the mouth sufficiently to swallow bodies larger than themselves. Their palatic arches partake of this mobility. In the species of this tribe not possessed of venom, the branches of the upper and lower jaw, throughout their entire length, as well as the palate bones, are armed with pointed, recurved, solid and permanent teeth, forming four nearly equal rows above, and two below.-The genus boa comprises all those serpents which, in addition to the preceding characters, have the scuta on the under part of the tail single; a hook on each side of the vent; the tail prehensile; the body compressed and largest in the middle, and with small scales, at least on the posterior part of the head. The species properly belonging to this genus are among the largest of the serpent tribe, some of them, when full grown, being 30 and even 40 feet long. Though destitute of fangs and venom, nature has endowed them with a degree of muscular power which renders them terrible. Happily, they are not common in situations much frequented by mankind, but are chiefly found in the vast marshy regions of Guiana, and other hot parts of the American continent. Although sufficiently active when fasting or hungry, they become very sluggish and inert after having gorged their prey, at which time they are most easily destroyed. In order to obtain their food, the bow of largest size attach themselves to the trunk or branches of a tree, in a situation likely to be visited by quadrupeds for the sake of pasture or water. There the serpent swings about in the air, as if a branch or pendent of the tree, until some luckless animal approaches; then, suddenly relinquishing its position, swift as lightning he seizes the victim, and coils his body spirally round its throat and chest, until, after a few ineffectual cries and struggles, the animal is suffocated, and expires. In producing this effect, the serpent does not merely wreathe itself around its prey, but places fold over fold, as if desirous of adding as much weight as possible to the muscular effort: these folds are then gradually tightened with enormous force, and speedily induce death. The animals thus destroyed by the larger boa are deer, dogs, and even bullocks. The prey is then prepared for being swallowed, which the creature accomplishes by pushing the limbs into the most convenient position, and then covering the surface with a glutinous saliva. The reptile commences the act of deglutition by taking the muzzle of the prey into its mouth, which is 13

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capable of vast extension; and, by a succession of wonderful muscular contractions, the rest of the body is gradually drawn in, with a steady and regular motion. As the mass advances in the gullet, the parts through which it has passed resume their former dimensions, though its immediate situation is always betrayed by external protuberance.-As already mentioned, the species of boa are peculiar to the hot parts of South America, though nothing is more common than the error of confounding the great serpents of India, Africa, &e., with the proper boa. According to the researches of Cuvier, all the boce, at present well determined, are natives of the new continent. The great serpents of the old continent belong to the genus python (Daud.), and will be treated of under that title. It is nevertheless true, that Pliny has spoken of the huge serpents of India, and afterwards of large serpents of Italy, which were called boce, thus named from the circumstance of their being at first fed with cow's milk.-Among the most celebrated species is the boa constrictor (L.), distinguished by a large chain, formed alternately of large, blackish, irregular hexagonal spots, with pale, oval spots, notched at their two extremities, along the back. This is the largest species, and is usually confounded, by casual observers, with the python Tigris of the old world. The B. cenchris (L.), and the B. scytale, et musina (L.), attain to nearly an equal size with the constrictor (from 20 to 30 feet long), and are all natives of the torrid and marshy regions of America. The other species are of smaller size, and some do not much exceed that of the largest common snakes. We cannot reflect upon the natural history of these great reptiles, without being struck with their peculiar adaptation to the situations in which they are commonly most abundant. In regions bordering on great rivers, which, like the Orinoco, &c., annually inundate vast tracts of country, these serpents live securely among the trees with which the soil is covered, and are capable of enduring very protracted hunger without much apparent suffering or diminution of vigor. Nox ious as such districts are to human life, they teem with a gigantic and luxuriant vegetation, and are the favorite haunts of numerous animals, preyed upon, and, to a certain degree, restricted in their increase, by the boa. As their prey come within their reach, they require no deadly apparatus of poison to produce their destruction, since nature has endowed them with

muscular strength surpassing that of almost every other creature, in proportion to their size. Once fairly involved in the crushing folds of the constrictor, the strength of the strongest man would not prove of the slightest avail; indeed, from the ease with which larger and more powerful creatures are put to death by these serpents, it is evident that any number of unarmed men would act very unwisely to provoke a combat with enemies endowed with powers of such dreadful energy.

BOADICEA; queen of the Iceni, in Britain, during the reign of Nero. Having been treated in the most ignominious manner by the Romans, she headed a general insurrection of the Britons, attacked the Roman settlements, reduced London to ashes, and put to the sword all strangers, to the number of 70,000. Suetonius, the Roman general, defeated her in a decisive battle, and B., rather than fall into the hands of her enemies, put an end to her own life by poison.

oars.

from the shore to ships in the roads.-A felucca is a large passage-boat, used in the Mediterranean, with from 10 to 16 banks of oars.-Scow is an American word, signifying a large, flat-bottomed, heavy boat, about 30 feet long, and 12 wide. In some parts of the U. States, it is called a gondola. (See Canoe, Galley, &c.)

BOAT; properly, a vessel propelled by In a more extensive sense, the word is applied to other small vessels, which differ in construction and name, according to the services in which they are employed. Thus they are light or strong, sharp or flat-bottomed, open or decked, &c., according as they are intended for swiftness or burden, deep or shallow water, &c.-The barge is a long, light, narrow boat, employed in harbors, but unfit for sea. The long-boat is the largest boat belonging to a ship, generally furnished with sails, and is employed for cruising short distances, bringing heavy articles on board, &c.-The launch is more flat-bottomed than the long-boat, which it has generally superseded. The pinnace_resembles a barge, but is smaller.—The cutters of a ship are broader and deeper than the barge or pinnace, and are employed in carrying light articles, passengers, &c. on board.-Yawls are used for similar purposes, and are smaller than cutters. A gig is a long, narrow boat, used for expedition, and rowed with six or eight oars.-The jolly-boat is smaller than a yawl, and is used for going on shore. A merchant-ship seldom has more than two boats, a long-boat and a yawl.A wherry is a light, sharp boat, used in a river or harbor, for transporting passengers. A punt is a flat-bottomed boat, chiefly used for one person to go on shore from small vessels.-A skiff is a small boat, like a yawl, used for passing rivers. -A Moses is a flat-bottomed boat, used in the West Indies for carrying hogsheads

BOCCACCIO, Giovanni, whose name alone, as Mazzuchelli justly says, is equivalent to a thousand encomiums, was the son of a Florentine merchant. His family came, originally, from Certaldo, a village in Tuscany; whence he gives himself the appellation da Certaldo. He was the offspring of an illicit connexion which his father formed, while on a visit of business, at Paris, and was born in that city, 1313. He early removed to Florence, where he began his studies, and, even in childhood, discovered a decided fondness for poetry. In his 10th year, his father put him under the care of a merchant, to be educated in his business. With him he returned to Paris, and remained there six years, without acquiring any fondness for his profession. His residence of eight years at Naples was equally ineffectual to this purpose. Instead of attending to trade, he formed the closest intimacy with several learned men of Florence and Naples, who had been drawn thither by that patron of the arts, king Robert. There is nothing to prove that he shared in the favor of the prince; but he enjoyed the particular affection of a natural daughter of his, for whom he composed many pieces in prose and verse, and to whom he often pays homage under the name of Fiammetta. Placed in fortunate circumstances, with a lively and cheerful disposition, of a soft and pleasing address, the favored, I lover of a king's daughter, he regarded with more aversion than ever the station for which he had been intended. The fondness of the princess for poetry; his own intimacy with scientific and literary men; the tomb of Virgil, near Naples, which he used to visit in his walks; the presence of Petrarch, who was received with the highest distinction at the court of Naples, and who went from that city to Rome, to be crowned with the poetic laurel; the intimacy which had arisen between the two poets;-all operated powerfully on B., to strengthen and fix his natural inclination for poetry and literature. After living two years at Florence with his father, he returned to Naples, where he was very graciously received by the queen Joanna. It is thought that

it was no less to gratify the young queen, than his Fiammetta, that he wrote his Decameron, which has raised him to the rank of the first Italian prose-writer. On the death of his father, becoming master of his own inclinations, he settled at Florence, where his first work was a description of the plague, which forms the opening of the Decameron. He afterwards wrote the life of Dante. He was chosen to inform Petrarchi, at Padua, of his recall from exile, and the restoration of the property belonging to his father, who had died during his absence. The friendship of these two men of genius continued for life. When B., some years after, had exhausted his fortune in the purchase of costly books, and in expensive pleasures, he found in Petrarch the most generous assistance: the wise counsels of his friend were now as beneficial to his morals as they had been to his writings; in fact, to him he was indebted for the change which took place in his character. Ă dying Carthusian had persuaded him to renounce all the pleasures of the world: Petrarch softened his determination, and brought him back to that proper medium which marks the truly wise man. New troubles in Florence induced him to retire to Certaldo, where he owned a small estate. There he prosecuted his labors in tranquillity. He now composed several historical works in Latin. Among these is the first modern work which contains, in a collected form, the mythological notices, which are scattered in the writings of the ancients. He was well versed in Greek, and had, at his own expense, brought Leontius Pilatus of Thessalonica from Venice to Florence, and maintained him three years at his house, in order to learn Greek of him, and to have his assistance in explaining the poems of Homer, and translating them into Latin. He was the first who procured copies of the Iliad and Odyssey from Greece, at his own expense, and spared neither cost nor trouble to obtain good Greek and Latin manuscripts. At the same time, he used all his influence to excite his contemnporaries to learn the Greek language, and substitute the study of the ancients for that of the scholastic philosophy. The reputation which he had gained twice procured for him important inissions to pope Urban V. Having fulfilled these, he returned to Certaldo, and resumed his studies. Here he was attacked by a severe and lingering disorder, which finally left him in a state of debility as

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painful as the disease itself. Upon his recovery, he was charged with a difficult, but very flattering trust. Dante had always been the object of his highest admiration. The Florentines, who had once persecuted and banished that illustrious poet, but now did justice to his merits, had resolved, by way of atonement to his memory, to establish a public professorship for the illustration of his poems, which were every day becoming more obscure, as the distance of the time when they were written became greater. This new professorship was conferred upon B., who devoted himself to it with so much ardor, that his health could never be firmly reëstablished. This received a further shock from the death of his instructer and dearest friend Petrarch. He survived him not much more than a year, and died at Certaldo, Dec. 21, 1375. On his tomb was placed this inscription, composed by himself:

Hac sub mole jacent cineres ac ossa Joannis, Mens sedet ante Deum meritis ornata laborum, Mortalis vitæ. Genitor Bocchaccius illi, Patria Certaldum, studium fuit alma poesis. -B. appears, in all his works, to be a poet of the richest invention, the most lively imagination, and the tenderest and warmest feeling. In prose, he is a perfect master of composition. His Decameron, which contains a collection of a hundred tales, partly borrowed from the Provençal poets, is the work on which his fame chiefly rests. In this he painted, as it were, on one vast canvas, men of all ranks, characters and ages, and incidents of every kind, the most extravagant and comical, as well as the most touching and tragic; and improved the Italian language to a degree of excellence never before attained. Of his other works, we will mention only the following: La Teseide, the first attempt towards an Italian epic, and written in ottava rima, of which B. is considered the inventor; Amorosa Visione, a long poem in terza rima (the initial letters of which form two sonnets and a canzonet, in praise of the princess Maria, his mistress, whom he here ventures to address by her proper name); Il Filostrato, a romantic poem in ottava rima ; Nimfale Fiesolano, in the same measure; Rime; (most of his sonnets, canzonets, and other amatory poems, he consigned to the flames, after reading the Italian poems of Petrarch; those which remain appear to have been preserved against his will); Il Filocopo, ovvero amorosa Fatica, a hunting romance; L'amorosa Fiammetta, a charming tale; L'Urbano (thought

by some to be spurious); L'Ameto ossia Nimfale d'Ameto, a mixed composition, partly in prose, and partly in verse; I Corbaccio, ossia Laberinto d'Amore, a pungent satire against a lady who had of fended him; and, finally, Origine, vita e Costumi di Dante Alighieri, a work interesting for the characteristic traits which it records; and his Commento sopra la Commedia di Dante, which, however, is carried no farther than the 17th canto of Dante's Hell. His Latin works are, De Genealogia Deorum, Libri xv; De Montium, Lacuum, Sylvarum, Fluviorum, Stagnorum et Marium Nominibus Liber; De Casibus Virorum et Feminarum illustrium, Libri iv; De claris Mulieribus; and Ecloga.-A new critical edition of the Decameron, with a historical literary commentary, and the life of B., was published at Paris, 1823, in 5 vols.-In the ducal library at Florence, among the manuscripts collected by the celebrated Magliabecchi, prof. Ciampi lately discovered a memorandum-book of B., containing a record of his studies, and some curious circumstances relating to himself and a number of his distinguished contemporaries. It has been published.

BOCCAGE, Marie Anne du, a celebrated French poetess, member of the academies of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Lyons and Rouen, was born in Rouen, 1710, died 1802. She was educated in Paris, in a nunnery, where she discovered a love of poetry. She became the wife of a receiver of taxes in Dieppe, who died soon after the marriage, leaving her a youthful widow. She concealed her talents, however, till the charms of youth were past, and first published her productions in 1746. The first was a poem on the mutual influence of the fine arts and sciences. This gained the prize from the academy of Rouen. She next attempted an imitation of Paradise Lost, in six cantos; then, of the Death of Abel; next, a tragedy, the Amazons; and a poem in 10 cantos, called the Columbiad. Madame du Boccage was praised by her contemporaries with an extravagance, for which only her sex and the charms of her person can account. Forma Venus, arte Minerva, was the motto of her admirers, among whom were Voltaire, Fontenelle, and Clairaut. She was always surrounded by distinguished men, and extolled in a multitude of poems, which, if collected, would fill several volumes. There is a great deal of entertaining matter in the letters which she wrote on her travels in England and Holland, and in which one

may plainly see the impression she made upon her contemporaries. Her works have been translated into English, Spanish, German and Italian.

BOCCHERINI, Luigi, a celebrated composer of instrumental music, was born in 1740, at Lucca, and received from the abbot Vanucci, music-master of the archbishop, his first instruction in music and on the violoncello. He further improved himself in the art at Rome, and afterwards went, with Filippo Manfredi, his friend and countryman, to Spain, where he was loaded with honors and presents by the king, and was appointed by the academy to furnish nine pieces of his composition annually, which he continued to do till his death, in 1805. The king of Prussia, Frederic William II, who was a great lover of the violoncello, and admired B.'s compositions, settled upon him a considerable pension, on condition of his sending him yearly some of his quartets and quintets. The compositions which B. has published himself consist of symphonies, sextets, quintets, quatuors, trios, duets and sonatas for the violin, violoncello and piano-forte. He never composed any thing for the theatre, and of church compositions we find but one, his Stabat Mater. The adagios of B. excited the admiration of the connoisseurs, and the despair of the composers of his time. He may be regarded as the precursor of Haydn, as he was the first who wrote instrumental quartets, of which all the parts are obligato, and determined the true character of this species of music. His melodies are more highly esteemed in France and Spain than in Germany.

BOCCHETTA; a narrow pass of the Apennines, leading from Lombardy to Genoa. It is defended by three fortifications. In the Austrian war of succession (1746 and 1747), and in the French war, towards the end of the 18th century, it was the scene of several important events.

BOCHICA was the founder of the Indian empire of Cundinamarca. The inhabitants of the valley of Bogotá had a tradition, at the period of the Spanish conquest, that, in remote times, their ancestors, the Muisca Indians, lived without agriculture, laws or religion. At length there appeared among them a venerable old man, of foreign aspect, dress and manners, who taught them the arts of life, and reclaimed them from their savage condition. He was known by three names-Bochaca, Nemqueteba and Zuhe. Accompanying him was a beautiful female, named Chia, who, unlike the wife of Manco Ca

pac, prided herself in thwarting her husband's beneficent purposes. Making the river of Bogotá to overflow by magic, she deluged the whole valley, and reduced the inhabitants to the necessity of fleeing to the mountains for safety. Hereupon Bochica expelled the malevolent Chia from the earth, and she became the moon. Then, tearing asunder the rocks of Tequendama, he gave the waters an exit by these celebrated falls, and freed the valley of Bogotá from inundation. Introducing the worship of the sun, and persuading the inhabitants to cultivate the soil, he laid the foundations of a state, which held the same rank, in this part of America, which Peru did farther to the south. The institutions of this people very strikingly resembled those of the incas, and perhaps had a common origin; but, at the time of the conquest of South America, they constituted a distinct people, and possessed a distinct religion. (See Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Muisca; Compagnoni, America, xix, 107). Böckн, Augustus, one of the greatest philologists of our times, was born at Carlsruhe, 1785, studied at Halle, and, in 1811, became professor of classical literature at Berlin. Two works will immortalize the name of B. with the students of ancient literature; first, his edition of Pindar, which he announced to the public by his Specimen Emendationum in Pindari Carmina (1810), and by Observationes Critica in Pindari, Prim., Olymp., Carm. (1811; the large Leipsic edition, 18111821, is in 3 vols., 4to.). A new arrange ment of the Pindaric measures is here proposed, founded on deep and extensive researches into the music of the Greeks. Even those who entirely reject the hypotheses of this philologist cannot but acknowledge his erudition, and admire his acuteness. The other work, to which we have alluded, is on the Political Economy of the Athenians (4 books, Berlin, 1817, 2 vols.). No work has hitherto appeared in Germany, which throws so much light on the political life and public administration of any ancient people, as this of B. It has furnished new means for illustrating the Attic orators and historians. B. has added to this work 21 inscriptions. Of late years, he has been busily engaged in preparing a work under the patronage of the Berlin academy of science, of which he is a member, called Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum, of which the first volume appeared, in 1825, at Berlin, in folio. The smaller writings of this author relate chiefly to Plato (of whose works he promised, some time since, to

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give a new edition), and to the Platonic philosophers.

BODE, John Elert, an astronomer, born at Hamburg, 1747, early discovered an inclination for mathematical science, in which his father, and, afterwards, the famous J. G. Büsch, instructed him. He gave the first public proof of his knowledge by a short work on the solar eclipse of Aug. 5, 1766. The approbation which this received encouraged him to greater labors, and in 1768 appeared his Introduction to the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens (9th ed. 1822); a familiar treatise on astronomy, which has done much for the extension of correct views upon the subject, and continues to do so, as it has kept pace, in its successive editions, with the progress of the science. In 1772, the Berlin academy chose him their astronomer, and, ten years afterwards, he was made a member of that institution. His best works are his Astronomical Almanac (commencing 1774)—a work indispensable to every astronomer; and his large Celestial Atlas (Himmelsatlas), in 20 sheets, in which the industrious editor has given a catalogue of 17,240 stars (12,000 more than in any former charts). B. was released in 1825, at his own wish, from his duties in the academy of science, and the observatory in Berlin. His place was filled by professor Encke, formerly astronomer at Gotha.

BODIN, Jean, a political writer of the 16th century, was born in 1530 or 1529, at Angers; studied law at Toulouse; delivered lectures on jurisprudence there, and afterwards went to Paris and practised. Being unsuccessful in his profession, he turned his talents to literary labors; was invited by Henry III to his court; and afterwards travelled with the king's brother Francis, duke of Alençon and Anjou, to Flanders and England, where he had the gratification of hearing lectures, in Cambridge, on his work De la République (originally written in French, but afterwards translated, by B. himself, into Latin). When the duke died, he went to Laon, married there, obtained a judicial office, and was sent, by the third estate in Vermandois, 1576, as deputy, to the estates of Blois. Here he defended the rights of the people, and the liberty of conscience. His conduct made him many enemies at court. He also prevailed on the city of Laon to declare itself for the league, in 1589, representing to the people, that the rising of so many towns and par liaments, in favor of the duke of Guise, was not a rebellion, but rather a powerful