first successful battle, at Möckern, April 5; May 2, took Halle, and protected Berlin from the danger which threatened it, by his victory at Luckau, June 4. After the armistice, he commanded the third division of the army, under the crownprince of Sweden, and saved Berlin a second time by the memorable victory of Grosbeeren, Aug. 23. He relieved the same city a third time, by the great victory at Dennewitz. (q. v.) For this service, the king made him one of the few grand knights of the iron cross, and, after the end of the campaign, bestowed on him the title count Bülow of Dennewitz, and made the same hereditary in his family. At the stormir.g of Leipsic, Oct. 19, he took an important part. He distinguished himself equally in Westphalia, Holland, Belgiun, on the Rhine, at Laon, and took Soissons and Lafere. After the peace, he was commander-in-chief in East Prussi, and Lithuania. At the opening of the campaign of 1815, he received the chief command of the fourth division of the army, with which he contributed so essentially to the victory of Waterloo, that the king gave him the command of the 15th regiment of the line, which was to bear, in future, the name of the regiment of Bülow von Dennewitz. Jan. 11, 1816, he resumed the chief command in Königsberg, in Prussia, and died there, Feb. 25, 1816. B. was highly esteemed, both as a citizen and as a man. He had learned the art of war, in early youth, scientifically, and continued the same study with unremitting diligence, throughout his military course. He was also devoted to literature and the fine arts. Music especially attracted him, and he composed many motets, a mass, and the 51st and 100th psalms.

BÜLOW, Henry von, born at Falkenberg, in Brandenberg, 1770, studied in the military academy at Berlin, and afterwards entered the Prussian service. But he soon retired, and occupied himself with the study of Polybius, Tacitus, and J. J. Rousseau, and then served for a short period in the Netherlands. He afterwards undertook to establish a theatre, but immediately abandoned his project, and visited the U. States; from whence he returned poor in purse, but rich in experience, and became an author. His first work was on the Art of War, in which he displayed uncommon talents. He wrote a book on Money, translated the Travels of Mungo Park, and published, in 1801, his History of the Campaign of 1800. In 1804, he wrote Lehrsätze des neuern Krieges (Theory of

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modern Warfare), and several other military works, among which is Tactics of the Moderns as they should be. In the former, he points out the distinction between strategy and tactics, and makes the triangle the basis of all military operations. This principle of his was opposed by Jomini, and other French writers. His history of the war of 1805 occasioned his imprisonment in Prussia, at the request of the Russian and Austrian courts. He died in 1807, of a nervous fever, in the prison of Riga. He was a follower of Swedenborg.

BULWARK. (See Bastion.)

BUм-BOAT; a small boat used to sell vegetables, &c., to ships lying at a distance from shore.

BUNDELCUND; a district of Allahabad, lying between 24° and 26° N. lat. The country is mountainous and stony, and produces all kinds of fruit. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to the British in 1804, by whom it was annexed to the province of Benares. It is famous for the diamonds of Paunah. Square miles, 11,000. Chief towns, Banda, which is the residence of the officers of government; Callinger, &c.

BUNGALOW; an East Indian term for a house with a thatched roof.

BUNGO; a kingdom in Japan, and one of the most considerable in the island of Bungo, or Ximo. The capital is Fumay. The king of Bungo was baptized by the name of Francis Civan, and sent a solemn embassy to pope Gregory XIII, in the year 1582. Lon. 132° E.; lat. 32° 40′ N.

BUNK is a word used, in the U. States, to signify a case or cabin of boards for a bed. Thus, in the army, the soldier's birth is called his bunk.

BUNKER HILL. (See Charlestown.)

BUNT; the middle part or cavity of the principal square-sails, as the main-sail, fore-sail, &c. If one of them be supposed to be divided into four equal parts, from one side to the other, the two middle divisions, which comprehend half of the sail, form the limits of the bunt.

BUNTING; a thin woollen stuff, of which the colors and signals of a ship are usually formed.

BUNYAN, John, was the son of a tinker, and was born at the village of Elston, near Bedford, in 1628. He followed his father's employment, and, for some time, led a wandering, dissipated life. During the civil war, he served as a soldier in the army of the parliament; and the danger to which he was then exposed probably brought him to reflection, in consequence

of which his conduct became reformed, and his mind impressed with a deep sense of the truth and importance of religion. He joined a society of Anabaptists at Bedford, and at length undertook the office of a public teacher among them. Acting in defiance of the severe laws enacted against dissidents from the established church, soon after the restoration, B. incurred the sentence of transportation; which was not executed, as he was detained in prison more than twelve years, and at last liberated through the charitable interposition of doctor Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. To this confinement he owes his literary fame; for, in the solitude of his cell, his ardent imagination, brooding over the mysteries of Christianity, the miraculous narratives of the sacred Scripture, and the visions of Jewish prophets, gave birth to that admired religious allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress-a work which, like Robinson Crusoe, has remained unrivalled amidst a host of imitators. His Holy War made by Shaddai upon Diabolus, his other religious parables, and his devotional tracts, which are numerous, are now deservedly consigned to oblivion. There is a curious piece of auto-biography of B. extant, entitled, Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners. On obtaining his liberty, B. resumed his functions as a aninister at Bedford, and became extreme-ly popular. He died during a visit to London, in 1688.

BUONAPARTE. (See Bonaparte.) BUONAROTTI, Michelagnolo. (See Angelo.)

Buoy; any floating body employed to point out the particular situation of any thing under water, as of a ship's anchor, a shoal, &c.—The can buoy is of a conical form, and painted with some conspicuous color; it is used for pointing out shoals, sand-banks, &c.—The cask buoy is in the form of a cask; the larger are employed for mooring, and are called mooring buoys; the smaller for cables, and are known as cable buoys. The buoy-rope fastens the buoy to the anchor, and should be about as long as the depth of the water where the anchor lies; it should also be strong enough to draw up the anchor in case the cable should break. -The life or safety buoy is intended to keep a person afloat till he can be taken from the water. It should be suspended from the stern of the ship, and let go as soon as any person falls overboard. A light may be attached to it, both to indicate its position to the individual in danger, and to direct the course of the boat

sent to relieve him, if the accident happens by night.

BURATS. (See Buriats.)

BURCHIELLO, Domenico; one of the most eccentric of poets. Of the circumstances of his life we know but little. He lived, at the beginning of the 15th century, at Florence, where he was probably born. He was the son of a barber named Giovanni, and was called, originally, only Domenico. He assumed the name of B. afterwards, for reasons that cannot be assigned. His fame began about 1425. He was first registered as a barber in 1432. Some writers have reproached him for shamefu¡ vices, and represented him as a low buffoon, who did every thing for money. Others have defended him. His shop was so famous, that learned and unlearned, high and low, assembled there every day, and Cosmo the Great caused it to be painted on one of the arches of his gallery. It appears here divided into two portions; in one, B. is acting the part of a barber; in the other, that of a musician and poet. The portrait of B. himself is painted over his shop. It is extremely difficult to decide upon the absolute value of his satires, as the local and personal allusions in them are obscure. They were composed for his contemporaries, with a studied obscurity and extravagance of expression. His style is, nevertheless, pure and elegant. His burlesque sonnets are enigmas, of which we have no intelligible explanation, notwithstanding what Doni has done. The narrative and descriptive parts are very easy to be understood; but the wit they contain is, for the most part, so coarse, that the satire fails of producing its effect. They are, on the whole, lively, but licentious. The best editions of his sonnets are those of Florence, 1568, and of London, 1757.

BURCKHARD, John Louis, born in 1784, celebrated for his travels to Nubia, was descended from a respectable family in Bale. As he was unwilling to enter into the service of his country, at that time oppressed by France, after having completed his studies at Leipsic and Göttingen, he went to London, in 1806, where the African association wished to make a new attempt to explore Africa, from the north to the interior, in the way already trodden by Hornemann. They received B.'s proposal to undertake this journey in 1808. B. now studied the manners of the East, and the Arabian language, in their purest school, at Aleppo. He remained two years and a half in Syria,

visited Palmyra, Damascus, Lebanon and other regions; after which he went to Cairo, in order to proceed with a caravan, through the northern part of Africa, to Fezzan. In 1812, he performed a journey up the Nile, almost to Dongola; and afterwards, in the character of a poor trader, and a Turk of Syria, proceeded through the deserts of Nubia (where Bruce had travelled before him), under great hardships, to Berbera and Shendy, as far as Suakem on the Red sea, whence he passed through Jidda to Mecca. He was now so well initiated into the language and manners of the Arabians, that, when a doubt arose concerning his Islamisın, after having passed an examination in the theoretical and practical parts of the Mohammedan faith, he was acknowledged, by two learned jurists, not only a very faithful, but a very learned Mussulman. In 1815, he returned to Cairo, and afterwards visited Sinai. Just before the arrival of the long-expected caravan, he died at Cairo, April 15, 1817. The Mohammedans performed his obsequies with the greatest splendor. He had previously sent home all his journals. His last thoughts were devoted to his mother. B. was the first modern traveller who succeeded in penetrating to Shendy, in the interior of Soudan, the Meroë of antiquity (still, as it was 3000 years ago, the depôt of trade for Eastern Africa), and in furnishing exact information of the slavetrade in that quarter. He found articles of European fabric, such as the Zellingen sword-blades, at the great fair of Shendy. His Travels in Nubia, in 1815, were published in London (1819) by the African association, with his researches into the interior of Africa.

BURCKHARDT, John Charles; member of the royal French academy of sciences, one of the first astronomical calculators in Europe, born at Leipsic, April 30, 1773, applied himself to mathematics, and acquired a fondness for astronomy from the study of the works of Lalande. He applied himself particularly to the calculation of solar eclipses, and the occultation of certain stars, for the determination of geographical longitudes. He made himself master, at the same time, of nearly all the European languages. Professor Hindenburg induced him to write a Latin treatise on the combinatory analytic method (Leipsic, 1794), and recommended him to baron von Zach, with whom he studied practical astronomy at his observatory on the Seeberg near Gotha, and whom he assisted, from 1795 to 1797, in observing

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the right ascension of the stars. Zach recommended him to Lalande, at Paris, who received him at his house, Dec. 15, 1797. Here he distinguished himself by the calculation of the orbits of comets, participated in all the labors of Lalande, and those of his nephew, Lefrançois Lalande, took an active part in the observatory of the ecole militaire, and translated the two first volumes of Laplace's Mécanique Céleste into German (Berlin, 1800). Being appointed adjunct astronomer by the board of longitude, he received letters of naturalization as a French citizen, Dec. 20, 1799. His important treatise on the comet of 1770, which had not been visible for nearly 30 years, although, according to the calculations of its orbit, it should have returned every five or six, was rewarded with a gold medal, by the institute, in 1800. This treatise, which proposed some improvements in doctor Olbers" mode of calculation, is contained in the Mem. de l'Institut, 1806. During this year, he was made a member of the department of physical and mathematical sciences in the academy; in 1818, was made a member of the board of longitude, and, after Lalande's death, astronomer in the observatory of the military school. In 1814 and 1816, he published in French, at Paris, Tables to assist in Astronomical Calculations. He also wrote some treatises in von Zach's Geographical Ephemerides. His labors in the board of longitude were particularly valuable. He died in 1825.

BURDEN, or BURTHEN; 1. the contents of a ship; the quantity or number of tons which a vessel will carry; 2. the part of a song which is repeated at every verse or stanza, is called the burden of the song, from the French bourdon, drone or base, because they are both characterized by an unchangeable tone, and bear upon the ear with a similar monotony.

BURDETT, Sir Francis, baronet, member of the British parliament, in which he has long held a conspicuous place in the opposition, is descended from an ancient and opulent family, and was educated at Westminster. He entered on his parliamentary career in 1796, when he was chosen member from Boroughbridge. He soon distinguished himself as an ardent and enlightened friend of reform, and the steady opposer of the arbitrary measures of the ministry, the suspension of the habeas corpus act, the sedition bills, and the policy towards Ireland. In 1802, he was returned member for Middlesex. In

1804, he was wounded in a duel with Mr. Paull, which arose from political causes. After the death of Pitt, he voted with the Fox ministry, and, in 1807, was elected to parliament from Westminster. In 1810, having addressed a letter to his constituents, in which he accused the house of commons of a usurpation of power in committing to prison the author of a publication derogatory to the dignity and privileges of the house, a writ was issued against him, ordering that he should be committed to the Tower. The execution of the writ was resisted, during three days, by crowds which surrounded his house. Several riots took place; but he was finally arrested, and conducted to the Tower, where he remained till the prorogation of parliament. He has since continued a vigilant and bold opponent of corruption and oppression on the part of the ministry. In 1815, he presented a petition of the city of Westminster, in favor of peace and parliamentary reform, with a speech, in which he advocated a peace with Napoleon, accused the ministers of a violation of treaties, by which, he said, they had effected the downfall of the emperor, and placed the Bourbons, a name synonymous with falsehood, on the throne of France.

BUREAU; a writing-table; afterwards used to signify the chamber of an officer of government, and the body of subordinate officers who labor under the direction of a chief.-Bureau system, or bureaucracy, is a term often applied to those governments in which the business of administration is carried on in departments, each under the control of a chief; and is opposed to those in which the officers of government have a coördinate authority. Sometimes a mixture of the two systems is found. Thus the business of the executive branch of government may be carried on by bureaus, while the administration of justice is in the hands of coördinate judges.-The bureau des longitudes, in France, corresponding to the English board of longitude, is charged with the publication of astronomical and meteorological observations, the correction of the astronomical tables, and the publication of the Connaissance des Temps, an astronomical and nautical almanac. (See Almanac.) According to the parliamentary usage of France, at the opening of each session, the chamber of deputies is divided into nine bureaus, composed of an equal number of deputies, designated by lot. Each bureau appoints its own president, and discusses all matters refer

red to it by the chamber separately. A reporter is appointed by each bureau, and, after the discussion by bureaus, the nine reporters meet, discuss the subject, and appoint one of their number to report to the whole chamber, where the final discussion and decision of the subject takes place. (See Réglement pour la Chambre des Députés, Paris, 1827, chap. v.)

BURG, John Tobias; an astronomer, born, 1766, in Treves; resolved, when young, to become a mechanic, for the purpose of supporting his father, but was prevented by his teacher, who perceived his great talents; studied mathematics and astronomy under Triesnecker; was, in 1791, professor of natural philosophy in Clagenfurt, and, in 1792, adjunct astronomer at the imperial observatory. He has distinguished himself by his theory of the motion of the moon. The national institute proposed, as a prize question, in 1798, the determination, by at least 500 accurate observations, the epochs of the mean distance of the apogee of the moon and of her ascending node. The committee who examined the calcula`tions of the competitors found those of B. and of Alexander Bouvard both so excellent, that they determined to divide the prize between them; but the consul Bonaparte doubled the prize, assigning one to each. B.'s tables of the moon, according to the theory of Laplace, were published in 1806, by the national institute.

BURGAS, or BOURGAS; a trading town of European Turkey on the Black sea, in the government of Roumelia. The bay on which it stands is of sufficient depth for large vessels, and the exports are grain, iron, butter, wine, and also woollen goods for Constantinople. Lon. 27° 29′ E.; lat. 42° 31′ N.

BÜRGER, Godfrey Augustus, born Jan. 1, 1748, at Wolmerswende, near Halberstadt, where his father was a preacher, died June 18, 1794, at Göttingen. Before his 10th year, he learned nothing but reading and writing, but showed a great predilection for solitary and gloomy places, and began early to make verses, with no other model than that afforded by hymn books. He learned Latin with difficulty. In 1764, he studied theology at the university in Halle, and, in 1768, he went to Göttingen, in order to exchange theology for law, but soon formed connexions here equally disadvantageous to his studies and his morals, so that his grandfather, who had hitherto maintained him, withdrew his support from him

The friendship of several distinguished young men at the university was now of great service to him. In union with his friends, he studied the ancient classics and the best works in French, Italian, Spanish and English, particularly Shakspeare, and the old English and Scotch ballads. Percy's Relics was his constant companion. His poems soon attracted attention. In 1772, he obtained, by the influence of Boie, the small office of baily in Alten-Gleichen, and, by a reconciliation with his grandfather, a sum for the payment of his debts, which he unfortunately lost, and, during the rest of his life, was involved in pecuniary difficulties. In 1774, he married the daughter of a neighboring baily, named Leonhardt, but his marriage was unfortunate. He conceived a violent passion for the sister of his wife, and married her, in 1784, soon after his first wife's death. She also, his celebrated Molly, died in the first year of their marriage. At the same time, he lost his little property by imprudent management, and was obliged, by intrigues, to resign his place. He was made professor extraordinary in Göttingen, but received no salary, and this favorite poet of the nation was obliged to gain a living for himself and his children by poorly-rewarded translatious for booksellers. A third inarriage, in 1790, with a young lady of Suabia, who had publicly offered him her hand in a poem, completed his misfortunes; he was divorced from her two years afterwards. The government of Hanover afforded him some assistance shortly before his death, which took place in June, 1794, and was occasioned by a complaint of the lungs.-In the midst of these misfortunes and obstacles, it is astonishing how much he did. He has left us songs, odes, elegies, ballads, narrative poems and epigrams. In none of these departments does he hold a low rank; in some, the public voice has placed him in the first. Schiller criticised him very severely; he denied him the power of idealizing, and reproached his muse as being of too sensual a character. The judgment of A. W. Schlegel seems more just: he says, "B. is a poet of a more peculiar than comprehensive imagination; of more honest and plain than delicate feelings; his execution is more remarkable than his conception; he is more at home in ballads and simple songs than in the higher lyrical poetry; yet, in some of his productions, he appears as a true poet of the people, and his style, with some faults, is clear, vigorous,

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fresh, and sometimes tender." The first collection of his poems appeared in Gőttingen, 1778. His poetical works have been published several times by K. Reinhard; last in Berlin, 1823-25, 8 vols.; so also his Lehrbuch der Esthetik (Compendium of Esthetics), Berlin, 1825, and his Lehrbuch des Deutschen Styls (Manual of German Style), Berlin, 1826.

BURGESS, in England; the holder of a tenement in a borough: in a parliamentary sense, the representative of a borough. The latter must have a clear estate to the value of £300 per annum. The burgesses in parliament bear a quadruple proportion to the members for counties; the former being (from England alone) 339, the latter, 80. The whole number of the former, from the three kingdoms, is 396; of the latter, 186. Before the North American revolution, the popular branch of the legislature in Virginia was called the house of burgesses: it is now called the house of delegates.

BURGHERS. (See Seceders.)

BURGLARY (supposed to be derived from the German burg, a house, and larron, a thief, from the Latin latro) is defined to be a breaking and entering the mansion-house of another, in the night, with intent to commit some felony within the same, whether such felonious intent be executed or not. This is the modern signification of the term, which formerly applied, also, to the breaking into a church, fort or town; and the breaking into a church is said, by sir William Blackstone (4 Com. 224), to be, undoubtedly, burglary. Both breaking and entering are considered necessary to constitute the offence. The opening a door or window, picking a lock, or unlocking it with a key, raising a latch, or loosing any fastenings, constitutes a breaking. Likewise, knocking at the door, and, on its being opened, rushing in, has been so considered. So, if a lodger in the same house open and enter another's room; or if a servant conspire with a robber and let him into the house, it will be such a breaking of a house, as, if done with intent to commit a felony, will be burglary. The breaking and entering must, however, be in the night, to make it burglary; and, according to lord Hale's opinion (1 P. C. 550), if there be enough of daylight in the evening twilight or dawn for discerning a man's face, it will not be burglary. But this does not extend to moonlight, since such a construction would secure impunity to many burglaries. The breaking open of a barn, shop