the other ministers, and was chosen, in 1822, a member of the cortes. In this body, he joined the party of the moderate liberals. After the fall of the constitution in Cadiz, he fled to England.

CANGE, DU. (See Du Fresne.)

CANISIUS, Petrus, born in 1524, at Nimeguen, was the first man in Germany who entered the order of the Jesuits, of which he became a very active member. In 1549, he was made professor of the ology, rector and vice-chancellor of the university at Ingolstadt. He afterwards reformed the university of Vienna, according to the views of the order. His catechism is yet in use. He persuaded Ferdinand I to adopt violent measures against the Protestants, and founded the colleges at Prague, Augsburg, Dillingen, and Friburg, in Switzerland, in the latter of which he died, in 1597.

CANNE; a city in the Neapolitan province Puglia, at the mouth of the Aufidus, on the Adriatic, famous for the great battle in which the Romans were here defeated by Hannibal (216 B. C.). The consuls Æmilius Paulus and Terentius Varro contented themselves with acting on the defensive against the Carthaginian general, who endeavored to decide the fate of Rome by one blow; but the senate, considering that the Roman army consisted of 87,000 men, while that of the enemy amounted only to 50,000, among whom were 10,000 horse, and would have no point of support when beaten, commanded the consuls to give battle. Hannibal, seeing that their plan was changed, allowed Varro to gain a slight advantage in a skirmish of cavalry. The Romans left their strong position at Canusium, on the banks of the Aufidus, and the whole army crossed the river. The consul Varro drew up his troops on the plain, with his right wing protected by the river. At the same time, Hannibal forded the Aufidus, and led his small army to the attack. The Romans had their own cavalry on the right wing, that of their allies on the left, and the infantry, as usual, in the centre. Hannibal opposed the Numidian cavalry to that of the Roman allies, and that of the Spaniards and Gauls to the Roman. His infantry from Africa he divided into two bodies, each of them near the cavalry. At some distance from both wings, the Spaniards and Gauls, on foot, arranged in an obtuse angle, occupied the centre. Behind them was a strong reserve. Hannibal himself com manded the centre. He had calculated that the wind called Volturnus, which

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blew regularly at certain hours in that country, would, at the time of attack, throw dust and sand in the eyes of the Romans, and hide his own evolutions. The consul Æmilius Paulus was wounded by a Balearian slinger, soon after the light troops had begun the engagement. The first shock of the Roman cavalry upon the Spaniards and Gauls was violent. After the fight had lasted for a long time, they alighted, and fought on foot. The Gauls and Spaniards then broke through the dismounted Romans, and cut them down. The Roman infantry, to assist their horse, moved in a curved line towards the wing, under very disadvantageous circumstances, and attacked the Spanish and Gallic infantry, which retired in good order into the intervals, as Hannibal had commanded. By this means, Hannibal was enabled to attack the Romans in flank, as they advanced incautiously, with the African infantry, which he had kept back for this purpose. Thus surrounded, and contracted into a small compass, the Romans fell in great numbers, among them the consul Æmilius Paulus, and both the proconsuls Servilius and Atilius. The Numidian horse destroyed those who fled from the field of battle. The victor made 13,000 prisoners. The Romans lost, according to their own lowest statements, 45,000 men; according to the highest, 70,000. Hannibal collected the gold rings of the knights who had fallen, and sent some bushels thereof to Carthage. But the victory had also weakened his own army. He was in want of money to recruit his troops. This want, rather than the short period of luxurious living in winter-quarters at Capua, obliged him, at length, to give up the hope of conquering Italy, after a war of 17 campaigns. (See Hannibal.)

CANNES, OF CANES; a small seaport of France, on the shore of the Mediterranean, in the department of the Var; population, about 2800. C. is famous as the place where the memorable march_of Napoleon through France began, when he returned from Elba. He landed here March 1, 1815.

CANNIBALS. (See Anthropophagi and Caribs.)

CANNING, George, was born in London, April 11, 1770. His father, a man of considerable abilities and literary cultivation, had offended his family by marrying a lady of beauty and accomplishments, but without fortune, and died in 1771, leaving his widow destitute. She had recourse to the stage for support, but was

action, or covertly at work, throughout the greater portion of Europe." It was in this session that Brougham accused him of "the most monstrous truckling which the whole history of political tergiversation could furnish." C. rose immediately, and exclaimed, "That is false." The affair was settled, after some explanations on the part of Mr. Brougham. He continued to support the propositions in favor of the Catholics, and, in 1825, communicated to foreign ministers the determination of his majesty to appoint chargés d'affaires to Colombia, Mexico and Buenos Ayres. In consequence of the attempts made by Spain to assist the malcontents of Portugal, it was immediately determined, by the ministry, to support the regency of that country. On this occasion, C. concluded his speech with these remarks: "Some years ago, I said that I feared that the next war, which should be kindled in Europe, would be a war of opinions. It is the contemplation of this new power, in any future war, which excites my most anxious apprehensions." And, in answer to the argument that the ministers had encouraged the attack upon Portugal, by having permitted the occupation of Spain by France, he uttered the memorable words: "Was it necessary that we should blockade Cadiz? No. I looked another way; I resolved that if France had Spain, it should not be Spain with the Indies. I called the new world into existence, to redress the balance of the old." April 12, 1827, his appointment to be prime minister was announced. His administration was terminated by his death, the 8th of August following; but not until it had been crowned by the treaty of London (July 6), for the settlement of the affairs of Greece. As a statesman, he was liberal, profound, consistent and independent. His foreign policy was marked by the three great measures of the recognition of the South American states, the maintenance of the independence of Portugal, and the treaty in behalf of Greece. His uniform support of the Catholic claims, and his constant and ardent exertions in favor of the slave population of the colonies, are not less honorable to his humanity than to his policy. His eloquence was persuasive and impassioned; his reasoning clear and logical; his manner graceful; his expression winming, and his whole appearance prepossessing. His wit was brilliant, and his satire was extremely caustic. He died poor. His body is deposited in Westminster

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abbey. (See Speeches of the Right Hon. G. Canning, with a Memoir, by R. Therry, London, 1828.)-The cousin of G. Canning, the honorable Stratford Canning, is well known by the conspicuous part which he has played during the late difficulties between the Porte and the other European powers.

CANNON; a heavy metallic gun, which is moved by the strength of men and horses. It is mounted on a carriage, and iron (formerly stone or leaden) balls are projected to a distance from it by the force of gunpowder. The interior of the cannon is called the bore. The solid piece of metal behind is named the breech, and terminates in the button. The dolphins (so called because they used to be made in the form of this animal) are the handles by which the piece is mounted or dismounted. The aperture through which the fire is introduced into the bore, to ignite the charge, is called the vent or touchhole, in which a small tube, used to contain the priming, is placed previous to firing. The supports, which are denominated carriages, are mounted on trucks, as in the case of ship-guns or garrison-guns, or on two wheels, as in the case of field-pieces. When a field-piece is to be moved, a two-wheeled frame is fixed to the carriage, which is called a limber, and this process is called to limber up. The charge, or cartridge, is a bag filled with powder, carried near the cannon. The cannon is fired by means of the match, which is a lighted bunch of tow, wound round a small stick; or by a tube, filled with the priming-powder, from which a piece is broken off every time, and forced into a stick, to light the charge. On board most of the English ships there are cannon fired by means of locks. To perform the labor required in managing cannon is called to serve the guns. Cannon were formerly dignified with great names. 12, cast by Louis XII, were called after the 12 peers of France. Charles V had 12, which he called the Twelve apostles. One at Bois le Duc is called the Devil; a 60 pounder, at Dover castle, is named Queen Elizabeth's pocket-pistol; an 80 pounder, at Berlin, is called the Thunderer; another at Malaga, the Terrible; two 60 pounders at Bremen, the Messengers of bad news. In the beginning of the 15th century, names of this sort were abolished, and the following came into general use:-cannon royal, or carthoun, carrying 48 pounds; bastard cannon, or 3 carthoun, 36; carthoun, 24; whole culverins, 18, demi-culverins, 9; falcon, 6; saker, lowest sort, 5; orli

nary, 6; largest sort, 8; basilisk, 48; serpentine, 4; aspick, 2; dragon, 6; siren, 60; falconet, 3, 2 and 1; moyens, which carried a ball of 10 or 12 ounces: rabinets carried one of 16 ounces. Cannons are, at present, named, from the weight of the balls which they carry, 6 pounders, 12 pounders, &c. The length of the cannon is in proportion to the caliber. Cannon took their name from the French word canne (a reed). Before their invention, machines were used for projecting missiles by mechanical force. These were imitated from the Arabs, and called ingenia; whence engineer. The first cannon were made of wood, wrapt in numerous folds of linen, and well secured by iron hoops. They were of a conical form, widest at the muzzle. Afterwards, they received a cylindrical shape. At length they were made of iron bars, firmly bound together, like casks, by iron hoops. In the second half of the 14th century, they were formed of an alloy of copper and tin, and, in process of time, other metals were added. Some attribute the invention of cannon to the Chinese, and say that there are now cannon in China, which were made in the 80th year of the Christian era. From the Chinese the Saracens probably learned to manufacture them, and Callinicus, a deserter from Heliopolis, in Phoenicia, made them known, in 670 (676), to the Greek emperor Constantinus Pogonatus. Bombards were brought into use in France in 1338, and, according to another and more doubtful authority, Solomon, king of Hungary, used them, in 1073, at the siege of Belgrade. From all these accounts, it appears that the true epoch of the invention of cannon cannot be exactly determined: it is certain, however, that they were actually in use about the middle of the 14th century. In 1370, the people of Augsburg used cast cannon. In the beginning of the 15th century, nearly all the countries of Europe, except Russia, where cannon were first cast in 1475, were provided with them. The lead cannon, which were which were invented and employed by the Swedes, between 1620 and 1632, in the 30 years' war, were lined with tubes of wood or copper, and secured on the outside with ron rings. The art of firing red-hot balls from cannon was invented by major-general Weiler, of the electorate of Brandenburg. In the commencement of the 16th century, Maurice of Switzerland discovered a method of casting cannon whole, and boring them, so as to draw out the interior in a single piece. Arms for ex

peditious firing, loaded from behind, and having the charge closed in with a wedge,. were introduced by Daniel Spekle (who died 1589) and Uffanus. Charles Millon invented a kind of air cannon, 2 feet long, 3 inches diameter in the thickest part, 12 lines caliber, charged with inflammable air, and fired with a Leyden jar, or a piece of cat-skin, by which 12 discharges can be made in a minute. It stands on a frame of glass, and may be directed to any point. In 1740, cannons were made of ice at St. Petersburg, and balls of many pounds weight were projected without injuring the pieces. (See Steam-Gun, Gun-Boat.) Cannon-clock is a contrivance invented by one Rousseau, and placed in the garden of the palais royal, and in the Luxembourg at Paris. A burning-glass is fixed over the vent of a cannon, so that the sun's rays, at the moment of its passing the meridian, are concentrated, by the glass, on the priming, and the piece is fired. The burning-glass is regulated, for this purpose, every month. (For the use of cannon in naval warfare, see Ship.)

CANO, Alonzo or Alexis; a painter, sculptor and architect. The variety and extent of his talents made him the Michael Angelo of Spain, whom he also resembled in his private character. He was born in 1608, at Grenada, studied in Seville, with Pacheco, and first made himself known by the statues which he executed for the great church of Lebrija. In his 24th year, he had acquired the fame of a great artist, and was (1638) appointed painter to the king. In this capacity, he executed several celebrated pictures, and was at the summit of his prosperity, when a dreadful event destroyed his happiness. His wife was one day found murdered, and his house plundered. Instead of a suspected Italian servant, who had fled, C. himself, convicted of a connexion with another woman, was condemned by the judges as guilty of the murder. He was put to the torture; but his right arm was spared, from respect for his talents. He bore the torture with silent fortitude. The king pardoned him. He became a priest, and was made a racionero (resident) of Grenada, where he passed the remainder of his life in a pious and exemplary manner, and died in 1676.

CANOBUS. (See Canopus.)

CANOE, also CANOA; the term generally used to designate the small vessels which uncivilized people, living near the water, use. In the East Indies, there is a kind of boat which goes by this name, sometimes from 40 to 50 feet long, and 5 or 6

broad. The North American Indians generally impel their canoes with paddles, which have a very large blade, and are managed perpendicularly. The canoes of Canada are of the most fragile texture, and of so little weight, that, in passing from one river to another, the boat-men carry them on their heads across their portages. They are mostly covered with bark, the pieces of which are sewed together with a kind of grass. This bark is generally not more than a quarter of an inch in thickness; yet, in these frail vessels, the Indians and Canadians do not hesitate to descend very dangerous rapids. The Esquimaux are exceedingly dexterous in the management of their canoes. These consist of a light, wooden frame, covered with seal-skins, sewed together with sinews. The skins are not only extended round the bottom and sides, but likewise over the top, forming a complete deck, and having only one opening to admit the Indian to his seat. To this hole a flat hoop, rising about four inches, is fitted, to which is fastened the surrounding skin. The paddle is about 10 feet long, light, and flat at each end. In the Esquimaux language, the canoe is called a kaiak, or man's boat, to distinguish it from umiak, the woman's boat, which latter is a large boat for transporting the women, with their families and possessions. The Greenlanders and Esquimaux use the same kind of canoes, and it is astonishing, when we consider their insignificant construction, at what a distance from the regions they commonly inhabit, these people, especially the former, are found in them. In the islands of the South sea, the natives have a double canoe, united by a strong platform, serving, in this way, as one vessel. Such a canoe is capable of carrying a number of persons, and a considerable lading. Captain Cook gives us a long account of the different kinds of canoes used in Otaheite.

CANON; a person who possesses a prebend, or revenue allotted for the performance of divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church.

CANON, in the arts. When art has succeeded in producing beautiful forms, the question arises, with what proportions beauty of form is united. united. Artists of genius first started this question, and imitators, inferior to them in talents, scrupulously followed their results, and naturally exalted some existing work into a model for every performance. Among the Greeks, the celebrated statuary Polycletus (q. v.) first instituted such inquiries;

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and, as he generally represented youthful, pleasing figures, it is probable that he fixed the standard of beauty in the youthful form. The canon (the model statue) of Polycletus was accordingly a statue, which was made principally for the purpose of showing the beautiful proportions of the human form in a youth just ripening into manhood. No copy of it is known to exist; the artist probably gave his model of proportion a quiet, simple attitude, without any strong, distinguishing marks. His successors imitated it without deviation. Polycletus was not the only Greek artist who pursued such investigations respecting the proportions of form. Euphranor, for instance (in the 10th Olympiad), is celebrated in the same way. Among the moderns, Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci have devoted themselves to similar inquiries. See A. Hirt's Abhandlung über den Canon in der bildenden Kunst in the Abhandl. der Histor-philolog. Classe der königl. Akad. der Wiss. in Berlin (1814 and 1815), a table annexed to which gives the average proportions (ascertained by careful measurements) of the best ancient statues.

CANON, in music, signified, with the ancient Greeks, what now is called monochord. At present, it signifies a composition in which the several voices begin at fixed intervals, one after the other, and in which each successive voice sings the verse or the strain of the preceding one. In Italian, therefore, it is called fuga di conseguenza; in Latin, canon perpetuus, or continuous fugue; in German, Kreisfuge (circulating fugue). Sometimes each voice begins with the same, sometimes with different notes. Canons may be finite or infinite. The former end, like any other compositions, with a cadence, while the infinite canon is so contrived, that the theme is begun again before the parts which follow are concluded. By this means, the performance might be continued to an indefinite length. canon may consist of two, three, four or more voices. Generally only one voice of a canon is written, and a sign shows the place where the other voices are to begin. Formerly, at the beginning of canons, it was the custom to place the directions by which they were to be deciphered and sung, These directions were called the rule or canon, and thence arises the title which such compositions have since retained. Canons differ from ordinary fugues; for in the latter, it is sufficient that the subject be occasionally repeated and imitated according to the laws of counterpoint; but

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