C, THE third letter of the alphabet in most of the European dialects. "In English," says Ben Jonson, "it might well have been spared, for it has no peculiar sound." It has the simple power of k, before a, o, u, and most of the consonants; and the power of s, before e, i, y. The Greeks had no c in their alphabet, and they supplied the use of it in Roman words by K or E, as the Romans often indicated the kappa and sigma, in Greek words, by a c. The earlier Romans also used it in many words which were at a later period written with a g; as, leciones for legiones. This renders it probable that it was originally the Greek gamma, as the form of the letters, in ancient inscriptions, is very similar. The Roman g was invented, according to Plutarch, by Spurius Carvilius. Q and C are often interchanged on monuments; thus we find QVM for CVM, cotidie for quotidie. Its arithmetical significations, and its principal uses in abbreviations, have been explained in the article Abbreviations (q. v.). On medals, it stands for many names of persons, as, Cæsar, Caius, Cassius, &c.; of officers, as, censor, consul; of cities, as, Cuarthago, &c.; also for cives, civitas, colonia, cohors, clypeus, castra, circensis. In the calendars and fasti, it denoted the days in which the comitia might be held. In trials, the opinions of the judges were given by writing on a little cube or die (tessera) the initial C, condemno, A, absolvo, or N L, non liquet. For this reason, Cicero (pro Mil. 6.) calls C, littera tristis, and A, littera salutaris.-C, in music; the name of that note in the natural major mode, to which Guido applied the monosyllable ut, but which has long since been relinquished by the Italians for that of do, as softer and more vocal. C sometimes, in Italian musie, stands for canto, as C 1. canto primo. It stands, likewise, when placed at the clef, for common time, and, with a line run through it perpendicularly, for cut time, or a quicker kind of movement.

CABAL; the infamous English ministry under Charles II (q. v.), which consisted of five men famous for their intriguesClifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, whose initial letters form

this word. (Burnet, Own Times, An. 1672.) Some think the use of the word cabal, to denote an intrigue, or a body of intriguers, is derived from this circumstance. "Never," says Hume (ch. 65), “was there a more dangerous ministry in England, nor one more noted for pernicious counsels. Ashley (more known as the earl of Shaftesbury), bold, ambitious, eloquent, insinuating, subtle, united great industry with a sound judgment of business and of men. Buckingham, with the advantages of a graceful person, high rank, splendid fortune, and a lively wit, but without prudence or principle, sacrificing, in turn, honor to interest, interest to pleasure, and pleasure to caprice, dissipated his fortune, and ruined his health, by his riot and debauchery, and destroyed his character, in public life, by his want of secrecy and constancy. Lauderdale, tyrannical, ambitious, implacable, insolent, yet abject, had a great ascendency over the king. Clifford, daring, impetuous, yet artful, and eloquent, and Arlington, of moderate capacity, without courage or integrity, were, secretly, Catholics. Shaftesbury was at once a deist, and addicted to astrology; Lauderdale a bigoted, and, earlier, a furious Presbyterian."

Cabal; a beverage made in Portugal, by bruising 20 pounds of raisins, and saturating them with white wine during 3 months. The mixture is rich, clear and agreeable.

CABALA, or CABBALA, (i. e. oral tradition), is used by the Jews to denote sometimes the doctrines of the prophets, sometimes the traditions of their ancestors, sometimes, and most commonly, their mystical philosophy. The opinions of scholars respecting the origin of the cabalistic philosophy are very various. The Jews derive the cabalistic mysteries from the most ancient times of their nation, nay, even from Adam himself. But, although a secret doctrine existed among the Hebrews in the earliest ages, this had reference merely to religious worship. The origin of the philosophical cabala is to be sought for in Egypt, and dates from the times of Simeon Schetachides, who conveyed it from Egypt to Palestine. It

was first committed to writing in the 2d century, that it might not be lost with the dispersion of the Jewish nation. Later expositors have mingled with it much foreign matter. The cabala is divided into the symbolical and the real. The symbolical portion treats principally of letters, to which it gives mystical significations. The real, which is opposed to the symbolical, and comprehends doctrines, is divided into the theoretical and practical. The aim of the theoretical is to explain the Holy Scriptures according to the secret traditions, and to form therefrom a philosophical system of metaphysics, physics and pneumatology. The practical portion, on the other hand, pretends to teach the art of performing miracles, and that merely by an artificial application of the divine names and sentences in the Sacred Scriptures. After the revival of science, many scholars studied the cabala. The most famous modern cabalists are Henry Morus and Christian Knorr, the last of whom has made a compilation of the most important parts of the cabalistic writings, in two Latin volumes, in 4to. (Respecting the mysteries of the cabala, see Pet. Beer's History of the Doctrines and Opinions of all the Jewish Sects, and of the Cabala, Brünn, 1822, 2 vols.; also Brucker's History of Philosophy, by doctor Enfield, vol. ii. Allen's Modern Judaism, ch. v.; and Buddæi Introductio ad Historiam Philosophic Hebræorum.)

CABANIS, Peter John George, physician, philosopher, and literateur, born at Cognac, 1757, went to Paris in his 14th year, and devoted himself with zeal to the sciences. In his 16th year, he went to Warsaw as secretary of a Polish lord. The proceedings of the stormy diet of 1773 filled him with melancholy and contempt of mankind. He began at Paris a complete translation of the Iliad. In Auteuil, near Paris, he became acquainted with madame Helvetius, and, through her, with Holbach, Franklin and Jefferson, and became the friend of Condillac, Turgot and Thomas. In his Serment d'un Médecin, he formally took leave of the belles-lettres. He professed the principles of the revolution, and was intimately connected with Mirabeau, who made use of his ideas, and obtained from him the work on public education, which Cabanis published himself, in 1791, after the death of Mirabeau. He lived in still closer intimacy with Condorcet. At the time of his death, May 5th, 1808, he was a member of the senate. His Rapports

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du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme (Paris, 1802, 2 vols., improved in 1805), are highly esteemed. His works appeared in Paris, 1824, complete, in 4 vols.

CABARRUS, François, count of, born 1752, at Bayonne, was destined for commerce by his father, who sent him to a commercial friend, Galabert, at Saragossa, whose daughter he married in secret, against the will of both families, in 1772. His father-in-law, however, gave him the charge of a soap manufactory, near Madrid. The nearness of the city enabled him to become acquainted with several learned men and metaphysicians, as Olavides and the count of Campomanes. During the North American war, in which Spain took part against England, and was consequently cut off from her resources in America, C. advised the minister of the finances to make an issue of paper money, payable with interest, of which 10,000,000 piastres were put in circulation with the greatest success. He afterwards established the bank of San Carlos, 1782, and a company to trade with the Philippine islands. After the death of Charles III, in 1788, he fell into disgrace. In 1790, he was arrested; in 1792, released, and made a nobleman; and, in 1797, appointed minister plenipotentiary at the congress of Rastadt. He died in 1810, in the office of minister of finance, to which he had been appointed by Joseph Bonaparte. He had a daughter equally celebrated for beauty and talents.

CABBAGE. The cabbage, including many species of the numerous genus of brassica, is a biennial plant, too well known to need description, and constitutes one of our most valuable classes of vegetables. There are several species of the wild or original stock, from which the garden cabbage has been derived by cultivation. These are natives of various parts of Europe, Africa, &c., and, although very remte in appearance from the full, round head, which our plants present, are scarcely more so than are the kale, cauliflower, brocoli, &c., all of which belong to the cabbage family. In general terms, we may consider this plant as divided into three classes the common headed cabbage of the field and garden; the cauliflower, brocoli, &c., which form their stalks into a loose head; and the kale, colewort, &c., which grow in a natural branching way, without forming any heads at all. Of these, the common cabbage is by far the most valuable, both to man and to the beasts, by whose assistance he is able to make the earth so fer

tile. It is also the most productive; for it is believed that an acre of ground will yield a greater weight of green vegetable matter (and thus be more profitable to the farmer), in the shape of cabbage, than in that of any other vegetable whatever. It is very abundantly produced by clay soils, which are unfit for turnips, and the farmers who cultivate such soils will find it a vegetable worthy of much attention. The cabbage furnishes green fodder for cows and sheep, which is, at least, as good as turnips or carrots, fattening the animals equally fast, and rendering their milk, butter, &c., to the full as sweet; and is far preferable, as it keeps later in the spring, and thus supplies green food when no other can be procured. It is eaten by men in three forms, all of which have their admirers, but which vary much in respect to their wholesomeness and digestibility. These forms are, the sliced raw cabbage, plain boiled cabbage, and salted cabbage or sour-crout, the favorite dish of the whole German nation. In the first form, of raw cabbage, sliced fine, and eaten with vinegar, whether entirely cold, or hot enough merely to wilt the vegetable, it is one of the lightest and most wholesome articles of vegetable food, and, in this shape, will supply a green summer vegetable through the whole of the winter. Its use cannot be too highly recommended. Boiled cabbage, is, on the contrary, one of the worst articles of diet that a weak stomach can be tried with, and is rarely got rid of without a troublesome colicky pain. Sourcrout, or, properly, sauer-kraut, is much eaten by the Germans in the U. States, and they consider it very wholesome, although it is nearly, if not quite, as difficult of digestion as boiled cabbage. It is prepared in the following manner:-Cabbage is sliced up fine, and a layer of it placed in the bottom of a barrel, which is plentifully salted; it is then well bruised with a heavy mall or pestle, or is trodden down by a pair of heavy boots, till the barrel is half filled with the froth that arises from this operation. Successive layers of cabbage and salt are added in this manner, each receiving the same treatment, till the vessel is nearly full. Some cold water is then poured in, and the top of the barrel is pressed down with heavy stones. The contents undergo a brisk fermentation, which continues for a week or two, during which time the brine must be drawn off, and replaced by new, until it remains perfectly clear, when the process is finished. It must be kept

covered with brine, and is thus simply a fermented, or half sour, salted mass of cabbage. The other forms of cabbage, as the cauliflower, &c., supply the epicures of all countries with some of their greatest delicacies, while the hardy kale, which endures all degrees of cold, affords the poor, and the farmers of poor soils, a valuable fodder for cattle of all kinds. CABBALA. (See Cabala.)

CABELLO. (See Porto Cabello.)

CABENDA; a sea-port of Africa, in Cacongo; lon. 12° 30 E.; lat. 5° 40′ S. It is situated on the coast, a little to the north of the river Zaire, and has a safe and easy landing. It is a great emporium for trade in slaves. The situation is so distinguished for beauty and fertility, that it has been called the paradise of the coast.

CABIN; an apartment in a ship for officers and passengers. In large ships, there are several cabins, the principal of which is occupied by the commander. In small vessels, there is only one cabin, which is in the stern. The bed-places in ships are also called cabins, or, more commonly, berths. Berth is used, likewise, for the room where a number of men mess and reside.

CABINET; 1. a small apartment adjoining a larger one; 2. the most retired part of a private dwelling, designed for work, for amusement, or for collections of valuable articles. 3. In the abode of a prince, the cabinet is a room set apart for the ruler's particular use; also, the apartment where he transacts government business, advises with his privy counsellors, and issues his decrees. Hence, in political language, the cabinet is put for the government; as the cabinet of London, of Vienna, of the Tuileries, &c. 4. Finally, a cabinet is any part of a building, or one or more whole buildings, where are preserved valuable collections from the kingdoms of nature or art; as paintings, plants, animals, coins, minerals, and curiosities of every description; and, by metonymy, the name is applied to the collections themselves. A work of art, and sometimes of nature, of uncommon beauty, and fitted from its size to be placed in a cabinet, is called a cabinet-piece. A cabinet painter is one who executes small highly-finished pictures, suitable for cabinets.

CABIRI; sacred priests or deified heroes, venerated by the pagans as the authors of religion and the founders of the human race. The multiplicity of names applied to the same character, the interchange of the names of the deities them