ceeded his grandfather, in 1632, and, although all his connexions were Catholics, his wardship being claimed by James I, he was brought up a member of the church of England, to which he ever after constantly adhered. When Strafford became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, B. was made commander of the army, which consisting of only 3000 men, he could do ittle more than keep the enemy in check, and was obliged to agree to a cessation of hostilities; after which, having been created a marquis, he was appointed lordlieutenant. On the ruin of the royal cause, he retired to France. After the execution of Charles, he returned to Ireland, with a view of raising the people; but, on the landing of Cromwell, he again returned to France. While abroad, he exerted himself to further the restoration of Charles; and, when that event was brought about by Monk, returned with the king. Before the coronation, he was created duke, and assisted at that ceremony as lord high steward of England. In 1662, he was again appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which country he restored to comparative tranquillity, and was an active benefactor to it, by encouraging various improvements, particularly the growth of flax and manufacture of linen. On the exile of lord Clarendon, his attachment to that nobleman involved B. in much of the odium attached to him, and although, on his recall from Ireland, nothing, on the most rigorous inquiry, could be proved against him, he was removed by the machinations of Buckingham. In 1670, a desperate design was formed by the noted colonel Blood, whom he had imprisoned in Ireland, to seize his person, and hang him at Tyburn. The project succeeded so far, that he was one night forcibly taken out of his coach in St. James's street, placed behind a horseman, and carried some distance; but at length he threw the man and himself from the horse by his personal exertions, and obtained assistance before he could be replaced. The king sent lord Arlington to request the duke to forgive the insult; who calmly replied, that, "If his majesty could pardon Blood for his attempt to steal the crown, he might easily pardon that upon his life;" adding, that "he would obey the king, without inquiring his reason." For six years, he was deprived of court favor, but at length was again appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which place he held during the remainder of the reign of Charles; but soon after resigned, his principles not

suiting the policy of James. He died at his seat in Dorsetshire, in 1688, leaving behind him the character of a man who united the courtier and the man of honor and integrity better than any nobleman of the time.

BUTLER, Joseph; an English prelate of distinguished eminence as a writer on ethics and theology. He was born in 1692, at Wantage, in Berkshire, where his father was a shopkeeper, and a Presbyterian dissenter. After some previous education at a grammar-school, he was sent to an academy at Tewkesbury, with a view to ordination as a minister among the dissenters. While occupied by his studies, he gave a proof of his talents by some acute and ingenious remarks on doctor Samuel Clarke's Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, in private letters addressed to the author. He likewise paid particular attention to the points of controversy between the members of the established church and the dissenters, the result of which was a determination to be no longer a nonconformist; and he therefore removed to Oxford, in 1714. Having taken orders, he was, in 1718, appointed preacher at the Rolls chapel, and, in 1736, he was appointed clerk of the closet to the queen. The same year, he published his celebrated work, the Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature. In 1738, doctor B. was promoted to the bishopric of Bristol, on the recommendation of queen Caroline; and, in 1750, obtained his highest preferment-the bishopric of Durham. He died in 1752, and was interred in Bristol cathedral. A charge, delivered to the clergy of the diocese of Durham, on the subject of external religion, together with the circumstance of his setting up a marble cross in his chapel at Bristol, gave rise to suspicions that he was inclined to the principles of popery; and, after his death, a report was spread that he had died in the Catholic faith; but this story was satisfactorily contradicted by archbishop Secker.

BUTLER, Samuel, a celebrated English poet, was the son of a farmer in Strensham, in Worcestershire, where he was born in 1612, and educated at Cambridge. He resided some time with sir Samuel Luke, a commander under Cromwell. In this situation, B. acquired the materials for his Hudibras, by a study of those around him, and particularly of sir Samuel himself, a caricature of whom constituted the celebrated knight Hudibras.

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learned Men in Berlin (Selbstbiographie von Berl. Gelehrten), 1807, 3d number.) B. is one of the most distinguished philologists of the present time, uniting with comprehensive learning, penetration, perspicuity and conciseness of style. His grammatical writings are known and used in all the best schools. The first edition of his abridged Greek Grammar appeared at Berlin.(1792), the seventh, in 1824; the tenth edition of the larger Grammar was published in 1822; an English translation of the School Grammar, by Everett, appeared in 1822(Boston, N. E.), 2d ed.,1826; reprinted in England, with the name of the American translator struck out. This work owes its popularity to the philosophical clearness, order and unity with which the elements of the language are illustrated and combined. The philosophical treasures, which were excluded by the limits of a school book, are deposited in twother works; his Lexilogus, particularly intended for the explanation of Homer and Hesiod (1st vol., Berlin, 1818, and 2d ed., 1825); and his Complete Greek Grammar (Berlin, 1819-1825). He was also actively engaged in editing the classics, and in many works on the mythological periods of antiquity. They are spirited and elegant.

BUTTONS are of almost all forms and materials—wood, horn, bone, ivory, steel, copper, silver, similor, &c. The tailor covers them with stuffs, and the female artisan envelopes them with a texture of thread, silk, cotton and gold or silver thread. The non-metallic buttons, called also moulds, are made of the substances first mentioned, by sawing them into little slips, of the thickness of the button to be made, which are then cut into the form required, by an instrument adapted to the purpose. Metallic buttons are cast in moulds, or cut by a fly-press. Any figure or inscription may be impressed on them at the same time that they are cut. The little wire ring, by which they are attached to a garment, is called shank, and is soldered separately on each button. The details of smoothing, polishing, boiling, &c., would occupy too much room. The face of the button is generally plated or gilt. Doctor Church, an American, obtained a patent, in England (1829), for an improved manufacture of buttons with a metallic shank, the face being either of polished metal, or covered with any fabric. The various operations of shaping the discs, forming the shanks, cutting the cloth, and covering the faces of the buttons, are all effected by one revolving shaft.

BUTTRESSES, in Gothic architecture, are lateral projections on the outside of the walls of an edifice, extending from the top to the bottom, at the corners and between the windows. They are necessary to support the walls, and prevent them from spreading under the weight of the roof.

BUTTURA, Antonio; an Italian poet, born at Verona, 1771. When the combined Austrian and Russian armies overthrew the young Italian republics in 1799, B. took refuge in France. At this time, he was known in his own country by some pleasing sonnets, and an Italian translation of Arnault's tragedy of the Venetians. In Paris, he translated Boileau's Art Poëtique into Italian 'verse, with a strict adherence to the ideas of the original. The attempt was the more difficult, as Boileau had so harshly censured the master-work of Tasso. Nevertheless, the translation met with approbation in Italy. This approbation of the public induced him to translate, also, Racine's Iphigénie en Aulide into Italian verse. 1811, he printed a volume of poems, mostly odes, full of enthusiasm for France. His Essay on the History of Venice, in Italian prose, received the highest approbation in Italy and France, as likewise did his Tableau de la Littérature Italienne, which is merely an introduction to his lectures at the Athenée, in Paris.

In

Buxhöwden, Frederic William, count of; descended from an ancient Livonian family; born on the isle of Moen, near Osel; was educated at St. Petersburg, and engaged in the war against the Turks in 1769, and for some time subsequent. In 1783, he was made colonel, owing his promotion chiefly to his marriage with Natalia Alexijeff, 1777. In 1790, he defeated the Swedish generals Hamilton and Meyerfeld, and rescued Fredericksham and Viborg. In Poland, he commanded a Russian division in 1792 and 1794. At the storming of Praga, he restrained, as far as he was able, the fury of the soldiers. Suwaroff intrusted him with the command of Warsaw and the administration of Poland. His moderation and disinterestedness gained him the esteem of the Poles. While military governor in Petersburg, he fell into disgrace under the emperor Paul. Alexander made him inspector of the troops in Livonia, Esthonia and Courland, with the dignity of governor-general. In 1805, he commanded the left wing at Austerlitz, which advanced, whilst the centre and the right wing were beaten. In 1806, he

commanded 50,000 Russians, and withstood the French in the eastern part of Prussia. After the defeat of Pultusk, he was unjustly superseded by count Bennigsen. After the battles of Eylau and Friedland, he was again made commander-in-chief. In 1808, with 18,000 Russians, he conquered Finland, obliged Sweaborg to capitulate, and terminated the war at Tornea. In 1809, he resigned on account of his health, and died in 1811.

BUXTON; a market-town in the county of Derby, England, situated in a valley, celebrated for its mineral waters. The springs discharge 60 gallons a minute: the temperature of the water is 82°. It is colorless, and devoid of taste or smell. It contains calcarious earth, vitriolic selenite and sea-salt, and is an active remedy in nephritic and bilious complaints. It is used both externally and internally. The Crescent is an extensive edifice, divided into three hotels, and a private lodginghouse. The lowest story forms a colonnade, extending the whole length of the front, the span of which is 257 feet. The season for the Buxton waters is from June to the end of October. It was known to the Romans; and the unfortunate Mary Stuart, while in captivity, resided some time at the Hall. She left it with the farewell,

Buxtona,

Forte mihi posthac non adeunda, vale! B. is 159 miles N. N. W. of London.

BUXTON, Jedediah, an extraordinary calculator, was born in Eberton, in Derbyshire. His education was wholly neglected: he was never taught to read or write; and how he first learned the proportions of numbers, their powers and denominations, he never could remember. His power of abstraction was so great, that no noise whatever could disturb him; and, when asked any question, he would reply, and immediately return to his calculation, without the least confusion. He was once asked this question:-In a body, whose three sides are 23,145,789 yards, 5,642,732 yards, and 54,965 yards, how many cubical eighths of an inch? He immediately set to work, though in the midst of a hundred laborers, and, in about five hours, produced the exact answer. His application to figures prevented his making the smallest progress in any other branch of knowledge; and, on other subjects, his ideas were as confined as those of a child. In 1754, he walked to London, and was introduced to the royal society. He was also taken to see Richard

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III, at Drury lane, where, instead of pay ing attention to the entertainment, he was engaged in counting how many words Garrick uttered, and the steps of the dancers. He died at about 70 years of age.

BUXTORF, John, an eminent Calvinistic divine, was born in 1564, at Camen, in Westphalia. Being very learned in Hebrew and Chaldaic, in the acquirement of which he obtained the assistance of many learned Jews, he was engaged, by the magistrates of Basil, in the professorship of those languages, which he taught with great success. He died at Basil, in 1629. His works are, Lexicon Chaldaicum Thalmudicum et Rabbinicum; Thesaurus Lingue Hebraica; Hebrew Bible, with the Rabbinical and Chaldaic Paraphrases, the Massora, &c.; Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary; Hebrew Grammar; Synagoga Judaica, a Collection of Modes and Ceremonies; Bibliotheca Rabbinica; Institutio Epistolaris Hebraica; Concordantiæ Hebraicæ, &c. &c.

BUXTORF, John, son of the preceding, was born at Basil, in 1599, and was made professor of the Oriental languages there. He published a Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon; Tractatus de Punctorum Vocalium et Accentuum in Libris veteris Testamenti Hebraicis Origine, Antiquitate et Auctoritate; and Anti-critica, seu Vindicia Veritatis Hebraica; in the two last of which he defended his father's opinions concerning the Hebrew vowel points. He was also the author of Dissertations on the Old and New Testament; Florilegium Hebraicum; Exercitationes Philologico-critica, &c. He died at Basil, in 1664. There were two other Buxtorfs-John James, ant Johnrelations of the former, who both were professors in the same chair at Basil, and both writers on Hebrew literature.

BUYUKDERE (i. e., great valley, from buyuk, great, and dere, valley); a charming little town on the western side of the Bosphorus, not far from Constantinople and the Black sea, so called from the great valley in which it lies, whence also the stream passing through it is called B. The valley, as well as the river, is called Babukoλños, i. e., the deep-bosomed. It was formerly called the fair land (kados aypos). This splendid walk is now called the meadows (Libadia, la prairie). In the lower part of this meadow is one of the most splendid groups of trees on the Bosphorus, consisting of seven plane-trees, which are called, together, Jedi Kardasch, i. e., the seven brothers. According to a tradition not well substantiated, Godfrey

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of Bouillon encamped in these meadows, in 1096, with an army of crusaders. The place consists of the lower and the upper town. In the former are the houses of the Greeks, Armenians, and some Turks. In the upper part are the summer-houses and gardens of the European ambassadors, besides which, many also have houses in Belgrade. Among these houses, the most splendid is the palace of the Russian ambassador, with its gardens. This and several other palaces lie together on the beautiful quay, which is one of the most frequented walks of the people of B. A long and handsome street, running through the place, consists of two rows of houses, built, for the most part, in the European fashion. Foreigners often pass the winter here, on account of the beauty of the country. B. is also the general resort of the higher classes, if a contagious disease prevails in Constantinople, Galata or Pera, as well as when an insurrection of the people is apprehended. (See Frankland's Journey to and from Constantinople, London, 1829.) Buzzard (vultur aura, Wils.; cathartes aura, Illig.; commonly called turkeybuzzard, or turkey-vulture). This bird is found over a vast extent of territory on the American continent, in the West India islands, and in the southern parts of Europe and Asia. In the U. States, they are most numerous in the southern parts, and appear in the Northern States only during the summer. The turkey-buzzard is a perfectly harmless creature, and derives its food exclusively from the putrid carcasses which are to be found within its range. It is, therefore, seldom disturbed by man, and does not exhibit much timidity, though by no means in the habit of frequenting the immediate vicinity of human dwellings, like its allied species, the black vulture, or carrion crow of the south. The turkey-buzzard is gregarious, and flocks of considerable size are always found to feed and roost together. For the latter purpose, they generally choose the limbs of dead trees, upon which they may be seen sitting, with both wings outspread, in the morning, as if for the purpose of giving the fresh air free access to their bodies. When their favorite carrion is to be obtained, they are very voracious, gorging themselves until actually unable to contain more, and even, for a time, rendering themselves unable to fly. Under such circumstances, it is unadvisable to approach them, as they are sure to be revenged upon their disturbers by vomiting over them a torrent

of horribly disgusting filth. This is the only mode in which they attempt to defend themselves; and they especially resort to it when any one interferes with their nests.-The turkey-buzzard flies in a very beautiful manner, rarely flapping the wings, except in rising from the earth, but sailing and dipping in beautiful curved lines, traversing a vast space with wonderful celerity and ease, or soaring to the higher regions of the atmosphere, until entirely lost to sight. Like all the birds of their class, the buzzards possess strong powers of vision; but the sense of smelling is that by which they are principally guided to their food. This they are capable of thus discovering from immense distances, and the most striking facts illustrative of the acuteness of their olfactory organs are on record. Notwithstanding these, and the obvious evidence afforded by the structure of their smelling apparatus, a recent writer has undertaken to assert that they are possessed of little or no power of smelling. The places chosen by the turkey-buzzard for laying are generally in remote and solitary swamps, or dense forests, where a hollow stump or rotten log serves for a nest. The eggs are from two to four, of a dullwhite or cream color, splashed with chocolate and black, the patches of this being largest and thickest towards the larger end. The egg resembles that of a goose, but is blunter at the small end: it is two inches and three fourths long by two broad. The young are covered by a whitish down, somewhat similar to that upon a young gosling.-Some years since, we obtained a young buzzard while still covered with long, white down, with the exception of the wings, which were partly feathered. It was unable to fly, and had advanced to a party of wood-cutters, while at work, having apparently wan dered too far from the nest to retrace its steps. As it seemed hungry, one of them gave it some meat, which it greedily swallowed, and afterwards remained with them until they returned home, and brought it with them. This young buzzard speedily became domesticated, and as importunately demanded food as any of the regular tenants of the poultry-yard. It ate all sorts of meat and garbage, uniformly preferring the most filthy. As it acquired full plumage, it began to kill and devour the young ducks and chickens, placing one foot upon the victim, and leisurely tearing it to pieces with the bill. As this buzzard learned to fly, he frequently made excursions, and returned to