introduced him to the Thrale family. Not long after his return from Italy, an incident occurred to him of the most distressing nature. Accosted in the Haymarket by a woman of the town, he repulsed her with a degree of roughness which produced an attack from some of her male confederates, and, in the scuffle, he struck one of the assailants with a French pocket dessert-knife. On this, the man pursued and collared him; when B., still more alarmed, stabbed him repeatedly with the knife, and he died of the wounds on the following day. He was immediately taken into custody, and was tried for murder at the Old Bailey, but acquitted. On this occasion, Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Garrick, Reynolds and Beauclerk gave testimony to his good character; and, although he did not escape censure for his too ready resort to a knife, his acquittal was generally approved. In 1770, he published his Journey from London to Genoa, through England, Portugal, Spain and France-a work replete with information and entertainment. He also continued to publish introductory works, for the use of students in the Italian and other modern languages, and superintended a complete edition of the works of Machiavel. The latter part of his life was harassed with pecuniary difficulties, which were very little alleviated by his honorary post of foreign secretary to the royal academy, and an ill-paid pension of £80 per annum under the North administration. In 1786, he published a work with the singular title of "Tolendron: Speeches to John Bowles about his Edition of Don Quixote, together with some Account of Spanish Literature." He died in May, 1789. B., although rough and cynical in his appearance, was a pleasant companion; and of his powers in conversation doctor Johnson thought highly. He was deemed a latitudinarian in respect to religion; but his integrity was unimpeached, his morals pure, and his manners correct. He had, also, a high sense of the value of independence, and often refused pecuniary assistance when he most needed it.

BAREZZI, Stefano, painter in Milan, has made himself known by the mode which he invented of taking old fresco paintings from walls, by fixing upon them a piece of linen, covered with a certain cement, which loosens the colors; they are then transferred upon a board prepared for the purpose, upon which, after removing the linen, they remain perfectly firm. In the hall of exhibition of the palace Brera is to

be seen a painting of Aurelio Luino, representing the torture of St. Vincent, which he has safely transferred to a board in this manner.

BARFLEUR; a sea-port of France, in the department of the Channel; 12 miles east of Cherburg. Lon. 1° 15′ W.; lat. 49° 40′ N. Pop. 900. It was, at one time, the best port on the coast of Normandy; but, in the year 1346, it was taken and pillaged by Edward III, king of England, and the harbor destroyed. William the Conqueror fitted out at B. the expedition which effected the conquest of England.

BARGAIN AND SALE, INSTRUMENT OF, is an indenture whereby lands and tenements are granted. By the stat. 27 Hen. VIII, c. 16, it was enacted that an estate of freehold should not pass by bargain and sale, unless by indenture enrolled in one of the courts of Westminster, or in the county where the lands lie. This statute would have introduced the general practice of enrolment of deeds in England, had it extended to leasehold estates. To remedy this defect in some measure, the statute of 29 Charles II, c. 3, was enacted; which provides against conveying lands or hereditaments for more than three years, or declaring trusts otherwise than in writing. conveyance by bargain and sale, in England, is very similar to the conveyances by deed, most generally in use in the U. States.

The

The

BARILLA; the term applied, in commerce, to a product obtained from the combustion of certain marine vegetables. This word is the Spanish name of a plant (salsola soda), from the ashes of which is produced the above substance, which affords the alkali (soda). This is also procured from the ashes of prickly saltwort, shrubby saltwort (salsola fruticosa) and numerous plants of other tribes. plants made use of for burning differ in different countries; and the residue of their incineration contains the soda in various states of purity. The barilla derived from the abesembryanthemum nodiflorum of Spain, and the M. copticum of Africa, contains from 25 to 40 per cent. of carbonate of soda; whereas that from the salsola and the salicornia of other districts affords about half this quantity; and the particular variety known under the name of kelp, procured by burning various sea-weeds, is a still coarser article, not yielding above 2 or 3 per cent. of real soda. To obtain the carbonate of soda, it is only requisite to lixiviate the

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barilla in boiling water, and evaporate the solution. On the shores of the Mediterranean, where the preparation of soda is pursued to a considerable extent, the seeds of the plants from which it is obtained are regularly sown in places near the sea. These, when at a sufficient state of maturity, are pulled up by the roots, dried, and afterwards tied in bundles to be burnt. This, in some places, is done in ovens constructed for the purpose, and, in others, in trenches dug near the sea. The ashes, whilst they are hot, are continually stirred with long poles, and the saline matter they contain forms, when cold, a solid mass, almost as hard as stone. This is afterwards broken into pieces of convenient size for exportation. The best sort of Spanish soda is in dark-colored masses of a bluish tinge, very heavy, sonorous, dry to the touch, and externally abounding in small cavities. Its taste is very sharp, corrosive, and strongly saline. The important uses of soda in the arts, and especially the constant consumption of it in the manufacture of all kinds of fine and hard soaps, are well known. The greater part of the barillas or crude sodas of commerce are now obtained from the ashes of various sea-weeds, which manufacture is extensively prosecuted upon the western shores of Scotland. (For an account of this, see Kelp.) BARING, Alexander, a banker in London, and member of parliament, one of the directors of the East India company and the bank of England, is the second son of the late merchant and baronet, sir Francis Baring. He belongs to the whig party, like his father and the whole family, but he is opposed to the radical reformers. His house is known to the merchants of the whole civilized world, and attracted much notice from the public in general, when he placed himself at the head of the great French loan, and appeared, on this occasion, at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818. The conditions of this loan were, as we know from the French papers, extremely advantageous, and made his house one of the first in Europe. B., like Necker, can use his pen well, and obtained a respectable place among writers on political economy by his Inquiry into the Causes and Consequences of the Orders in Council (London, 1808). He and his brother Henry married two sisters, the heiresses of an American gentleman named Bingham, each of whom received a dowry of £100,000. His late father, sir Francis, was descended from an old family in

Devonshire, and was often consulted by Pitt in relation to commercial affairs.

BARITON; a male voice, the compass of which partakes of those of the common bass and the tenor, but does not extend so far downwards as the one, nor to an equal height with the other.

BARJAPOOR. (See Beejapoor.)

BARK, PERUVIAN, is the produce of a tree, the various species of cinchona, which is the spontaneous growth of many parts of South America, but more particularly of Peru. The tree is said somewhat to resemble a cherry-tree in appearance, and bears clusters of red flowers.This valuable medicine was formerly called Jesuit's bark, from its having been introduced into Europe by the members of that religious order, who were settled in South America. They were instructed in the use of it by the natives of Peru, to whom it had been long known; and it continued, for many years, a source of profit to the order. Its botanical name was derived from that of the countess del Cinchon, the lady of a Spanish viceroy, who had been cured by it. The tree from which it is obtained grows abundantly in the forests of Quito and Peru, and the bark is cut by the natives in the months of September, October and November, during which, alone, the weather is free from rain. The bark is of three kinds-the red, the yellow and the pale. The first has now become scarce, but has also lost the exclusive reputation which it once had, the yellow and pale barks having been found to be stronger in their febrifuge properties. The crown-bark, as the highest-priced is termed, is of a pale, yellowish-red.-The uses of the bark, in medicine, are too well known to need description; but the chemical discoveries in relation to it are deserving of more particular mention. Its medicinal properties were found, a few years since, to depend upon the presence of a substance called quinine. This exists, more or less, in all kinds of Peruvian bark, but in quantities very unequal in the various kinds. It was discovered by Messrs. Pelletier and Caventou, who also ascertained that the most useful and permanent form of the substance was that of a neutral salt, in which it was combined with sulphuric acid, constituting the celebrated sulphate of quinine. This extract is so powerful, that one grain of it is a dose; and thus does this little powder, which is almost imperceptible, supply the place of the nauseous mouthfuls of bark, which were absolutely eaten by the unfortunate

beings who were afflicted with ague, before this invaluable article was discovered. Next to the bleaching liquor and the gaslights, this may be regarded as the most interesting and valuable of the gifts of chemistry to her sister arts. So extensive has the manufacture of this most important article become, that, in 1826, no less than 1593 cwt. of bark were used by four chemists concerned in the production of it in Paris; and 90,000 ounces of sulphate of quinine were produced in France during the same year, being enough for the curing, at a fair calculation, of near 2,000,000 of sick, who have, by this most happy discovery, been spared the swallowing of at least 10,000,000 ounces of crude bark. This one fact should entitle the name of Pelletier to the gratitude of all posterity.

BARKER, Edmund Henry, one of the most famous living English philologers, born Dec. 22, 1788, at Hollym, in Yorkshire, where his father was a preacher, received his first education at some private institutions in London, and Louth, in Lincolnshire. At the university of Cambridge, where he was a member of Trinity college, he lived, according to the rule of Horace, day and night with the Greeks. In 1809, he wrote a Latin and Greek epigram, which obtained him Browne's gold medal. He also published editions of Cicero De Senectute, and De Amicitia, which were twice reprinted, and of Tacitus's Germania and Agricola, which have been also printed again. He has written, also, a work called Classical Recreations, one vol.; several pieces in the Classical Journal, since the third number; an article in the second number of the Retrospective Review, and some reviews in the British Critic. His participation in the new edition of Henr. Stephani Thesaurus, Gr. L. made him generally known. This work was intrusted to him by Valpy, and procured him the acquaintance of the well-known English philologist Parr. The objections which learned men have made against the too great extension of the plan and the arrangement of the materials, are well founded; but Barker has been the subject, also, of envious attacks. He was obliged to defend himself in a pamphlet, in order to secure the undisturbed progress of his own and Valpy's undertaking. Some German philologists of the first order, as Hermann and Wolf, have spoken of him in high terms. His edition of Arcadius De Accentibus, with an Epistola Critica on Boissonade, is a work of merit. On many occasions, B.

has afforded assistance to the works of learned Germans, by valuable communications of materials and observations. Since 1814, he has lived at Thetford, in Norfolk, devoting himself entirely to philology. In 1828, he published memoirs of his friend doctor Parr, under the title of Parriana.

BARLEY (in Latin, hordeum); a grain which has been known, like most other kinds of grain, from time immemorial. It has a thick spike; the calyx, husk, awn and flower are like those of wheat or rye, but the awns are rough; the seed is swelling in the middle, and, for the most part, ends in a sharp point, to which the husks are closely united. The species are, 1. common long-eared barley; 2. winter or square barley, by some called big; 3. sprat barley, or battle-door barley. All these sorts of barley are sown in the spring of the year, in a dry time. The square barley, or big, is chiefly cultivated in the north of England and in Scotland, and is hardier than the other sorts. Barley is emollient, moistening, and productive of expectoration: this grain was chosen by Hippocrates as a proper food in inflammatory distempers. The principal use of barley, in England and America, is for making beer; in some parts of the European continent, horses are fed with it, and in other parts, poor people make bread of it. In Scotland, barley is a common ingredient for brothis. Pearl barley and French barley are barley freed from the husk by means of a mill; the distinction between the two being, that pearl barley is reduced to the size of small shot, all but the heart of the grain being ground away.

BARLOW, Joel, a poet and diplomatist, was the youngest of 10 children of a respectable farmer in moderate circumstances. He was born at Reading, a village in Connecticut, about 1755. His father died while he was yet a lad at school, leaving him little more than sufficient to defray, economically, the expenses of a liberal education. In 1774, he was placed at Dartmouth college, New Hampshire, then in its infancy, and, after a very short residence there, entered Yale college, New Haven, where he displayed a talent for versification, which gained him reputation among his fellow-students, and introduced him to the particular notice and friendship of doctor Dwight, then a tutor in that college. These circumstances contributed to excite his poetical ambition still more strongly, and thus fixed the character of his future life. The

militia of Connecticut, in the beginning of the war of the revolution, formed a considerable part of general Washington's army; and young Barlow, more than once, during the vacations of the college, served as a volunteer in the camp, where four of his brothers were on duty, and is said to have been present at the battle of White plains. Having passed through the usual course of study with reputation, he received, in 1778, the degree of bachelor of arts, on which occasion he appeared, for the first time, before the public in his poetical character, by reciting an original poem. It was printed at Litchfield, with some other of his minor pieces, in a collection entitled American Poems. Upon leaving college, he applied himself assiduously to the study of the law. But he continued this pursuit only a few months. The Massachusetts line of the American army was, at this time, deficient in chaplains, and Barlow was strongly urged, by some influential friends, to qualify himself for that station. It was, at the same time, intimated to him, that every indulgence should be shown him in his theological examination. Under this assurance, being well grounded in general literature, and having passed his whole life among a people, with whom almost every man has some knowledge of speculative divinity and religious controversy, he applied himself strenuously to theological studies, and, at the end of six weeks, was licensed to preach as a Congregational minister, and repaired immediately to the army. Here he is said to have been regular in the discharge of his clerical duties, and much respected as a preacher. In the camp, he preserved his fondness for the muses. The spirit of the American soldiery is supposed to have been not a little supported, through their many hardships, by numerous patriotic songs and occasional addresses, written by Mr. Barlow, doctor Dwight and colonel Humphreys. B. remained in the army until the close of the war, and, during the whole of this period, was engaged in planning, and, in part, composing the poem which he first published under the title of the Vision of Columbus, and afterwards expanded into his great work, the Columbiad. When the independence of the U. States was acknowledged, and the American forces disbanded, in 1783, Barlow was again thrown upon the world. He had never manifested much fondness for the clerical profession, and the habits of a military life contributed to unfit him still more for the regular labors and the humble duties

of a parish minister. In New England, if the clerical character has been worn without disgrace, it may easily be thrown off without dishonor. Mr. Barlow, therefore, without hesitation, reverted to his original plan of pursuing the profession of the law. With this view, he removed to Hartford, where he settled himself, as he imagined, for the rest of his life. Here, as a means of temporary support, he established a weekly newspaper. He was also, at this time, engaged in preparing for the press his Vision of Columbus. The extensive acquaintance which he had formed in the army, and the zeal of his personal friends, enabled him to obtain a very large subscription for this work, which was published in 1787. Its success was very flattering. Within a few months after its publication in America, it was reprinted in London, and has since gone through a second edition in America, and one in Paris. The first edition was inscribed, in an elegant and courtly dedication, to Louis XVI. Having been employed by the clergy of Connecticut to adapt Watts's version of the Psalms to the state of the New England churches, Barlow gave up his weekly paper, and became a bookseller at Hartford. This he did chiefly with a view of aiding the sale of his poem, and of the new edition of the Psalms; and, as soon as these objects were effected, he quitted the business, and engaged in the practice of the law. During his residence at Hartford, he was concerned in several occasional publications, which issued from a club of wits and young politicians in that city and its vicinity. His various publications continued to increase and extend his reputation; but, in the meanwhile, his success at the bar was by no means flattering. He was unfortunate in an embarrassed elocution; his habits of life were grave and retired, and his manners and address were not of that familiar and conciliating cast which so often supplies the want of professional merit. Under these circumstances, he accepted an offer to engage in another employment. Some members of a land company, called the Ohio company, in connexion with a few other persons, then supposed to be men of property, by a manœuvre not then understood, but which has since been detected, appropriated to their own use a very considerable part of the funds of that company, and, under the title of the Scioto company, offered vast tracts of land for sale in Europe, to few of which they had any legal claim. As the agent of this company, but with perfect ignorance of their

real plan, Barlow embarked for England, in 1788, and, soon after, crossed the channel to France, where he disposed of some of these lands under the title of the Scioto company. While in France, he took a warm interest in the revolution then in progress, and became intimately acquainted with many leaders of the republican party, particularly with that section afterwards denominated the Girondists, or moderates, entered into all their plans, and was soon conspicuous as one of their most zealous partisans. He returned to England, in 1791, with the intention of embarking for America, after having resided for a year or two longer in London. About the end of the year 1791, he published, in London, the first part of his Advice to the Privileged Orders. This he afterwards completed by the addition of a second part; and the whole has been several times reprinted in the U. States. This publication was followed, in February, 1792, by the Conspiracy of Kings, a poem of about 400 lines. The subject was the first coalition of the continental sovereigns against France. It has little of poetical ornament, and the poet often descends into the common-place topics of the day, but many of his lines are vigorous. In the autumn of the same year, he published a Letter to the National Convention, in which he urges them to abolish the royal power, render elections more frequent and popular, and dissolve the connexion between the government and the national church. All these publications procured him some profit and much notoriety. Though France was the theme, they were doubtless intended to have their chief effect on England. Barlow consequently became acquainted with all the English politicians who were, like him, engaged in the cause of reform or revolution, and with most of the republican men of letters and science, who, about that period, were so numerous in London as almost to form a distinct class. Towards the end of 1792, the London constitutional society, of which he was a member, voted an address to the French convention, and Mr. Barlow and another member were deputed to present it. They immediately undertook and executed their commission. Barlow was received in France with great respect, and the convention soon after conferred upon him the rights of a French citizen. As the revolutionary symptoms in England had attracted the attention of government, and an official inquiry had been set on foot respecting Barlow's mission, he deemed

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it unsafe to return to England, and fixed his residence, for a time, in France. In the latter part of this year, he accompanied his friend Gregoire, and a deputation of the national convention, who were sent to organize the newly-acquired territory of Savoy, as a department of the republic. He passed the winter at Chamberry, the capital of Savoy, where, at the request of his legislative friends, he wrote an address to the people of Piedmont, inciting them to throw off their allegiance "to the man of Turin, who called himself their king." This was immediately translated into French and Italian, and circulated widely through the whole of Piedmont, but without producing much popular effect. The rest of the winter was passed in the more peaceable employment of composing a mock heroic poem in three cantos, entitled Hasty Pudding, one of the happiest and most popular of his productions. From Savoy he returned to Paris, where he continued to reside for about three years. During this, as well as his subsequent residence in Paris, with the exception of a translation of Volney's Ruins, his literary labors appear to have been nearly suspended, and he engaged in several plans of commercial speculation. His connexion with public men, and knowledge of political affairs, together with the great advantages of credit and of personal safety, which he derived from his character of a friendly neutral, enabled him to profit by those great and sudden fluctuations in the value of every species of property, which arose from the disjointed state of public affairs, the rapid depreciation of the assignats, and the frequent sales of confiscated estates. About the year 1795, Barlow was sent as an agent on private legal and commercial business to the north of Europe, and, soon after his return, was appointed American consul at Algiers, with powers to negotiate a treaty of peace with the dey, and to redeem all American citizens held in slavery on the coast of Barbary. He immediately proceeded on this mission through Spain, to Algiers. Here he soon concluded a treaty with the dey, in spite of numerous obstacles thrown in his way by the agents of several of the European powers. In the beginning of the next year, he negotiated a similar treaty with Tripoli, and redeemed and sent home all the American prisoners whom he could discover among the captives of the Barbary powers. These humane exertions were made with great hazard and danger, sometimes, it is said, even at the