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yanzof, whose name is known throughout the civilized world, caused Abulghasi's Historia Mongolorum et Tartarorum to be printed in 1825, under the special care of the distinguished German oriental scholar Fraehn. The publication of the Mongol work, History of the Eastern Mongols and their Princes, written by Ssanang Ssetzen, with a German translation and illustrations and remarks by J. J. Schmidt, although no Russian work, may be mentioned here, as it was only made possible by Russian means, and the support of the emperor. The same author, known to the literary world by his learned Researches in Eastern Asia, translated also the Gospels into the Mongol and Kalmuk languages for the Russian Bible society. A Mongol Grammar was prepared by him in 1828, and a Mongol-German-Russian Dictionary was announced in 1834. A Mongol-Russian Dictionary had been previously published by Igumnof of Irkutzk. Volkof

composed a Tartar Dictionary, an earlier one having been written by Giganof in 1804. For the study of the Armenian, numerous opportunities are presented; the Armenian archimandrite Seraphim published in 1819 an Armenian elementary Encyclopedia, and in 1822 a Russian Armenian Dictionary. A new Turkish Dictionary by Rhasis appeared 1830 at St. Petersburg. But the oriental studies of the Russians are not limited to the languages of the Russian empire. A Hebrew Grammar has been published by Pavsky, the learned author of the Russian version of the Old Testament; and in the year 1821 there were, according to Henderson, not less than forty of his pupils employed as teachers in the different academies and seminaries throughout the country. An Arabic Grammar has been published by Boldryef, and also a Persian Chrestomathy in 1826. Senkofsky translated the Derbent-Nahmeh; and also edited with considerable additions the French-Arabic dictionary, originally written by the Swede Berggren, a work of the highest utility to the Arabic scholar, not a mere vocabulary, but full of geographical notices and general information; in short a work which, according to the prospectus written by the learned Fraehn, " contains every thing that can be useful to the traveller, diplomatic agent, missionary, physician or merchant." The editor among other things has added in Roman characters the vulgar Pet. 1829. This and the preceding work are not properly translations, but original works, drawn from Chinese sources, all of which are specified. Besides these works, Hyacinth has published some of less importance, translations from the Chinese, etc.

pronunciation of the Arabic, which differs materially from that given by the grammarians.

Among the ecclesiastical writers of this period, Ambrosius Protasof, archbishop of Kazan and Simbirsk, and Philaret Drozdof, archbishop of Moscow, are considered as the most eloquent. The last is the author of several works on church history. Other theological writers of merit are the following: Eugene Bolchovitinof,69 metropolitan of Kief, Ambrosius Podobjedof, metropolitan of Novogorod, and Michael Desnitzky, metropolitan of St. Petersburg. Stanislas Bogush, a Roman Catholic priest, published a history of Taurida and several other historical works in the Russian language. Several successful attempts have recently been made, by clergymen and by laymen, to describe portions of the history of their own country. Such are Krilof, (not the poet,) S. Glinka, and others. The branch of Memoires also, in the French sense of the word, has recently been much cultivated. The publications of Count Munich, in 1818; of Prince Shakhofsky, 1821; of General Danilevsky, 1830; and of Admiral Shishkof, 1832; are valuable contributions to the history of our time.

The national feeling of the Russians has led them, during the period of their literary history, to examine the nature of their language; and all philosophical investigations, or antiquarian researches, which could throw additional light upon the past, have been favoured by persons of distinction and influence; as for example, by Admiral Shishkof, himself a writer on various subjects. With this view he caused a new edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy to be published, and the preparation of another more perfect work of that kind, founded on an improved plan.* To this class of philological antiquarians belong the names of Vostokof already cited in these pages, Sokolof, Kalaïdovitch, and Stroyef, the two latter learned and judicious commentators on old manuscripts which they first published, and which but for them would still lie mouldering in dust

69 The reputation of this clergyman rests however more on his publications in the department of bibliography and literary history, than on his own theological works.

* The etymological tables, published since 1819 by Shishkof, as a specimen of the labours of the Academy, are highly interesting. We see here the words reduced to the first elements of the language; and in some cases more than 2000 words springing from a single root.

and oblivion. In the department of literary history and bibliography, we find as writers of merit, P. Koeppen, author of the well-written article "Kunst und Altherthum in Russland" in the Vienna Jahrbücher, and of various valuable paleographic and other essays in the Russian language; also Gretsch, Sopikof, Anastasevitch, the metropolitian Eugene above mentioned, Pletuef, Mussin-Pushkin, Korshavin, Katchenofsky, etc. etc.

This is not the place to enlarge on the distinguished merits which foreigners, and especially Germans, have acquired in relation to Russian history, statistics, etc. But their labours in relation to the language, form a part of the literature to which they were devoted; and cannot of course be separated from the works of native writers. The most distinguished names in this department are again Germans, viz. Heym, Vater, Tappe, Puchmayer, etc. The catalogue of elementary works upon the Russian language, is too long to be inserted here; we limit ourselves therefore to those only which are written in English, and the best in German and French. The English grammars and dictionaries of the Russian, are indeed so few, that an American or Englishman would never succeed in acquiring a full knowledge of the language, except through the medium of the German and French. The first Russian Grammar, however, that was ever printed, was published at Oxford. We give the titles of this and of the other principal grammars and lexicons of the Russian language, in the note below.70 Schaffarik's often

70 This was Ludolf's Grammatica Russica et manuductio ad linguam Slavonicam, Oxon. 1696.-ENGLISH Russian Grammars are, Novaya ross. Gram. dlja Anglitshani, 'Russian Grammar for Englishmen,' St. Petersburg, 1822. Heard's Practical Grammar of the Russian Language, St. Pet. 1827. 2 vols. 8vo.-GERMAN Russian Grammars are: Heym's Russ. Sprachlehre für Deutsche, Riga, 1789, 1794, 1804. Vater's Prakt. Gramm. der russ. Sprache, Leipz. 1808, 1814. Tappe's Neue russ. Sprachlehre für Deutsche, St. Pet. 1810, 1814, 1820. Schmidt's Prakt. russ. Grammatik, Leip. 1813. Puchmayer's Lehrgebäude der russ. Sprache, Prag 1820.-FRENCH Russian Grammars are: Maudru's Elémens raisonnés de la Langue Russe, Paris, 1802. Langen's Manuel de la Langue Russe, St. Pet. 1825. Charpentier's Elémens de la Langue Russe, St. Pet. 1768 to 1805, five editions. In the course of the year 1828 a French translation of the Russian Grammar of Gretsch was prepared in two parts under the titles: Grammaire Russe raisonnée and Grammaire Russe pratique.

DICTIONARIES.-Parenoga's Lex. Anglinsko-ross. and Russian-English Lexicon, 4 vols. 1808-17. Zdanof's Angl-ross. Lex. and Russian

cited History of the Slavic Language and Literature may be consulted with advantage by any one who desires more complete information on the grammatical and lexical literature of the Russians.*

III. History of the Servian Language and Literature.

The literature of the occidental Slavo-Servians71 has hitherto been altogether separated from that of their brethren of the oriEngl. Dict. St. Pet. 1784. Shishkof's Lex. angl. franc. ross. St. Pet. 1795. Heym's Russ. deutsch und Deutsch-russ. Wörterb. Riga 1795– 98. The same writer's Russisch, Deutsch, und Französ. Wörterb. in several forms and editions, Riga 1796 to 1812. Schmidt's Nov. Karm. Slovar, Leipz. 1815. Tatishtchef's Franc. russ. Lex. St. Pet. 1816. Oldekop's Russ. Deutsch. Wörterb. St. Pet. 1825.

The Foreign Quarterly Review, Vol. I, contains a valuable article on Russian literature, evidently written, or at least prepared, not by an Englishman, but by a Russian. Bowrings' Russian Anthology is the only work known to us, adapted to make the mere English reader somewhat acquainted with the Russian poetic literature. To those to whom not the Slavic, but the German and French languages are accessible, we recommend the following: Anthologie Russe, par Dupré de St. Maure, Paris 1823. Gretsch's Handbuch der russ. Literatur, St. Pet. 1821. Oldekop's St. Petersburger Zeitschrift. Von der Borg's Poetische Erzeugnisse der Russen, Riga 1823. Von Knorring's Russ. Bibliothek für Deutsche, Revel 1831. Von Goetze's Stimmen des russishen Volks, Stuttg. 1828. Specimens of Karamzin's writings are contained in Richter's Russische Miscellen, Mosc. 1801-1809.

71 This portion of the Slavic race has hitherto been more generally known under the general appellation of Illyrians. With the exception of the Bulgarians, who never have been comprehended under it, this name has alternately been applied to all the Southern Slavic nations; sometimes only to the Dalmatians and Slavonians; sometimes to them together with the Croatians and Vindes; by others again to the Turkish Servians and Bosnians, etc. The old Illyrians, i. e. the inhabitants of the Roman province Illyricum, were not Slavi, but a people related to the old Thracians, the forefathers of the present Albanians. See Schaffarik, p. 23, n. 2. Illyricum Magnum comprised in the fourth century nearly all the Roman provinces of eastern Europe. Napoleon affected to renew the names and titles of the ancient Roman empire, and called the territory ceded to him by Austria in 1809, viz. Carniola, and all the country between the Adriatic, the Save, and the Turkish empire, his Illyrian provinces, and their inhabitants Illyrians. In the year 1815 a new kingdom of Illyria was founded as an Austrian province, comprehending Carniola, CarinVOL. IV. No. 14.

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ental church, and treated as a distinct branch. Their language, however, being essentially the same, we do not see why the rather accidental circumstance, that the former use the Roman letters, while the latter adhere to the Cyrillic alphabet, should be a sufficient reason for such a separation. The literature of neither of them has as yet treasures enough, to renounce willingly the claims which their mutual and naturally rich though uncultivated language gives to the one upon the productions of the other. We now proceed, in a short historical introduction, to show the origin of this separation; after making a few preliminary remarks on the character of the language as a whole, unaffected by its division into different dialects, not more distinct indeed from each other than is the case in almost every other living idiom.

A

The Servian language is spoken by about five millions of people. It extends, with some slight variations of dialect, over the Turkish and Austrian provinces of Servia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Dalmatia; over Slavonia and the eastern part of Croatia. It is further the property of several thousands, who emigrated from their own country on account of the Turkish oppression, and are now settled as colonists along the south-western bank of the Danube, from Semlin to St. André near Buda. dialect of it, with greater variations, is spoken by the Bulgarians. The southern sky, and the beauties of natural scenery existing throughout nearly all these regions, so favourable in general to the developement of poetical genius, appear also to have exerted a happy influence on the language. While it yields to none of the other Slavic dialects in richness, clearness, and precision, it far surpasses all of them in euphony. The Servian has often been called the Italian among the other Slavic idioms. Comparisons of this sort are always superficial, and tend to give a false view of the character of an object. Be this as it may, the

thia, and Trieste with its territory. It is partly on account of this indefiniteness, that the name of Illyrians has been entirely relinquished by modern philologists. In its stead the name of Servians, or more properly Serbians, Serbs, has been adopted as a general appellation by the best authorities. See below, § 1, on the Literature of the Servians of the Greek Church. The word Srb, Serb, Sorab, has been alternately derived from Srp, scythe; from Siberi, Sever, north; from Sarmat; from Serbulja, a kind of shoe or sock; from servus, servant, etc. The true derivation has not yet been found out. See Dobrovsky's History of the Bohemian Language, etc. 1818, and also his Inst. Ling. Slav, 1822.

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