BAGGESEN, Jens (the Danish for Emanuel), a Danish poet, who also wrote much in German, was born Feb. 15, 1764, at Corsor. He has given the history of his education, and described the influences which determined his character, in the Labyrinth. In 1785, he displayed, in his Comic Tales, his humor and power as an author. The prince of Holstein-Augustenburg enabled him to travel through Germany, France and Switzerland. In 1793, he visited Italy. He afterwards received from the Danish government an appointment in Copenhagen. In 1800, he went with his wife, a niece of the famous Haller, to reside at Paris. In 1811, he was appointed professor of the Danish language at Kiel, and, in 1814, resigned his office, and went to reside in Copenhagen. At this time, his poetical fame reached its highest point. He again left Denmark, and died suddenly at Dresden, Oct. 3, 1826. His best productions are his smaller poems and songs, several of which are very popular with his countrymen. His Seasons, in Danish, are much esteemed. In 1827, a humorous poem of his, Adam and Eve, in German, was published at Leipsic.

BAGNIO (Italian, a bath). This name is particularly given to that place, near Gala the suburbs of Constantinople, wnere slaves are kept. There are one Greek and two Catholic churches for the use of the slaves.-Enclosures for slaves, in Turkey and Barbary, are, in general, called bagnios.

BAGPIPE; a well-known wind instrument, of high antiquity among the northern nations, which has so long been a favorite with the natives of Scotland, that it may be considered as their national instrument. It consists of two principal parts: the first comprises a leather bag, which receives and holds the wind conveyed to it by a small tube, furnished with a valve, to prevent the wind from returning. The second part of the instrument consists of three pipes;-the great pipe or drone; a smaller pipe, which emits the wind at the bottom; and a third with a reed, through which it is blown. The wind is forced into the pipes by compressing the bag under the arm, while the notes are regulated, as in a flute or hautboy, by stopping and opening the holes, which are eight in number, with the ends of the fingers. It is not known when the bagpipe first found its way into Scotland, but it is probable that the Norwegians and Danes first introduced it into the Hebrides, which islands they long pos

sessed. In Rome, at the time of Advent, the peasants of the mountains play on the bagpipe before the images of the Virgin. The music is very simple, and yet sweet; and every traveller remembers it with delight.

BAHAMAS, or LUCAYA ISLANDS ;' in the Atlantic, near the east coast of North America. There are a great number of these islands, some say 500; but many of them are mere rocks, and others, on account of the difficulty of the navigation, little known. The principal are, Bahama, Eleuthera, Abaco, Yuma or Exuma, and Providence. They are in general fertile, with a soil similar to South Carolina. Lon. 73° to 81° W.; lat. 22° to 27° N. These islands, in 1773, contained 2,052 whites, and 2,241 blacks; and, in 1803, 14,318, including 11,395 blacks and people of color. The inhabitants are of two descriptions, the residents and the wreckers. The residents are chiefly loyalists, and their descendants, who emigrated from Carolina and Georgia, at the close of the American war. The wreckers are constantly employed in the business of rescuing shipwrecked vessels, with their crews and cargoes, from the waves. They sail in small, flat-bottomed sloops, just fitted for the seas which they navigate. They are excellent sailors; are familiar with all the keys, shoals and breakers; and, with alacrity and courage, encounter any danger or hardsup. They are licensed by the governor, and receive salvage on all property rescued from the waves. By day they are always cruising; at night, they usually put into the nearest harbor. Their great places of rendezvous are, the Florida gulf, the Hole in the Wall, and the Hogsties. The number of these vessels is very great, 40 sail being sometimes seen in one inlet. These islands are heaps of limestone and shells, covered with vegetable mould. The keys are chiefly rocky and sandy: on some of them a few trees are found. All the large islands that front directly upon the Atlantic stretch from south-east to north-west, and the ridge of each is in the same direction. The soil of all the islands is a thin, but rich, vegetable mould. It yields, for a few years, luxuriantly, but is soon exhausted. The chief production is cotton. first discovery of these islands was made by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1492, when he fell in with Guanahani. New Providence, one of the largest of the group, was discovered on the 17th of the same month. In 1667, Charles II of England granted all the Bahamas to the duke of Albemarle and the other proprietors of Carolina.

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Five years after this grant, the first settlement was made on New Providence. For many years, the inhabitants suffered severely from the depredations of pirates and of their Spanish neighbors. The celebrated Black Beard, or John Tench, was the leader of the buccaneers. He was killed off the coast of North Carolina, in November, 1718. The islands were soon afterwards abandoned by the pirates, and a permanent settlement made at Nassau, in New Providence, under governor Rogers. The town was fortified in 1740. Early in the American war, it was taken by the Americans, but speedily abandoned. The Spaniards took it again in 1781, but the English soon repossessed themselves of it. Since that period, all the islands have continued under their jurisdiction.

Bahama; the chief of the Bahama islands, which gives its name to the whole; 63 miles long, and about 9 wide; 57 miles from the coast of East Florida; lon. 78° 10 to 80° 24′ W.; lat. 26° 40′ to 27° 5' N. Though this island is well watered, the soil fertile, and the air serene, yet it is inhabited only by a few people, who subsist by selling necessaries to ships, which the currents drive on their coasts. It formerly produced guaiacum, sarsaparilla and redwood; all which the Spaniards are said to have destroyed.

BAHAR (more properly Bihar, from the Sanscrit Vihar, a Budd'hish monastery); the second province of the British dominions in India; bounded E. by Bengal, N. by Nepal and Morung, S. by Orissa, and W. by Oude and Allabahad; lon. between 84° and 88° E.; lat. between 22° and 27° N. The population is estimated at 5,800 000; three Hindoos to one Mohammedan. B. contains 51,973 square miles, of which about 26,000 are plain arable ground. It is one of the most fertile, highly-cultivated and populous countries of Hindostan, producing grain, sugar, tobacco, cotton, rice, opium, betel, saltpetre, timber, &c. It is now divided into seven collectorships. The climate of B. is more temperate than that of Bengal. The Ganges, the Soane, the Gunduck, the Dummoodah, Caramnassa and the Dewah are the most remarkable of its rivers. The chief towns are Patna, Monghyr, Buxa, Rotas, Gayah, Dinapoor and Boglipoor. The inhabitants excel the Bengalese both in strength and stature.-Bahar Proper is one of the seven districts into which B. is divided. Square miles, 6680.-Bahar, the capital of this district, 220 miles N. W. Calcutta, lon. 85° 45′ E., lat. 25° 14' N., is remarkable for the number of mag

BAHIA, formerly St. Salvador, till 1771 the capital of Brazil, is situated on the bay of All Saints, in 12° 59′ S. lat., and 37° 23′ W. lon. It is strong by nature, and is also fortified. It has 13,000 houses, and about 100,000 inhabitants, among whom are 40,000 whites: the rest are mulattoes and negroes. It is the seat of an archbishop, and contains a university; has a very healthy climate, as well as one of the best harbors in Brazil; carries on an active trade with the U. States and Europe, and pursues the whale-fishery near the south pole. The exports are the productions of the tropics-Brazil-wood, spices, southern fruits, rice, tapioca, cattle, sugar, tobacco, cotton and coffee (cheaper than that of Rio Janeiro, but inferior, because the soil is too rich for the coffeetree). Gold and diamonds are also secretly exported. The government of this name (54,649 square miles, 560,000 inhabitants), on the river San Francesco, is crossed, from north to south, by the mountains Erio and Champado. It has its name from the bay on which the capital, described above, is situated. Sugar and coffee are raised here in large quantities, and the soil is esteemed the best in Brazil for the growth of the sugar-cane.

BAHRDT, Charles Frederic, a German theologian, born in 1741, at Bischofswerda, in Saxony, studied in Schulpforte and Leipsic. He was endowed with great talents, and made himself known very early, but was probably spoiled by this very success. In 1762, he was appointed professor in the university of Leipsic. His works and his talents as a preacher procured him many admirers, but, in consequence of an irregularity, he was obliged to quit that city in 1768. From this time

he led an unsettled life. He was successively professor of theology and preacher in Erfurt (where he was made doctor of theology), in Giessen, Switzerland and in Turkheim, but was obliged to leave each of these places, on account of his severe attacks on the clergy, and the heterodox views manifested in his writings and sermons, as well as on account of his irregular life. The aulic council declared him disqualified to preach or to publish, unless he would revoke the religious principles advanced in his works. At length he found an asylum in the Prussian dominions. In 1779, he went to Halle, where he published his Creed. It is thoroughly deistical, denying the miracles, and not insisting on the immortality of the soul. He lectured in Halle, but soon became involved in difficulties with the clergy; upon which he left the city, and established, in a neighboring vineyard, a public house, where he had many customers. But two works which he wrote against the Religious Edict (a miserable law, issued under the late king of Prussia, a man who was governed by mistresses, and believed in apparitions), in one of which he proposed a union of all religions, made him suspected. He was condemned, and confined in the fortress of Magdeburg. Here he wrote his life. At the end of a year, he again opened his public house at Halle, and died in 1792. B. wrote and spoke with ease and fluency, but his works, even the most learned of them, are wanting in thorough knowledge; yet they have certainly had some influence.

BAIADEER. (See Bayadeer.)

BALE. This Campanian Brighton (Nullus in orbe sinus Bajis prælucet amanis, Horace), once the place where the wealthy Romans had their country-seats, the favorite abode of the Ambubaiæ and the Balatrones, is now deserted, and interesting to the stranger only for the ruins of old baths, which are shown as temples, and for the remains of former palaces, visible beneath the waves of the sea. B. owes its fame to its hot baths, and its situation on a most charming bay, secured, by surrounding hills, from the violence of the winds. "Even before the time of Cæsar," says Wieland, in his remarks on the 15th epistle of the first book of Horace, "Baie was the place where the rich Romans thought themselves entitled to lay aside the restraint of republican hypocrisy, and to give themselves up, without shame, to the pleasures and voluptuousness which brought this charming place into such ill-repute, that Propertius

was impatient to call his mistress away from it, and Cicero, in his defence of the young M. Cœlius, thought it necessary to apologize for defending a man who had lived at Baiæ." Its insalubrity, of which there are intimations even in the letters of Cicero, may have been occasioned partly by the vapors of its hot springs, but is now increased by the desertion of the country, and the stagnation of the ditches used for steeping flax. Yet the charm of its situation still survives, though only single fishing-boats are seen on its bay, to call to mind the fleets, which, starting from the Julian and Misenian lakes, passed by the islands, within sight of Puzzuoli.

BAIKAL; a lake or inland sea in Siberia, 360 miles long, from S. W. to N. E., and from 20 to 53 in breadth, interspersed with islands; lon. 104° to 110°, E.; lat. 51° 20′ to 55° 20′ N. It contains a great many fish, particularly sturgeons, pikes and seals. In the environs are several sulphurous springs, and in one part, near the mouth of the river Barguzin, it discharges a kind of pitch, which the inhabitants purify. The water is sweet, transparent, and appears, at a distance, green, like the sea. It receives the waters of the Upper Angara, Selinga, Barguzin, and other rivers; but the Lower Angara is the only one by which it seems to discharge its waters. Nothing can be conceived more interesting and magnificent than this lake. Those who have visited it seem at a loss for language adequate to describe the feelings which it excites when first beheld. It is enclosed by rugged mountains, and the sublime scenery around strikes every beholder with astonishment and awe. At some seasons, it is so agitated by violent storms, that, in the tremendous roaring of its billows, it equals the mighty ocean, while, at others, the clearness of its unruffled bosom emulates the lustre of the finest mirror.

BAIL is, in one of its senses, the delivery of a person to another for keeping, and is used in reference to one arrested, or committed to prison, upon either a civil or criminal process; and he is said to be bailed, when he is delivered to another, who becomes his surety in bonds (to a greater or less amount, according to the amount of the demand for which he is sued, or the heinousness of the crime with which he is charged), for his appearance at court to take his trial. Bail is either common or special; the former being merely fictitious, whereby nominal sureties, as John Doe and Richard Roe, are

feigned to be answerable for the defendant's appearance at the court to which he is cited. Special bail is that of an actual surety. The laws of the U. States, and of the several states, allow of bail to be given in all civil processes, whatever may be the amount of damages which the defendant may be called upon to answer in the suit; and the jealousy of personal liberty, so congenial to the American institutions, has introduced a provision into some of the constitutions, that excessive bail shall not, in any case, be demanded; and when the defendant, or party charged with a crime, for which he is arrested, considers the bail demanded to be excessive, he may, by habeas corpus, or other process or application, according to the provisions of the laws under which he is arrested, have the bond reduced to a reasonable amount. In respect to bail, the act of congress, 1789, c. 20, s. 33, provides that, "upon all arrests, in criminal cases, bail shall be admitted, except where the punishment may be death, in which case it shall not be admitted, except by the supreme or circuit court, or by a justice of the supreme court, or a judge of the district court, who shall exercise their discretion therein." The laws of the several states are generally equivalent, or substantially so, to this act of congress, on the subject of bail. The party bailed is considered to be in the custody of his bail or sureties, who may seize and deliver him up to the court, and thus discharge themselves from their responsibility.

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BAILIFF. In the court of the Greek emperors there was a grand bajulos, first tutor of the emperor's children. The superintendent of foreign merchants seems also to have been called bajulos, and, as he was appointed by the Venetians, this title (balio) was transferred to the Venetian ambassador. From Greece, the official bajulos (ballivus, bailli, in France; bailiff, in England), was introduced into the south of Europe, and denoted a superintendent: hence the eight ballivi of the knights of St. John, which constitute its supreme council. In France, the royal bailiffs were commanders of the militia, administrators or stewards of the domains, and judges of their districts. In the course of time, only the first duty remain ed to the bailiff; hence he was called bailli d'épée, and laws were administered in his name by a lawyer, as his deputy, lieutenant de robe. The seigniories, with which high courts were connected, employed bailiffs, who thus constituted, almost every where, the lowest order of

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judges. From the courts of the nobility, the appellation passed to the royal courts; from thence to the parliaments. In the greater bailiwicks of cities of importance, Henry II established a collegial constitution, under the name of presidial courts. As all offices of justice could be purchased, and, in the lower courts, no`examination was required (only the counsellors in the presidial courts were to be 25 years of age, licentiates of law, and be examined by the chancellors), and as the bailiwicks were generally very small, this kind of jurisdiction fell into great contempt. The baillis had become a standing subject of ridicule on the stage, for their ignorance, their ridiculous presumption, their deceit and injustice. The royal bailiwicks, therefore, by an order of Sept. 1, 1770, were reformed; the jurisdiction of the nobles was first abolished by the laws of Aug. 4, 1789, and supplied by the district courts, tribunaux de première instance.-The name of bailiff was introduced into England with William I. counties were also called bailiwicks (ballive), while the subdivisions were called hundreds; but, as the courts of the hundreds have long since ceased, the English bailiffs are only a kind of subordinate officers of justice, like the French huissiers. These correspond very nearly to the officers generally called constables in the U. States. Every sheriff has some of them under him, for whom he is answerable. In some cities, the highest municipal officer yet bears this name, as the high bailiff of Westminster. In London, the lord mayor is at the same time bailiff (which title he bore before the present became usual), and administers, in this quality, the criminal jurisdiction of the city, in the court of Old Bailey, where there are, annually, eight sittings of the court, for the city of London and the county of Middlesex. Usually, the recorder of London supplies his place as judge. In some instances, the term bailiff, in England, is applied to the chief magistrates of towns, or to the commanders of particular castles, as that of Dover. The term baillie, in Scotland, is applied to a judicial police officer, having powers very similar to those of justices of peace in the U. States.-Among the Teutonic order of knights, and in the German division of the knights of St. John, the dominions of the order, and with them the knights, were divided into districts (bailiwicks), over each of which a commander presided. The single houses of the order were called commanderies.

BAILLOT, Pierre, one of the chief masters of the modern French school of violinists, born in 1771, studied under Viotti, was employed in the chapel of the duke of Artois in 1791, and became, in 1803, teacher in the conservatory. From 1805 to 1808, he travelled in the north of Europe, and acquired an extensive musical fame, in which he rivals Kreutzer and Rode. His style is bold and original. He is one of the chief contributors to the Violin School, printed for the use of the conservatory in Paris, under the title Violin School, by Rode, Kreutzer and Baillot. His Exercises pour le Violin are a continuation of this. He has also published, together with Levasseur, Catel and Baudiot, another Violin School, for the use of the conservatory, and accompanied it with exercises.

BAILLY, Jean Sylvain; born at Paris, 1736. Though designed by his father, keeper of the royal gallery of pictures, for a painter, he followed his natural inclination for literature. His first attempts were in poetry. Becoming afterwards acquainted with Lacaille, he was induced by his instructions and example to devote himself to astronomy. After the death of Lacaille, in 1763, he entered the academy, and published the calculation of a great many of Lacaille's observations on the stars of the zodiac. He undertook, also, at this time, a great work on the satellites of Jupiter, the theory of which the academy had made a prize question. His Essai sur la Théorie des Satellites de Jupiter, avec des Tables de leurs Mouvements, appeared in 1766. In 1771, he published a treatise on the light reflected by the satellites of Jupiter, which he undertook

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measure by an ingenious process. Amidst these laborious occupations, he never lost his love of literature. His eulogiums on Pierre Corneille, Leibnitz, and others, were so favorably received, that he resolved to select a scientific subject, susceptible of the ornaments of style, which might secure his literary fame. He chose the History of Astronomy (1775 to 1787, 5 vols. quarto). It met with general approbation, which was increased by the discussions that succeeded, between the author and Voltaire, which led B. to publish his Lettres sur l'Origine des Sciences, et sur l'Atlantide de Platon. In 1784, the French academy elected him a member, in the place of Tressan, and, in 1785, he was admitted into the academy of inscriptions. The government also made him a member of the committee for examining the character and influence of animal

magnetism, discovered by Mesmer. B. delivered a double report on this subject, one for the public, to give it a just view of the doctrine, the other for the king alone, on the real causes of magnetism, and its moral influence. The latter was not published till a later period.-B. was now enjoying the general esteem due to merit and to virtue, when the revolution tore him from his peaceful pursuits. Paris chose him, May 12, 1789, first deputy of the tiers-état; in the assembly itself, he was made first president. He retained this place after the commons had declared themselves a national assembly; and when the king forbade them to assemble, he presided, June 20, 1789, in the session of the tennis-court, when all the deputies swore never to separate till they had given France a new constitution. Being chosen mayor of Paris, July 16, he discharged the duties of his office with his usual integrity and disinterestedness; but these virtues were not sufficient to restrain a furious populace, exposed by turns to the influence of opposite parties. The palliatory measures employed by B. to preserve the appearance of tranquillity might delay the eruption, but could not suppress it; perhaps matters had arrived at such a point, that even the most vigorous resistance would have been ineffectual. Once only, and on the most just occasion, he had recourse to rigorous measures. This was after the return of the king from Varennes. The violent revolutionists wished to seize this opportunity for his deposition, and a great number of them assembled, July 17, 1791, in the Champ-de-Mars, in order to sign, upon the altar of their country, a petition to this effect. B., accompanied by the national guards, commanded the rebels to disperse, and, on their refusal, dispersed them by force. The national assembly approved of his conduct; nevertheless, he resigned his place, Sept. 19, 1791. Petion (q. v.) became his successor. tired entirely from public affairs to the country in the vicinity of Nantes. When the increasing troubles left him no security even here, his friend Laplace offered him a shelter in his own house at Melun.. In the mean time, by the events of May 31, 1793, circumstances were changed, and a division of the revolutionary army entered Melun. Laplace informed B. of this danger, but, unfortunately, he did not regard the warning, but persisted in going to Melun. As soon as he entered this place, he was known. He was sent to Paris, where, Nov. 11, 1793, he was condemned

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