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pac, prided herself in thwarting her husband's beneficent purposes. Making the river of Bogotá to overflow by magic, she deluged the whole valley, and reduced the inhabitants to the necessity of fleeing to the mountains for safety. Hereupon Bochica expelled the malevolent Chia from the earth, and she became the moon. Then, tearing asunder the rocks of Tequendama, he gave the waters an exit by these celebrated falls, and freed the valley of Bogota from inundation. Introducing the worship of the sun, and persuading the inhabitants to cultivate the soil, he laid the foundations of a state, which held the same rank, in this part of America, which Peru did farther to the south. The institutions of this people very strikingly resembled those of the incas, and perhaps had a common origin; but, at the time of the conquest of South America, they constituted a distinct people, and possessed a distinct religion. (See Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Muisca; Compagnoni, America, xix, 107). Böckн, Augustus, one of the greatest philologists of our times, was born at Carlsruhe, 1785, studied at Halle, and, in 1811, became professor of classical literature at Berlin. Two works will immortalize the name of B. with the students of ancient literature; first, his edition of Pindar, which he announced to the public by his Specimen Emendationum in Pindari Carmina (1810), and by Observationes Critica in Pindari, Prim., Olymp., Carm. (1811; the large Leipsic edition, 18111821, is in 3 vols., 4to.). A new arrangement of the Pindaric measures is here proposed, founded on deep and extensive researches into the music of the Greeks. Even those who entirely reject the hy potheses of this philologist cannot but acknowledge his erudition, and admire his acuteness. The other work, to which we have alluded, is on the Political Economy of the Athenians (4 books, Berlin, 1817, 2 vols.). No work has hitherto appeared in Germany, which throws so much light on the political life and public administration of any ancient people, as this of B. It has furnished new means for illustrating the Attic orators and historians. B. has added to this work 21 inscriptions. Of late years, he has been busily engaged in preparing a work under the patronage of the Berlin academy, science, of which he is a member, led Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum, which the first volun appeared, in 1925, at Berlin, in folio. The smaller writings of this author relate chiefly to Plato (of whose works he promised, some time since, to

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BODE, John Elert, an astronomer, born at Hamburg, 1747, early discovered an inclination for mathematical science, in which his father, and, afterwards, the famous J. G. Büsch, instructed him. He gave the first public proof of his knowledge by a short work on the solar eclipse of Aug. 5, 1766. The approbation which this received encouraged him to greater labors, and in 1768 appeared his Introduction to the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens (9th ed. 1822); a familiar treatise on astronomy, which has done much for the extension of correct views upon the subject, and continues to do so, as it has kept pace, in its successive editions, with the progress of the science. In 1772, the Berlin academy chose him their astronomer, and, ten years afterwards, he was made a member of that institution, His best works are his Astronomical Almanac (commencing 1774)—a work indispensable to every astronomer; and his large Celestial Atlas (Himmelsatlas), in 20 sheets, in which the industrious editor has given a catalogue of 17,240 stars (12,000 more than in any former charts). B. was released in 1825, at his own wish, from his duties in the academy of science, and the observatory in Berlin. His place was filled by professor Encke, formerly astronomer at Gotha.

BODIN, Jean, a political writer of the 16th century, was born in 1530 or 1529, at Angers; studied law at Toulouse; delivered lectures on jurisprudence there, and afterwards went to Paris and practis ed. Being unsuccessful in his profession, he turned his talents to literary labors; was invited by Henry III to his court; and afterwards travelled with the king's brother Francis, duke of Alençon and Anjou, to Flanders and England, where he had the gratification of hearing lec tures, in Cambridge, on his work De la République (originally written in French, but afterwards translated, by B. himself, into Latin). When the duke died, he went to Laon, married there, obtained a judicial office, and was sent, by the third esate in Vermandois, 1576, as deputy, to he estates of Blois. Here he defended the rights of the people, and the liberty of conscience. His conduct made him many enemies at court. He also prevailed on the city of Laon to declare itself for the league, in 1589, representing to the people, that the rising of so many towns and parliaments, in favor of the duke of Guise, was not a rebellion, but rather a powerful

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political revolution. He afterwards, however, submitted to Henry IV. He died, 1596, at Laon, of the plague. His great work is that entitled De la République, in which he gave the first complete essay towards a scientific treatise on politics, and, guided by his own experience, sought to strike out a middle course between the advocates of monarchy and democracy. His Démonomanie, and his Theatrum Universæ Natura (Lyons, 1596), show how superstition and learning were united in his character; but the charge of atheism, which is grounded particularly on a work entitled Heptaplomeron, proceeds from the religious indifference which was noticed in him by his contemporaries.

BODLEIAN LIBRARY. (See Libraries.) BODLEY, Sir Thomas; the founder of the Bodleian library at Oxford. He was born at Exeter, in 1544, and educated partly at Geneva, whither his parents, who were Protestants, had retired in the reign of queen Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth, they returned home, and he completed his studies at Magdalen college, Oxford. He afterwards became a fellow of Merton college, and read lectures on the Greek language and philosophy. He went to the continent in 1576, and spent four years in travelling. He was afterwards employed in various embassies to Denmark, Germany, France and Holland. In 1597, he returned home, and dedicated the remainder of his life to the reestablishment and augmentation of the public library at Oxford. This he accomplished, procuring books and manuscripts himself, both at home and abroad, at a great expense, and, by his influence and persuasions, inducing his friends and acquaintance to assist in his undertaking, Sir Robert Cotton, sir Henry Savile, and Thomas Allen, the mathematician, were among the principal contributors on this occasion. The library was so much augmented, that sir Thomas B., who was knighted at the accession of James I, was induced to erect an additional structure for the reception of the increasing quantity of valuable books and manuscripts, He died in London, 1612, and was intered in the chapel of Merton college, in the university. He bequeathed nearly the whole of his property to the support and augmentation of the library, which has been so much enriched by subsequent benefactions, that it is, at present, one of the most magnificent institutions of the kind in Europe. (See Reliquiæ Bodleiana, London, 1703.)

BODMER, John Jacob; a celebrated Ger

man poet and scholar, born at Greifensee, near Zurich, July 19, 1698. Although he produced nothing remarkable of his own in poetry, he helped to open the way for the new German literature in this departiment. He was the antagonist of Gottsched, in Leipsic, who aspired to be the literary dictator of the day, and had embraced the French theory of taste, while B. inclined to the English. He has the honor of having had Klopstock and Wieland among his scholars. B. was, for a long time, professor of history in Switzerland. He was a copious and indefatigable writer, entertained many incorrect views, but was of service, as we have already said, to the German literature, which was then in a low and barbarous state. He died at Zürich, 1783.

BODONI, Giambatista, superintendent of the royal press at Parma, chief printer of his Catholic majesty, member of several academies of Italy, knight of several high orders, was born, 1740, at Saluzzo, in Piedmont, where his father owned a printing establishment. He began, while yet a boy, to employ himself in engraving on wood. His labors meeting with success, he went, in 1758, to Rome, and was made compositor for the press of the Propaganda. By the advice of the superintendent, he made himself acquainted with the Oriental languages, in order to qualify himself for the kind of printing required in them. He thereby enabled himself to be of great service to this press by restoring and putting in place the types of several Oriental alphabets, which had fallen into disorder. The infant don Ferdinand, about 1766, had, with a view of diffusing knowledge, established a printing-house in Parma, after the model of those in Paris, Madrid and Turin. B. was placed at the head of this establishment, which he made the first of the kind in Europe, and gained the reputation of having far surpassed all the splendid and beautiful productions of his predecessors in the art. The beauty of his type, ink and paper, as well as the whole management of the technical part of the work, leaves nothing for us to wish; but the intrinsic value of his editions is seldom equal to their outward splendor. His Homer is a truly admirable and magnificoat work; indeed, his Greek letters are the most perfect imitations that have been attempted, in modern times, of Greek manuscript. His splendid editions of Greek, Latin, alian and French classics are highly prized He died at Padua, Nov. 29, 1813.

BOECE. (See Boëthius.)

BOEHME, or BOEHм, Jacob; one of the most renowned mystics of modern times; born, in 1575, at Altseidenberg, a village in Upper Lusatia, near Görlitz; was the son of poor peasants; remained to his 10th year without instruction, and employed in tending cattle. The beautiful and sublime objects of nature kindled his imagination, and inspired him with a profound piety. Raised by contemplation above his circumstances, and undisturbed by exterior influences, a strong sense of the spiritual, particularly of the mysterious, was awakened in him, and he saw in all the workings of nature upon his mind a revelation of God, and even imagined himself favored by divine inspirations. The education which he received at school, though very imperfect, consisting only of writing, spelling and reading the Bible, supplied new food for the excited mind of the boy. He became afterwards a shoemaker; and this sedentary life seems to have strengthened his contemplative habits. He was much interested in the disputes which prevailed on the subject of Cryptocalvinism in Saxony; though he never took a personal part in sectarian controversies, and knew no higher delight than to elevate himself, undisturbed, to the contemplation of the infinite. B. withdrew himself more and more from the world. If we take into view his retirement, his piety, his rich and lively imagination, his imperfect education, his philosophical desire for truth, together with his abundance of ideas, and his delusion in considering many of those ideas as immediate communications of the Deity, we have the sources of his doctrine and his works. His writings are very unequal, but always display a profound feeling, and must be judged with indulgence for the causes just mentioned. In 1594, B. became a master shoemaker in Görlitz, married, and continued a shoemaker during his life. Several visions and raptures, that is, moments of strong enthusiasm, led him to take the pen. His first work appeared in 1616, and was called Aurora. It contains his revelations on God, man and nature. This gave rise to a prosecution against him; but he was acquitted, and called upon, from all sides, to continue writing. He did not, however, resume his pen until 1619. One of his most important works is, Description of the three Principles of the Divine Being. His works contain profound and lofty ideas, mingled with many absurd and confused no

tions. He died, after several prosecutions and acquittals, in 1624. Abraham von Frankenberg (who died in 1652), his biographer and admirer, has also published and explained his writings. The first collection of them was made in Holland, in 1675, by Henry Betke; a more complete one, in 1682, by Gichtel (10 vols., Amsterdam); from whom the followers of B., a religious sect highly valued for their silent, virtuous and benevolent life, have received the name Gichtelians. Another edition appeared in Amsterdam, in 1730, under the title Theologia revelata, 2 vols. 4to.; the most complete, in 6 vols. In England, also, B.'s writings have found many admirers. William Law published an English translation of them, 2 vols., 4to. A sect, taking their name from B., was likewise formed in England, and in 1697, Jane Leade, an enthusiastic admirer of his, established a particular society for the explanation of his writings, under the name of the Philadelphists. It is said that such a society still exists. John Pordage, an English physician, is also well known as a commentator on B.

BEOTIA; a country of ancient Greece, bounded N. by Phocis and the country of the Opuntian Locrians; E. by the Euripus, or strait of Euboea; S. by Attica and Megaris; and W. by the Alcyonian sea and Phocis; but the boundaries were not always the same. In the north, it is mountainous and cold, and the air is pure and healthy, but the soil is less fertile than that of the other portion, which, however, is infested by unhealthy vapors. The mountainous part in the north was called, in earlier times, Aonia. Among its mountains are several remarkable in history and mythology: Helicon (now Sagara), the mountain of the Sphinx, the Taumessus, Libethrus and Petrachus.The chief occupation of the inhabitants was agriculture and the raising of cattle. It was first occupied by Pelasgian tribes. In the time of Bootus (son of Itonus and grandson of Amphictyon, from whom it is said to have derived its name), these were subject to the Hellenists. It was divided into small states, until Cadmus the Phoenician founded the government of Thebes. In later times, all Greece worshipped the Hercules of Thebes. After the death of the Theban king Xanthus, most of the cities of B. formed a kind of republic, of which Thebes was the chief city. Epaminondas and Pelopidas raised Thebes, for a short time, to the rank of the most powerful states of Greece. In B. are several celebrated ancient battle

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fields, the former glory of which has been increased by late events, namely, Platea (now the village Kokla), where Pausanias and Aristides established the liberty of Greece by their victory over the 300,000 Persians under Mardonius; Leuctra (now the village Parapogia), where Epaminondas checked the ambitious Spartans; Coronea, where the Spartan Agesilaus defeated the Thebans; and Chæronea (now Capranu), where Philip founded the Macedonian greatness on the ruins of Grecian liberty. Near Tanagra, the birthplace of Corinna (q. v.), the best wine was produced; here, also, cocks were bred, of remarkable size, beauty and courage, with which the Grecian cities, passionately fond of cock-fighting, were supplied. Refinement and cultivation of mind never made such progress in B. as in Attica. The Baotians were vigorous, but slow and heavy. Several Thebans, however, were worthy disciples of Socrates, and Epaminondas distinguished himself as much in philosophy as by his military talents. The people were particularly fond of music, and excelied in it. They had also some great poets and artists. Hesiod, Pindar, the poetess Corinna, and Plutarch, were Baotians.

BOERHAAVE, Hermann, one of the most celebrated physicians of the 18th century, was born, Dec. 13, 1668, at Woorhout, near Leyden, and received from his father a liberal education. Before he was 11 years old, he was well acquainted with Latin and Greek. An obstinate ulcer on his left thigh, which, for 7 years, resisted all medical remedies, was the means of directing his thoughts and inclinations to the study of medicine. In 1682, he was sent to Leyden to study theology. Here he gave, at the age of 20, the first public proof of his learning and eloquence. He pronounced an academic oration before Gronovius, with whom he studied Greek, Quá probatur, bene intellectam a Cicerone, et confutatam esse Sententiam Epicuri de summo Bono (Leyden, 1690, 4to.) In this, B. attacked the doctrine of Spinoza with so much talent, that the city rewarded him with a gold medal. In 1689, he received the degree of doctor of philosophy, and maintained an inaugural dissertation, De Distinctione Mentis a Corpore (Leyden, 1690). He now commenced, at the age of 22, the study of medicine, Drelincourt was his first and only teacher. From him he received only a little instruction; and it is worthy of notice, that B. learned by his own solitary study a science on which

he was afterwards to exert so important an influence. He first studied anatomy, but rather in the works then in vogue, of Vesale, Bartholin, &c., than in the dissecting room. He was present, indeed, at most of the dissections of Nuck, but still the want of a practical study of anatomy is evident in all his writings. The influence which he had in improving anatomy, notwithstanding the defect we have noticed, must be traced to the close connexion of this mechanical science with physiology and medicine. As, in these last, he made use of mechanical illustrations, his example induced the anatomists to apply themselves to an accurate study of the forms of the organs, as may be noticed in all the anatomists of that time-Santorini, Morgagni, Valsalva, Winslow, Albinus, &c. After this preliminary study, which, in fact, is the groundwork of medical science, B. read all the works, ancient and modern, on medicine, in the order of time, proceeding from his contemporaries to Hippocrates, with whose superior excellence and correct method he was forcibly struck in this course of reading. He also studied botany and chemistry, and, although still preparing himself for the clerical profession, was made, in 1693, doctor of medicine at Harderwick. His dissertation was De Utilitate explorandorum Excrementorum in Egris, ut Signorum. After his return to Leyden, some doubts being raised as to his orthodoxy, he finally determined to follow the profession of medicine. In 1701, the university of Leyden chose him, on the death of Drelincourt, to deliver lectures on the theory of medicine; on which occasion, he pronounced his dissertation De commendando Studio Hippocratico. In this, with an enthusiasm excited by the study of Hippocrates, he demonstrates the correctness of the method pursued by that great man, and establishes its exclusive superiority: it had been well if he himself had never deviated from it. B. now began to develope those great and peculiar excellences, which make him a pattern to all who undertake the office of instruction. Pupils crowded from all quarters to hear him. In 1703, he delivered another dissertation, De Úsu Ratiocinii mechanici in Medicina, Leyden, 1703. In this, he began to deviate from the Hippocratic method, and to introduce the first principles of a defective system, to which his eminent talents gave afterwards exclusive currency. In 1709, the university of Leyden was at length enabled to reward

him for his services, by appointing him professor of medicine and botany in Hotton's place. It is remarkable, that, on this occasion, he delivered a dissertation, Qua repurgate Medicinæ facilis asseritur Simplicitas, which deserves to be placed by the side of those in which he recommends the study of Hippocrates. In this dissertation, he is for carrying back the science to its original simplicity-to observation and experience-quite contrary to the spirit which guided his own system. The course of instruction, to which B. was now devoted, induced him to publish two works, on which his fame still rests, viz. Institutiones Medicæ in Usus annuæ Exercitationis domesticos; and Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis in Usum Doctrinæ Medicina. In the former, which is a model of comprehensive erudition and clear method, he unfolds his system in its full extent: in the latter, he undertakes the classification of diseases, and discourses separately on their causes, nature and treatment. The professorship of botany, which he also filled, contributed no less to his reputation. He rendered essential services to botany by his two catalogues of plants in the garden of Leyden, the number of which he had very much increased. We are indebted to him for the description and delineation of several new plants, and the introduction of some new species. In 1714, he was made rector of the university, and, at the close of his term of office, delivered an oration, De comparando certo in Physicis, one of his best pieces. At the end of this year, he took Bidloo's place in the office of practical instruction, in which he was employed more than 10 years. Anticipating the great advantages of clinical institutions, and wishing to unite practice with theory, he opened an hospital, where he lectured to his pupils twice a week, on the history of the diseases before them, confining himself to the particular phenomena in each case presented to their observation. Busily occupied as he already was, the university conferred on him, at the death of Lemort, the professorship of chemistry, which science he had taught since 1703. On this occasion he delivered his dissertation De Chemia suos Errores expurgante. Although the relations which B. supposes to exist between chemistry and medicine are ill-founded, he deserves credit for rendering the science intelligible and familiar in his excellent works on this subject. His Elements of Chemistry is, perhaps, his finest production, and,

notwithstanding the entire revolution which has taken place in this branch of science, is still highly valuable. His experiments are remarkable for their accuracy. The part which treats of organic bodies is exceedingly good for that period. So extensive a sphere of action gained for B. a fame that few learned men have enjoyed. People came from all parts of Europe to ask his advice. His property amounted, at his death, to 2,000,000 florins-a very extraordinary fortune for a man of his profession in Europe. Peter the Great visited him on his travels, and a Chinese mandarin wrote to him with the address, "To Boerhaave, the celebrated physician in Europe." In 1722, an attack of the gout, accoinpanied with a stroke of the apoplexy, obliged him to remit his active pursuits. New returns of his disorder, in 1727 and 1729, compelled him to resign the professorships of chemistry and botany, which he had held for 20 years. In 1730, he was again appointed rector, and, at the close of his term, delivered a celebrated address, De Honore, Medici Servitute, perhaps the best of all those essays, in which he represents the physician as the servant of nature, whose activity he is to awaken and direct. In this he returned, in some measure, to the principles of Hippocrates, from which, indeed, he had never departed far in practice. In 1738, his disorder returned with increased violence, and, after a few months, put an end to his life, at the age of 70. The city erected a monument to him in St. Peter's church, with his favorite motto upon it-Simplex sigillum veri.

BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus, a man celebrated for his virtues, services, honors and tragical end, was born about 470 A. D., in Rome or Milan, of a rich, ancient and respectable family; was educated in Rome, in a manner well calculated to develope his extraordinary abilities; afterwards went to Athens, which was still the centre of taste and science, and studied philosophy under Proclus and others. Returning to Rome, he was graciously received by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, then master of Italy, loaded with marks of favor and esteem, and soon raised to the first offices in the empire. He exerted the best influence on the administration of this monarch, so that the dominion of the Goths promoted the welfare and happiness of the people who were subject to them. He was long the oracle of his sovereign and the idol of the people.

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