuel, doctor, a distinguished composer, born in 1739 or 1740, received his musical education in the chapel royal, in London. In his 23d year, he was the author of a dramatic composition, and was afterwards appointed a composer at the Covent garden theatre. Here he set to music the Maid of the Mill. He distinguished himself still more by his oratorios of the Cure of Saul (poetry by Brown) and Abimelech. To these succeeded the oratorios of the Prodigal Son and the Resurrection, of which the former, in particular, is highly distinguished. He composed, also, many vocal and instrumental pieces for the garden concerts. He was made doctor of music at Oxford, and, in 1783, organist of the royal chapel. He prepared an edition of all the works of Handel, in 36 vols., folio. In 1789, he was made director of the academy of ancient music; 4 years afterwards, organist at Westminster abbey, and, in 1796, conductor of the annual performances in the church of St. Paul, for the benefit of the sons of clergymen. In 1798, he composed his oratorio of Elijah, or the Shunamite Woman, in which Madame Mara sang. He died in 1802, and was buried on the northern side of the choir of Westminster abbey. Various as were his compositions, his inventive talent was but limited.

ARNOLDISTS. (See Arnold of Brescia.) ARNOULT, Sophie; a Parisian actress, famed in the annals of gallantry and wit, born at Paris, Feb. 14, 1740. Her father kept a hôtel garni, and gave her a good education. Nature endowed this favorite of the Parisian public with sprightly wit, a tender heart, a charming voice, and the most beautiful eyes. Chance brought her upon the stage, where she delighted the public from Dec. 15, 1757 to 1778. The princess of Modena happened to be in retirement at the Val de Grâce. It was the custom, at that time, for ladies of rank to confess, in Passion week, the sins committed during Lent. The princess was struck with a very fine voice, that sang at the evening mass. The songstress was Sophie Arnoult. The superintendent of the royal choir was informed by the princess of the discovery which she had made, and, against her mother's will, Sophie was obliged to join the choir, where madame de Pompadour heard her sing, and ex

claimed sentimentally, "Such talents are enough to make a princess." This paved the way for Sophie to the Parisian opera, where she soon became queen, and shone particularly as Thealire in Castor and Pollux, as Ephise in Dardanus, as Iphigenia in Iphigenia in Aulis. By her beauty, her exquisite performance and her vivacity, she enchanted every one. All persons of rank and all the literati sought her society: among the latter were d'Alembert, Diderot, Helvétius, Mably, Duclos and Rousseau. She was compared to Ninon de l'Enclos and Aspasia; she was sung by Dorat, Bernard, Rhulières, Marmontel and Favart. Her wit was so successful at the time, that her bons mots were collected. It was sometimes severe, when she wished to make her superiority felt, and yet she had no enemies. When she saw Sully and Choiseul's images on a small box, in the time of the revolution, she ridiculed the circumstance with the words, "C'est la recette et la dépense." When, in 1802, the priest of St. Germain l'Auxerrois gave her the extreme unction, she suddenly said to him, “Je suis comme Magdeleine, beaucoup de péchés me seront remis, car j'ai beaucoup aimé." She died in 1802, in the very chamber in which the admira' Coligny was murdered; and in the same year with her, the actresses Clairon and Dumesnil. In the beginning of the revolution, she bought the parsonage-house at Luzarche, and transformed it into a country house, with this inscription over the door-Ite missa est. Her third son, Constant Dioville de Brancas, colonel of cuirassiers, was killed at the battle of Wagram.

AROBA, or AROBE (by some spelled and pronounced arrobe; in Spanish, arroba; in the dialect of Peru, arrou). 1. A weight used in Spain, Portugal, Goa, Brazil, and in all Spanish America. The weight of these arobas differs much. The aroba of Madrid, and almost all over Spain, weighs 25 pounds avoirdupois.2. A measure for wine, brandy and honey: 1 = 8 azumbras, 32 quartillos, 805.5 arrobas menores, used for measuring oil, 626.8 cubic inches of Paris measure. At Malaga, the aroba is equal to 794 cubic inches, Paris measure.

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ARPINO, Josephino d'; born 1560, at Rome. The precocity of his talent for painting caused him to be employed, at a very early age, in ornamenting the Vatican, as assistant to the artists engaged in that design; when, luckily attracting the attention of pope Gregory XIII, that pontiff took him under his protection, and gave

him every opportunity to improve himself. In France, to which he went with cardinal Aldobrandini, he was knighted. His death took place at Rome, 1640.

ARRACAN, OF RAKHANG; a large province in the empire of Burmah or Ava, extending along the eastern side of the bay of Bengal. The Anoupectoumiou mountains bound it to the east. A. is about 500 miles long, but its breadth, in many places, does not exceed 10, nowhere 100, miles. The sea-coast of A. is studded with islands and clusters of rocks. The country is very fertile, but much oppressed by the Burmans. The name of the capital is also Arracan. Lon. 93° 6 E.; lat. 20° 47′ N.

ARRAGON, the realm of, constituted, formerly, the second chief division of Spain, and was composed of the kingdoms of Arragon, Valencia and Mallorca, and the principality of Catalonia. Down to the time of the marriage of king Ferdinand the Catholic with Isabella, heiress of Castile, A. formed a kingdom separate from Castile, and comprised not only the 4 countries above named, but also Sicily and Sardinia. After the death of Ferdinand, in 1516, it was united forever with Castile; but the Arragonian provinces retained their privileges, liberties and laws, which they lost, almost entirely, after the Spanish war of succession, because they had attached themselves firmly to Austria; and the Bourbons, on ascending the throne, could not forgive the fidelity of the subjects of an enemy. The present province of A. still preserves the title of a kingdom. It is bounded N. by the Pyrenees, N. W. by Navarre, W. by Castile, S. by Valencia, and E. by Catalonia. It contains 70 towns, only 8 of which are considerable, viz., Saragossa, Albarazin, Balbastro, Calataiud, Darocca, Jaca, Taraçona and Teruel. Pop., in 1800, 658,630; square miles, 15,503. A part of the country is mountainous, and the soil generally productive, but, in some parts, stony or sandy. The characteristics of the inhabitants are industry, activity, national pride and courage.

ARRAIGN, ARRAIGNMENT. To arraign, is to call the prisoner to the bar of the court, to answer the matter charged upon him in the indictment. It is from the Latin ad rationem ponere; in French, ad reson, or a resn. (See Blackstone's Com. v. 4, p. 322 and note.)

ARRAN (the ancient Brandinos); an island on the W. coast of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, of an oval form, 20 miles in length, and, where broadest, 12 wide,

containing several villages; pop., 6754; square miles, 165. The centre of the island is mountainous, on a part of which, called Goatfield, exceedingly steep, have been found topazes, and pebbles capable of receiving a polish. The summit of Goatfield is 2865 feet above the level of the sea. There are several lochs and rivers where salmon are caught, and many sorts of fish abound on the coasts. The inhabitants are employed in raising cattle, sheep and goats. The climate is severe, but healthy. Lon. 5° 4′ W.; lat. 55° 27′ N.

ARRAN ISLANDS, or SOUTH ARRAN ISLANDS; 3 islands near the western coast of Ireland, in the Atlantic, at the mouth of Galway bay, extending about 10 miles in length, from N. W. to S. E. Lon. 9° 30′ to 9° 42′ W.; lat. 53° 2 to 53° 8′ N.

ARRAS, capital of the department Pas de Calais, on the navigable river Scarp, contains 20,000 inhabitants, an academy of the fine arts, and many manufactories of tapestry, battiste, laces, &c. A. is the seat of a bishop. The fortifications consist of an irregular wall, guarded by 10 partly detached bastions, several ravelins and lunettes, two horn-works, and a citadel, which forms a regular pentagon, with casemates, bomb-proof. These fortifications were improved or laid out by Vauban. Here he first employed his tenaillons. The citè, or old town, is separated from the ville, or new town, by a wall and ditch. In 1640, the French, under the marshals Chaume, Chatillon and Melleraye conquered A. In 1654, the Spaniards, under Condé, attempted to regain it from them; but Turenne attacked the Spanish lines, took them by storm, and rescued the fortress.

ARREST (from the French arrêter, to stop) is the apprehending or restraining one's person, which, in civil cases, can take place legally only by process in execution of the command of some court or officers of justice; but, in criminal cases, any man may arrest without warrant or precept. Some persons are privileged from arrest-ambassadors and their domestic servants, officers of courts of justice, witnesses, and all other persons necessarily attending any court of record upon business, members of the legislature, and, in England, peers and bishops likewise.

ARRHIDEUS, OF ARIDEUS; son of Philip of Macedon and the dancer Philina, consequently a half-brother of Alexander, whom he also nominally succeeded in the government. When he was deprived of his reason by poison administered by

erable substitute for this article may be found in the starch obtained from the potato (see Potato), which cannot be too highly recommended.

ARROWSMITH, Aaron; hydrographer to the king of Great Britain, distinguished as a constructor of maps and charts. He published a New General Atlas, 4to., 1817, to accompany the Edinburgh Gazetteer. He has also published a great number of maps and charts.

ARSCHIN (of Turkish origin); a Russian measure of length. 3 arschins make 7 English feet; 1500 arschins, 1 werst. Every arschin is divided into 4 parts, called quarters or spans, and every quarter into 4 werschecks, 315 Paris lines. It is also a Chinese measure. 1 Chinese arschin=302 Paris lines.

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ARSENIC is a metal of very common occurrence, being found in combination with nearly all of the metals in their native ores. It is of a bluish-white color, readily becoming tarnished on exposure to air, first changing to yellow, and finally to black. In hardness, it equals copper, is extremely brittle, and is the most volatile of all metals, beginning to sublime before it melts. Its specific gravity is 5.736. It burns with a blue flame and a white smoke, emitting a strong smell of garlic. It commonly bears the name of black arsenic, and is prepared from the white arsenic of commerce, by heating this substance with carbonaceous matter, and allowing the volatile arsenic to condense in an adjoining vessel. Arsenical pyrites, a very abundant natural substance, is also advantageously used in the preparation of arsenic, in which case iron filings and lime are added, to engage the sulphur, and prevent its sublimation along with the arsenic. Native arsenic has been found in the veins of primitive rocks in several countries, but in small quantities, and generally alloyed by the presence of iron, silver or gold. This metal is used in metallic combinations, when a white color is desired. With oxygen, arsenic forms two compounds, both of which, from their property of combining with alkaline and earthy bases, are called acids. The arsenous acid, the most important of the two, is the white arsenic of the shops. It is usually seen in white, glassy, translucent masses, to which form it is reduced by fusion from a powdery state. It is one of the most virulent poisons known, not only when taken into the stomach, but when applied to a wound, or even when its vapor is inspired. It is found native in small quantities, but is

obtained for use from the roasting of several ores, particularly from that of cobalt and arsenical pyrites. The arsenous acid is condensed in long, horizontal chimneys, leading from the furnaces where these operations are conducted, and usually requires a second sublimation, with the addition of a little potash, to deprive it of any sulphur it may contain. Its manufacture has been chiefly confined to Bohemia and Hungary. Persons brought up from their youth in the works live not longer than to the age of 30 or 35 years. Knowing the deleterious nature of their occupation, they are so careless, that we have seen them cleaning their plates &c. in wells, over which a skull was painted, to warn every body that the water contained arsenic. Besides its use in medicine, and as a ratsbane, it is much employed as a cheap and powerful flux for glass; but, when too much is added, it is apt to render the glass opaque, and unsafe for domestic use. Arsenite of potash, mingled with sulphate of copper, affords an apple-green precipitate, called Scheele's green, which, when dried and levigated, forms a beautiful pigment. With sulphur, arsenic forms likewise 2 definite compounds the realgar and orpiment. The former of these contains the smallest proportion of sulphur, and is red; the latter is yellow. They are both found native in many countries, but their supply in commerce depends upon their artificial manufacture. This is done by distilling a mixture of arsenical pyrites and iron pyrites, or of white arsenic and rough brimstone. Realgar or orpiment is obtained as the proportion of sulphur employed is greater or less. These compounds afford valuable pigments to the painter.

ARSHIN. (See Arschin.)

ARSINOË; the sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped, after her death, under the name of Venus Zephyritis.—A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus, king of Macedonia. After her husband's death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of A. by Lysimachus, in their mother's arms. A. was, some time after, banished into Samothrace.-A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.-The wife of a king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law.-A daughter of Lysimachus.

ARSINOË; the ancient name of several

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places in Egypt and other countries.-1. A town of Egypt not far from the modern Suez.-2. A town of Egypt, W. of the Nile, above Memphis, and N. of Ptolemais. It was called the city of the crocodiles, because the animal was worshipped there, and reared by the inhabitants in the neighboring lakes. It is now called Faioum.-3. A port of the Red sea, near its entrance, sometimes called Berenice.-4. On the Red sea, farther N.-5. In Africa, in the Cyrenaica, between Leptis and Ptolemais.-6. In Colosyria.-7. In Syria. -8. In Cilicia.-9. In Ætolia, near Canopa.-10. A name of the city of Ephesus. -11. In Cyprus, between old and new Paphos.-12. On the northern coast of Cyprus, near the promontory of Acamas. -13. On the eastern coast of the same island, near Salamis.-14. An inland town, also, of Cyprus.

ARSIS. (See Rhythm.)

ARSON, in law; the act of wilfully setting fire to a house, or other property, belonging to others. This crime, by the law of England, is punishable with death. If a man sets fire to his own house, the act is punishable by fine, imprisonment, or setting in the pillory. In the U. States of America, there is some difference in the degree of punishment provided by the laws of the different states. In Massachusetts, setting fire to a dwelling-house, in the night time, is punishable with death; in the day time, with hard labor for life. For burning buildings not dwelling-houses, the punishment, though severe, is milder. In New Hampshire, the law is very similar. In New York, setting fire to an inhabited dwelling-house is punishable with death; to an uninhabited building, with imprisonment. In Kentucky, arson is punishable with imprisonment in the penitentiary. In all the states, it is treated, of course, as an offence of the blackest char

acter.

ART. (See Arts.)-ART, schools of. (See Painting, Sculpture, &c.)

ARTA, or LARTA; a gulf, river and town of European Turkey, in Albania. The town is situated on the river of the same name, about 20 miles N. E. of Prevesa, and about 360 W. N. W. of Constantinople. The number of inhabitants amounted to 6000, before the late revolution. Lon. 21° 8' E.; lat. 39° 30′ N. In 1822, a battle was here fought, between the Greeks and Turks, in which the former abandoned the Philhellenes, who, almost without exception, were killed.

ARTAXERXES; the name of several Persian kings.-1. Artaxerxes, surnamed

Longimanus, on account of his long arms, the second son of Xerxes, escaped from Artabanus and the other conspirators, who had murdered his father, and elder brother Darius, and, 464 B. C., ascended the throne. He subjected the rebellious Egyptians, terminated the war with Athens, by granting freedom to the Greek cities of Asia, governed his subjects in peace, and died B. C. 425. He was favorable to the Jews, and is thought to be the Ahasuerus of scripture.-2. Ärtaxerxes, surnamed Mnemon, from his strong memory, followed his father Darius II, in the year 405 B. C. After having vanquished his brother Cyrus (q. v.), he made war on the Spartans, who had assisted his enemy, and forced them to abandon the Greek cities and islands of Asia to the Persians. He favored the Athenians, and endeavored to foment dissensions among the Greeks. He was killed, in 361, by his son Ochus, who succeeded him under the name of 3. Artaxerxes Ochus. After having subjected the Phœnicians and Egyptians, and displayed great cruelty in both countries (in Egypt, he had Apis slaughtered, and served up at his table), he was poisoned by his general Bagoas, who threw his body to the cats, and had sabre-handles made of his bones.

ARTEMIDORUS, called the Daldian, from the birth-place of his mother, a small city of Lydia, was a Greek writer at Ephesus, in the 2d century after Christ. He occupied himself, principally, with the interpretation of dreams. We still have two of his writings on this subject, which are particularly deserving of the notice of philologists, on account of the information they contain relative to ancient rites and customs. The latest critical edition is that of Reiff, Leipsic, 1805.

ARTEMIS. (See Diana.)

ARTEMISIA; queen of Caria, sister and wife of Mausolus, whose death she lamented in the most tender manner, and to whom she erected, in her capital, Halicarnassus, a monument, which was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. The principal architects of Greece labored on it. Bryaxis, Scopas, Leochares and Timotheus made the decorations on the four sides of the edifice; Pythes, the chariot drawn by four horses, which adorned the conical top. Vitruvius thought that Praxiteles was also employed on it. After the death of A., the artists finished it without any compensation, that they might not be deprived of the honor of their labor. It was an oblong square, 411 feet in compass, and 130 feet high. The prin