female figure, he executed in marble. A repentant Magdalen, of the natural size, belongs to the works in marble, in which he has carried the expression of the melting and the soft to the highest degree. The relaxing effect of repentance is expressed with great truth. His Hebe is a delightful figure. In an easy and animated attitude, the smiling goddess of youth hovers upon a cloud, pouring nectar, with her right hand, into a bowl, which she holds in her left. Both vessels, as well as the coronet of Hebe, and the edges of her garment, are gilt. C. is fond of a variety of material, and often endeavors to give to his statues the effect of pictures. He repeated this and the preceding statue. He next displayed his talent for the tragical, in the raging Hercules hurling Lichas into the sea, The group is colossal, and Hercules somewhat larger than the Farnesian; but it makes a disagreeable impression, which proves that the genius of C. was not adapted to such subjects. His representation of the two pugilists, Kreugas and Demoxenos, is much more successful. A standing group of Cupid and Psyche, which has been often repeated, was the triumph of his art. Psyche here appears again holding the butterfly. A Palamedes, subsequently executed by C. in marble, was overthrown, in the winter of 1805, by an inundation, and broken in pieces. In 1796 and 1797, C. finished the model of the celebrated tomb of the late archduchess Christina of Austria, wife of duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, which, in 1805, was placed in the church of the Augustines, at Vienna. The design of it is original; for the first time, the great artist ventured to leave the common track. In 1797, he made the colossal model of a statue of the king of Naples, one of his finest works. In the beginning of the revolution, the studio of C. was in great danger from the Jacobins; but the lovely Psyches, Hebes and Cupids softened the rage of the mob, and saved the work-shop of the artist, in the back part of which the royal colossus was concealed. This statue, 15 palms high, was executed in marble, in 1803. During the revolution of 1798 and 1799, C. accompanied the senator prince Rezzonico on a journey through Germany. After his return, he remained for some time in the Venetian territory, and painted, for the church of his native village, Possagno, an altarpiece, in which are represented the dead Christ, the Maries, Nicodemus and Joseph, and, on high, God the Father. He

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afterwards executed, in Rome, his Perseus with the head of Medusa, which, when the Apollo of Belvedere was carried to France, occupied its place and pedestal. This statue increased the fame of C. more than any of the preceding works. But Perseus has no decided character. It is only an imitation of the Apollo. The separate parts are of exquisite beauty in form, as well as in masterly, delicate fin ishing. The magical charm of the finish dazzles the eye, and makes us often forget the more severe forms of art. Far less successful is the Mars pacifer, of equal size. In 1802, C. was made, by Pius VII, superintendent of the Roman works of art, and knight of the Golden Spur. In the same year, he was invited by Bonaparte to Paris, to make the model of his colossal statue. In the beginning of 1803, the model of the emperor's bust, and afterwards that of his colossal statue, was to be seen in the workshop of the artist. It is impossible to conceive a more characteristic likeness, exhibiting, at the same time, the ideal character of the ancient heroic style. We have not a more successful work of the kind than this bust: the figure of the statue is not so good. George IV has since presented the latter to the duke of Wellington. The statue of madame Lætitia Bonaparte was purchased, in 1819, in Paris, by the duke of Devonshire, for 36,000 francs. Among the later works of the artist are a Washington, of colossal size, in a sitting attitude, now in the state-house at Raleigh, the seat of government of North Carolina: the tombs of the cardinal of York and of Pius VII; the busts of Pius VII and of Francis II; an imitation of the Medicean Venus; a Venus rising from the bath; a portrait statue, lying, half-dressed, upon a couch; the tomb of the late engraver Volpato; the colossal group of Theseus killing the Minotaur, far surpassing his earlier works in the heroic style; the tomb of Alfieri, for the countess of Stolberg, in Florence, and erected in tha place (the weeping Italia, a colossal statuin marble, is particularly admired); the Graces rising from the bath; the inonument of the marchioness of S. Croce; a colossal basso-relievo, in marble; a Venus; a dancing girl, with almost transparent garments; the portrait statue of the wife of Lucien Bonaparte, with the lyre in her arms, a large marble statue, with beautiful drapery; a colossal Hector; a Paris; a Muse, larger than the natural size; a model of a colossal Ajax; and the model of a sitting statue, in rich robes, of

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the archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria. After the second fall of Napoleon, in 1815, C. was commissioned, by the pope, to demand the restoration of the works of art carried from Rome; went from Paris to London, and returned to Rome in 1816, where Pius VII inscribed his name in the golden book of the capitol, declared him "to have deserved well of the city of Rome,” and made him marquis of Ischia, with a pension of 3000 scudi. C. died at Venice, Oct. 13, 1822.-In his manner of treating the marble, a particular endeavor to produce the appearance of the greatest softness is visible. Not satisfied with giving to the surface of the marble the most delicate finish, by means of the rasp and the pumice-stone, he has invented a corrosive color, of a yellowish hue, and prepared with soot, which he applies, after the last polish, in order to break the dazzling white of the marble, and to give it the soft, mellow appearance of ivory or wax. This excessive refinement in finishing is more attractive to amateurs than to true connoisseurs. C. used to make his models first of a small size, in wax, then in clay, of the same size as the work was to be. From this last a cast was taken in gypsum. The first shaping of the marble from the cast he left to skilful workmen.-As a man, C. was respectable and amiable. He was active, open, mild, obliging and kind towards every body. He had neither the pride nor the envy of an artist. His opinion of himself was very modest, notwithstanding his fame was spread through all Europe. He was not only disinterested, but animated by the noblest benevolence. He assisted promising young artists, and established prizes for the encouragement of the arts. In short, his moral character was so excellent, that, even among his many rivals, there is but one voice respecting his worth as a man. His last work was a large group, the principal figure of which represents Religion victorious. It was intended to be placed in Rome, as a monument commemorative of late events, the expense to be defrayed by a subscription in England. C. was also an agreeable painter, but, strangely enough, more of a colorist than a correct designer. (See the Life of Canova, by Missinini; 4 vols., Prato, 1824: also, the Biografia, by the count Cicognara; Venice, 1823). Engraved representations of all his works have appeared in Italy and at Paris.

CANSTEIN (Charles Hildebrand, von), ounder of a famous establishment for

printing Bibles, which goes under his name, was born, in 1667, at Lindenberg, in Germany, studied at Frankfort on the Oder, travelled much in Europe, went, in 1688, to Berlin, where he was appointed page of the elector of Brandenberg, and served as a volunteer in the Netherlands. A dangerous sickness obliged him to leave the military service. He went to Halle, where he became familiarly acquainted with Spener. His wish to spread the Bible among the poor led him to form the idea of printing it with stereotype plates. Thus originated the famous institution, called, in German, Die Cansteinsche Bibelanstalt, of which we shall speak more in the article Franke. Canstein published some works, wrote the life of Spener, and died, in 1719, in Halle, leaving to the great orphan asylum his library, and a part of his fortune.

CANT TIMBERS, in ship-building; those timbers which are situated at the two ends of a ship. They derive their name from being canted, or raised obliquely from the keel, in contradistinction from those the planes of which are perpendicular to it.

CANTABILE; a term applied to movements intended to be performed in a graceful, elegant and melodious style.

CANTABRI; the rudest and most valiant of all the Iberian tribes, who dwelt in the ancient Hispania Tarraconensis, and inhabited the greater part of what is now La Montana, and the north-west part of the present province Burgos. In ancient history, Cantabri is generally used to denote all the inhabitants of the northern mountains of Spain. Cantabria is the name which was given to the country they inhabited.-Oceanus Cantabricus is the ancient name of the bay of Biscay.

CANTACUZENO, George and Alexander. These Greek princes are descendants of the ancient Byzantine family of the same name, of which the emperor John Cantacuzenus was a member. (See the next article.) Under the dominion of the Turks, the Cantacuzenes belonged to the first families of the Fanar, in Constantinople, called the Fanariotes. Many years ago, they settled in Russia, where the brothers George and Alexander were employed in the Russian service. members of the Hetaria (q. v.), they followed prince Alex. Ypsilanti, in 1821, to Moldavia. George accompanied Alex. Ypsilanti to Jassy, Feb. 22, and Alexander repaired to Kischenaw, Feb. 28, O. S. (March 12, N. S.), where the Hetærists, who wished to fight in the cause of Gre

As

cian freedom, were assembled. He received, at this place, from Alex. Ypsilanti, orders to repair to the Morea. April 16, O. S., he proceeded to Trieste, by way of Vienna and Laybach. At Laybach, he had two interviews with count Nesselrode, the Russian minister, who said, among other things, "It is the will of his majesty, that you do not go to Greece; but you may continue your travels." This made Alex. Cantacuzeno irresolute what to do; but, being informed, during his residence of four weeks in Venice, of the murder of the patriarch, and the breaking out of the Greek insurrection in the Morea, the idea that his absence might corroborate the suspicion that the revolution met with the disapprobation of Russia, induced him to sacrifice every thing to the cause of his country. He obtained from the Russian consul a passport to return to Odessa by water, and went to Greece without interruption. For this step, he was subsequently forbidden to return to Russia. 60 young Greeks, from the various universities, the French captain Balestras, and Demetrius Ypsilanti, who had been intrusted, by his brother Alexander, with the management of the insurrection in the Morea, embarked with him. June 19, they reached Hydra, where they were received with the greatest rejoicings. Alex. Cantacuzeno immediately undertook the charge of the department of war, organized a general administration of the islands, and formed a band of volunteers, whom Balestras commanded. But they were soon in want of arms and powder. June 20, Cantacuzeno and Demetrius Ypsilanti proceeded to the Peloponnesus, to Gerusia, in Vervena, a village near Tripolizza. Cantacuzeno immediately invested the fortress of Malvasia (Epidaurus), and reduced it by famine, July 21, 1821. He next deliberated with the Hydriots and Spezziots respecting the formation of a national senate, and was, in other respects, active in establishing order. He then proceeded to Tripolizza, and, at the head of the Albanian soldiers, took part in the siege of the place; refused, in the meanwhile, an offer of the Cretans, who wished to confer on him the command of their island; travelled through the provinces of Hellas, in order to establish elective assemblies, and undertook the charge of fortifying Missolonghi, though he had to contend with great obstacles, confusion and discord prevailing everywhere. The management of Greek affairs having passed into other hands, he received, from the Greek senate, the com

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mission to convey to Petersburg the solicitations of the Greeks for succor from the Russian government; but, being unable to obtain a passport for this purpose, he remained in Dresden. His brother George, under the command of Ypsilanti, was engaged in the unsuccessful struggle in Moldavia and Walachia, and published a memorial on the subject at Kischenaw, Oct. 28, containing, likewise, a vindication of his conduct. Both of the brothers have been erroneously estimated by many. Even Pouqueville, in his Hist. de la Régénération de la Grèce (Paris, 1824, 4 vols.), has represented the two Cantacuzenos as one person, and given an incorrect view of their character. (See Ypsilanti.)

CANTACUZENUS, John, a Byzantine emperor and historian, was born in 1295. While minister of Andronicus III, he negotiated a favorable peace with the Genoese in 1336, and repelled the encroachments of the Turks in 1337. On the death of Andronicus in 1341, C. became regent during the minority of the young emperor, John Palæologus. He defeated the Bulgarians and Turks, assumed the diadem, and entered Constantinople, victorious over his rivals, in 1346. He used his power with moderation, and endeavored to heal the wounds which five years of civil war had inflicted on the state; but religious disputes, civil dissensions and foreign enemies soon disturbed his government; and the jealousy of Paleologus, the rebellion of his own son, war, plague, the frightful disorders which prevailed in the empire, and his own loss of popular favor, induced him to renounce the crown.

He retired to a monastery (1355), where he employed himself in literary labors. He is considered one of the greatest among the successors of Constantine. His Four Books of Byzantine History were printed in 1645 (Paris, 3 vols., folio), and belong to the collection of the Byzantine historians. His other works, principally theological, are partly printed, and partly in manuscript.

CANTAL; a chain of mountains in Upper Auvergne, France, the highest peak of which, called le plomb de Cantal, is said to be nearly 6000 feet above the level of the sea. They give name to a department. (See Department.)

CANTATA; an elegant and passionate species of vocal composition, consisting of an intermixture of air and recitative. It was invented by Barbara Strozzi, a Venetian lady, who flourished about the middle of the 17th century, and was at one time extended to such length as to

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form a little opera, but has since been cultivated in Italy, Germany and England only as chamber music.

CANTEEN (from the French cantine, Spanish cantina) signifies both a bottlecase and a tavern for soldiers.-In military language, it denotes a little coffer divided into minute partitions for holding an officer's eating utensils; likewise, a likewise, a semi-cylindric tin case, carried over a soldier's knapsack, to hold his cooked victuals in; also a vessel to hold the ration of spirits or wine served out to the English troops when employed abroad. -Canteen, moreover, signifies a public house, licensed in English barracks or forts, to sell liquors and tobacco to the soldiers. CANTEMIR, Demetrius, was born in Moldavia, in 1673. At the age of 15, he was sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he remained 4 years. He served his first campaign in 1692, under his father, upon whose death, in the succeeding year, he was chosen prince of Moldavia, at the age of 20. This choice was not confirmed by the Porte, and he was ordered to reside at Constantinople, where his abilities soon gained him the favor of the government; and he was twice nominated hospodar of Moldavia. He successfully used his influence to transfer that dignity to his brother. He was appointed the third time, in 1710, with the promise of the annexation of Walachia, and exemption from tribute. Notwithstanding this promise, as soon as he was invested with his office, he was called upon for the amount usually paid on such occasions. He entered, therefore, into a treaty with the czar Peter, by the terms of which the principality was to be hereditary in the family of C., under the protection of the czar, whom Cantemir was to assist in his war with Turkey. The czar, however, being abandoned by the Poles and betrayed by the Moldavians, was obliged to retire, and C. took refuge in his dominions, with the rank of prince of the Russian empire. He died at Astracan, in 1723. Ĉ. spoke 8 languages, and understood the ancient Greek, French and Sclavonian. He was a member of the academy of Berlin. His principal work is called History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire (in Latin). It has been translated into English (London, 1734, 2 vols., folio), French and Ger

man.

He is the author, likewise, of the Present State of Moldavia (in Latin), and the System of the Mohammedan Religion, which have both been published. His other works are in MS.

CANTERBURY (ancient Darvenum, Durovernum, Dorobernia, and Cantwara-byrg), city, Eng., capital of Kent; 56 E. London; lon. 0° 55′ E.; lat. 51° 17′ N. ; pop. 10,498; houses, 2,093. It is the see of an archbishop, primate of all England, situated in a valley, between gently-rising hills, on the river Stour; founded before the Christian era. It is a county of itself, and the magistrates have authority to determine all law-suits between the citizens, and to try for capital crimes committed within the city. There are two markets weekly, on Wednesday and Saturday. It contains a cathedral, and 12 parish churches within the walls, and 3 in the suburbs. The cathedral is spacious and magnificent, built in the form of a double cross, 514 feet long; the height of the great tower is 235 feet. The Jews have a synagogue here; Methodists,Baptists,Presbyterians and Quakers have each a place of public worship. It sends 2 members to parliament. The principal manufactures are cotton and silk. It is famous for its brawn. The country round it produces a great quantity of hops. In former times, this place was distinguished for the festivals celebrated here in memory of St. Thomas à Becket, who was murdered here. (See Becket.)

CANTHARIDES, or Spanish fly (in medicine); the name of a kind of fly, the cantharis vesicatoria, Geoffray; meloë vesicatoria, Lin.; lytta vesicatoria, Fab.; belonging to the family of the trachelides. They are very common in Spain, Italy and France, where they are found in large families on the ash, lilac, viburnum, &c. Their body is from 6 to 10 lines long; the feelers are black, setaceous, composed of 12 articulations; the elytra long, flexible, of a shining, golden green, and the tarses of a deep brown. Their odor is strong, penetrating, peculiar and unpleasant; their taste extremely acrid ; their powder is of a brownish gray, intermixed with shining particles of a metallic green color. According to Robiquet, they contain, with several other ingredients, a peculiar substance, called cantharidin. (q. v.) These insects are, of all the vesicating substances, those which are most commonly used. Their action is principally confined to the skin; however, their active principles may be absorbed, and cause serious accidents. The application of a blister is often followed by strangury, hæmaturia, priapism, &c. Taken internally, they act as the most energetic acrid poison; they produce irritation on the intestines, and especially affect

the genito-urinary organs, which they stimulate violently. In certain disorders, they are administered in small doses, as powerful stimulants. The medicine is of a very dangerous character, and its use requires the greatest caution on the part of the physician. Several species of blistering fly are found in the U. States, some of which are more powerful than the Spanish fly.

CANTHARIDIN, the vesicating principle of the cantharides, or Spanish fly, is white, in small, crystalline scales, insoluble in water and cold alcohol, soluble in ether, boiling oils and alcohol, from which it precipitates by cooling. The vesicating properties could be extracted from cantharides by oil of turpentine, and probably a satisfactory ointment be prepared by merely evaporating the oil of turpentine at a moderate temperature. (See Cantharides.)

CANTICLES. (See Solomon, Song of.) CANTIUM; an ancient territory in South Britain, whence the English word Kent is derived, supposed to have been the first district which received a colony from the continent. The situation of Cantium occasioned its being much frequented by the Romans, who generally took their way through it in their marches to and from the continent. Few places in Britain are more frequently mentioned by the Roman writers than Portus Rutupensis. Portus Dubris (now Dover), Durobrivæ and Durovernum (now Rochester and Canterbury) were also Roman towns and stations. Cantium, in the most perfect state of the Roman government, made a part of the province called Flavia Casariensis. (See Kent.)

CANTO FERMO; the name given to the ancient chants of the Roman Catholic church, which were adopted as standing melodies. These chants, until counterpoint was discovered, were unaccompanied, or only harmonized with octaves.

CANTO FIGURATO. This term was applied, by the old Christian ecclesiastics, to the canto fermo in its more cultivated state, when harmony began to assume modulation.

CANTON, principal city of the Chinese province of the same name, otherwise called Quang-tong, or Koanton, is situated in 23° 30′ N. lat., and 113° 2′ 45′′ E. lon., on the banks of the river Taho, which is nere very wide. This city, distinguished for size, wealth, and a numerous population, is the only seaport in China open to the ships of Europe and America. The estimate of missionaries, that it contains

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1,000,000 of inhabitants, is exaggerated. The number is probably nearer 750,000. The circuit of the walls, which are of a moderate height, is over 9 miles. Only about a third part, however, of the space enclosed is covered with buildings; the rest is occupied with pleasure-gardens and fish-ponds. The neighboring country is very charming, hilly towards the east, and presenting, in that quarter, a beautiful prospect. The houses are mostly of one story; but those of the mandarins and principal merchants are high and well built. In every quarter of the town and the suburbs are seen temples and pagodas, containing the images of Chinese gods. The populous streets are long and narrow, paved with flat stones, and adorned at intervals with triumphal arches. Shops line the sides, and an unbroken range of piazza protects the occupants of the houses, as well as foot-passengers, from the rays of the sun. At night, the gates are closed, and bars are thrown across the entrances of the streets. The traders express themselves with sufficient fluency in the languages of their European and American customers, with whom they deal almost exclusively, selling them porcelain, lackered wares, &c. The Americans trade here to a greater extent than any other nation: next to them come the English. The greatest part of the silver, which is carried from America to Europe, eventually circulates through China, by means of the ports of Canton and Batavia, to which large supplies of the productions of the empire are transmitted. The principal articles of export are tea, India ink, varnish, porcelain, rliubarb, silk and nankeen. A company, consisting of 12 or 13 merchants, called the Cohong, is established here, by order of the government, for the purpose of purchasing the cargoes of foreign ships, and supplying them with return cargoes of tea, raw silk, &c. This society interferes, undoubtedly, with private trade, but adds greatly to the security of the foreign dealer, as each member is answerable for all the rest. Carriages are not used here, but all burdens are transported on bamboo poles laid across the shoulders of men. All the inhabitants of distinction make use of litters. Chinese women are never seen in the streets, and Tartar women but seldom. The European factories, to wit, the Dutch, French, Swedish, Danish and English, are situated on a very commodious quay, on the bank of the river. Nearly a league from Canton is the Boat-town, which consists of about