to N. lat. 36° 30. The proprietary government of Carolina was, if possible, more complex than any other similar government in the English colonies. This confusion was augmented by Locke's scheme, and by religious contention, and was terminated, in 1719, by a separation of the two Carolinas, and the establishment of a royal government. One of the events of most importance in the history of South Carolina was the cultivation of rice, introduced by governor Smith, in 1695: that of cotton followed; and the colony flourished until its progress was checked by war with the Indians, and, subsequently, by the revolution. South Carolina suffered severely in the latter contest, and was the theatre of some of the most remarkable events which it produced. The names of Marion, Sumter and Lee conferred honor on the state. The existing government or constitution of South Carolina was adopted June 3, 1790, amended Dec. 17, 1808, and again Dec. 19, 1816. (See Carey and Lea's Atlas.)

committee. They examined a great number of witnesses, and acquitted the princess of the charge, declaring, at the same time, that she was guilty of some imprudences, which had given rise to unfounded suspicions. The king confirmed this dec laration of her innocence, and paid her a visit of ceremony. She afterwards received equal marks of esteem from the princes, her brothers-in-law. The duke of Cumberland attended the princess to court and to the opera. The reports above-mentioned were caused by the adherents of the prince of Wales and the court of the reigning queen, who was very unfavorably disposed towards her daughter-in-law. On this occasion, as on many others, the nation manifested the most enthusiastic attachment to the princess. In 1813, the public contest was renewed between the two parties; the princess of Wales complaining, as a mother, of the difficulties opposed to her seeing her daughter. The prince of Wales, then regent, disregarded these complaints. Upon this, in July, 1814, the princess obtained permission to go to Brunswick, and, afterwards, to make the tour of Italy and Greece. She now began her celebrated journey through Germany, Italy, Greece, the Archipelago and Syria, to Jerusalem, in which the Italian Bergami was her confidant and attendant. Many infamous reports were afterwards circulated, relating to the connexion between the princess and Bergami. On her journey, she received grateful acknowledgments for her liberality, her kindness, and her generous efforts for the relief of the distressed. She afterwards lived in Italy a great part of the time, at a country-seat on lake Como. When the prince of Wales ascended the British throne, Jan. 29, 1820, lord Hutchinson offered her an income of £50,000 stering, the name of queen of England, and every title appertaining to that dignity, on the condition that she would never return to England. She refused the proposal, and asserted her claims, more firmly than ever, to the rights of a British queen, complained of the ill treatment shown to her, and exposed the conspiracies against her, which had been contrived by a secret agent, the baron de Ompteda, of Milan. Attempts at a reconciliation led to no favorable result. She at length adopted the bold resolution to return to England, where she was neither expected nor wished for by the ministry, and, amid the loudest expressions of the public joy, arrived from Calais, June 5, and, the next day, entered London in triumph. The minis

CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH; wife of George IV, king of Great Britain and Hanover, second daughter of duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick (who was mortally wounded in the battle at Auerstadt), and of the princess Augusta of England, sister of George III. She was born May 17, 1768. The young princess spent her youth in her father's court, under much constraint, till 1795, when she was married to the prince of Wales, now king of Great Britain. The next year, she rejoiced the royal family and the British nation by the birth of a daughter, Charlotte Augusta. (Charlotte died Nov. 6, 1817, wife of prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.) She had scarcely recovered from her confinement, when her husband abandoned her, declaring that no one could force his inclinations. This was the beginning of the disgraceful dispute between the two parties, which lasted till the death of Careline, and exposed her honor to repeated accusations from her husband; while George III, and all the British nation, favored the deserted bride. (See George IV.) The princess of Wales lived retired from the court, at a country-seat at Blackheath, where she devoted herself to the arts and sciences, to benevolence and the gratification of her taste, till 1808. Meanwhile, many reports were circulated, accusing her of illicit connexions with captain Manly, sir Sidney Smith and others, and of being the mother of a boy; on account of which the king instituted an inquiry into her conduct, by a ministerial

ter, lord Liverpool, now accused the queen before the parliament, for the purpose of exposing her to universal contempt as an adulteress. Whatever the investigations of the parliament may have brought to light, the public voice was louder than ever in favor of the queen; and, after a protracted investigation, the bill of pains and penalties was passed to a third reading only by a majority of 123 to 95; and the ministers deemed it prudent to delay proceeding with the bill for six months, which was equivalent to withdrawing it. Thus ended this revolting process, which was, throughout, a flagrant outrage on public decency. In this trial, Mr. Brougham acted as the queen's attorney-general, Mr. Denman as her solicitor, and Drs. Lushington, Wiiliams and Wilde as her counsel. Though banished from the court of the king, her husband, the queen still lived at Brandenburg house, in a manner suitable to her rank, under the protection of the nation. In July, 1821, at the coronation of George IV, she first requested to be crowned, then to be present at the ceremony. But, by an order of the privy council, both requests were denied, and, notwithstanding the assistance of the opposition, she suffered the personal humiliation of being repeatedly refused admission into Westminster abbey. She then published in the public papers her protest against the order of the privy council. Soon after her husband's departure to Ireland, July 30, in consequence of the violent agitation of her mind, she was suddenly taken sick in Drury lane theatre. An inflammation of the bowels (enteritis) succeeded, and she foretold her own death before the physicians apprehended such an event. She died Aug. 7, 1821. The corpse, according to her last will, was removed to Brunswick, where it rests among the remains of her ancestors. Her tomb-stone has a very short inscription, in which she is called the unhappy queen of England. The removal and the entombing of her mortal remains gave rise to many disturbances, first in London, and afterwards in Brunswick. These were founded more in opposition to the arbitrary measures of the ministry than in respect for the memory of the queen. Two, causes operated much in favor of the queenthe unpopularity of the ministry and the general feeling that the king was perhaps the last man in the whole kingdom, who had a right to complain of the incontinencies of his wife, which many, even of her friends, undoubtedly believed.

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CAROLINE LAWs. (See Carolina.) CAROLINE MATILDA, born 1751, daughter of Frederic Lewis, prince of Wales, married, 1766, king Christian VII of Denmark, and became mother of the present king of Denmark, Frederic VII, who was born 1768. Though young and beautiful, and universally esteemed by the nation, yet she was treated with hatred and neglect by the grandmother of her husband, queen Sophia Magdalena, as well as by his step-mother, Juliana Maria, who, for some time, influenced even her husband against her. Struensee (q. v.), by profession a physician, the favorite of the king, became her friend, and both, in union with Brandt, endeavored to gain the king from the influence of the party opposed to the queen. The reins of government came into the hands of Struensee, but the party of the king's step-mother and her son, prince Frederic, procured (1772) the imprisonment of the queen, the counts Struensee and Brandt, and all their friends. Struensee and Brandt were tried, and executed for high treason. Even the queen was at first in danger of being condemned to death. April 6, she was separated from her husband, and confined in Aalborg, but liberated by the interference of her brother, king George III. She died May 10, 1775, at Celle, in Hanover, scarcely 24 years old, of a lung fever, the consequence of her grief. The interesting let ter, in which she took leave of her broth er, the king of England, is to be found in the small work Die lezten Stunden der Königin von Dänemark. She was of a mild temper, and beloved by all around her.

CARP (cyprinus, L.); a genus of softfinned abdominal fish, which Cuvier makes the fourth family of the order. This is a very natural genus, containing very numerous species. It is easily distinguishable by the small mouth, toothless jaws, and gills of three flat rays. The tongue and palate are smooth, but the gullet is admirably constructed for mastication, having large teeth attached to the inferior pharyngeal bones, which press the food between themselves and a gelatinous knob, connected with a bony plate that is united with the first vertebra, commonly called the carp's tongue. They have but one dorsal fin, and the body is covered with scales, generally of large size. They frequent fresh and quiet waters, feeding on herbs, grains, and even mud, being, perhaps, the least carnivorous of the finny race. Some of the species have a beard of small, fleshy threads at the angles of

the upper jaw.-The most noted of the species are the common carp (C. carpio, L.), which, in many parts of the world, are bred in ponds, for the use of the table, and the goldfish (C. auratus), believed to be originally from China, very commonly bred in ponds and vases as an ornament, on account of its beautiful colors. In his memoir on American Icthyology, doctor Mitchill enumerates four species of carp, under the names of C. teres, fresh-water sucker; C. oblongus, chub of New York; C. chrysoleucas, New York shiner; and C. atronasus, brook minnow.-The common carp of Europe is esteemed very highly for stocking ponds, being of quick growth, spawning thrice a year. As the females do not commence breeding until eight or nine years old, it is necessary to keep up a supply of carp of that age by avoiding to destroy the females. The proportion of males to be preserved is four for every twelve females. Under common circumstances, the carp grows two or three inches in length in a year; but, where the ponds are exceedingly well supplied with food, they have been known to grow from five to eighteen inches in the same time. They thrive best in ponds having clayey or marly sides, and well provided with aquatic vegetables. In order to furnish them with fresh vegetable food, it is usual to rake the sides of the pond, left dry by evaporation, with an iron rake, and then to sow grass-seed, so that, when the pond is again filled up by the rains, there may be a growth of tender herbage for the fish. Grains of various sorts, and garbage, are frequently thrown into the pond, with a view to aid in fattening carp. A pond of one acre in extent is said to be sufficient to feed 300 carp of two or three years, or 400 of one year old. Carp, in their native condition, frequent the deepest places of ponds or rivers, where there is the least current. It is a fish which requires much patience and address in the angler. They seldom bite in cool weather, but, during hot seasons, bite very freely. The bait commonly used in angling for carp is worms, and sometimes grasshoppers. Various sweet pastes are also used, formed of honey or sugar, mingled with flour and small quantities of veal, pounded together in a mortar, till sufficiently tough to adhere to a hook without being easily washed off. A little white wool, mixed with the other ingredients, is of great assistance in giving the mass the requisite tenacity. To increase the pleasure and profit of carp fishing, it is well, for a few days previous, to have

some brewer's grains or other food thrown into the water, by which the fish will be induced to collect at any particular place in greater numbers.

CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS; one of the most extensive ranges of mountains in Europe, which covers an area of about 39,432 square miles; running from the Black sea, between Walachia and Moldavia, through Transylvania, Galicia and Hungary, to Silesia, there uniting itself with the Riesengebirge, at the pass of Jablunka (where are the sources of the Oder and Vistula), and sending out spurs, which reach as far as the Danube, and the spurs of the Alps. The highest points (covered with perpetual snow), called Tatra, rise in peaks, of which the most elevated, the Lomnitz peak (Lomnitzer Spitze), is over 8162 feet high. The principal chain contains much salt. On the branches, the vine is cultivated, and various metals, precious and base, are found in them. The Carpathian mountains have lately been attentively investigated by geologists, and interesting facts have been ascertained respecting them. They afford refuge to a great number of Gipsies.

CARPENTARIA; a large bay on the N. coast of New Holland; lon. 130° 50′ E.; lat. 10° 20′ S. That part of the country which borders on the bay is also called Carpentaria.

CARPETS are thick textures, composed wholly or partly of wool, and wrought by several dissimilar methods. The simplest mode is that used in weaving Venetian carpets, the texture of which is plain, composed of a striped woollen warp on a thick woof of linen thread.-Kidderminster carpeting is composed of two woollen webs, which intersect each other in such a manner as to produce definite figures.-Brussels carpeting has a basis composed of a warp and woof of strong linen thread. But to every two threads of linen in the warp, there is added a parcel of about ten threads of woollen of different colors. The linen thread never appears on the upper surface, but parts of the woollen threads are, from time to time, drawn up in loops, so as to constitute ornamental figures, the proper color being each time selected from the parcel to which it belongs. A sufficient number of these loops is raised to produce a uniform surface. To render them equal, each row passes over a wire, which is subsequently withdrawn. In some cases, the loops are cut through with the end of the wire, which is sharpened for the pur

pose, so as to cut off the thread as it passes out. In forming the figure, the weaver is guided by a pattern, which is drawn in squares upon a paper.-Turkey carpets appear to be fabricated upon the same general principles as the Brussels, except that the texture is all woollen, and the loops larger, and always cut.-There are several carpet-manufactories in New England, which make handsome goods. The English and Americans are the only nations among whom carpets are articles of general use.

CARPI, Ugo da, a painter and engraver, flourished in the beginning of the 16th century. He is generally considered as the inventor of that species of engraving denominated chiaro-oscuro, which was afterwards carried to such perfection by Balthasar Peruzzi.

CARPI, Girolamo da, a painter of the 16th century, a native of Ferrara, painted many pictures for the churches there and at Bologna. He was a great admirer of Correggio and Parmegiano, whose works he copied with great success. He died n 1556.

CARRACCI; the name of a celebrated family of painters.-Ludovico Carracci, son of a butcher, born 1555, at Bologna, appeared, at first, to be more fit for grinding colors than for transferring them to canvas. But his slowness did not, in fact, arise from deficiency of talent, but from zeal for excellence. He detested all that was called ideal, and studied only nature, which he imitated with great care. At Florence, he studied under Andrea del Sarto, and enjoyed the instruction of Passignano. He went to Parma for the purpose of studying Correggio, who was then imitated by almost all the Florentine painters. At Bologna, he endeavored to obtain popularity for his new principles among the young artists, and united himself with his cousins, Agostino and Annibale Carracci, whom he sent, in 1580, to Parma and Venice. On their return to Bologna, the three artists began to acquire reputation, but met with the most violent opposition. Annibale, the most resolute of them, was of opinion, that they should refute the slanders in circulation by the excellence of their productions. Ludovico resolved to establish an academy for painters at Bologna, which he called the accademia degli incamminati (from incamminare, to put in the way). His first principle was, that the study of nature must be united with the imitation of the best masters. He soon gave an example of this principle in the Prophecy of John the

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Baptist, in the monastery of the Carthusians, imitating, in single figures, the style of Raphael, Titian and Tintoretto. The finest works of Ludovico are at Bologna; for instance, those which adorn the hall in the monastery of St. Michael, in Bosco, and the Annunciation, in the cathedra! at Bologna. He excelled in architectural views and in drawing, and, in general, was very thorough in all the branches of his art. After having enjoyed his fame for a long time, at least as long as his cousins were alive, Ludovico died, in 1619, almost in poverty, 17 years after the death of Agostino, and 10 after that of Annibale. The chief reproach to which he is liable is, that he did not unite the study of the antiques with that of nature. His coloring has also been blamed.-Paolo Carracci, a brother of Ludovico, is of no importance.-Agostino Carracci, mentioned above, was born in 1558, at Bologna. He soon became one of the most accomplished disciples of Ludovico, and excelled particularly in invention. He engraved more pieces than he painted, in order to please his brother Annibale, who became envious of his fame, after a picture of Agostino had obtained a prize in preference to one of his own, and another excellent picture

the Communion of St. Jerom-had gained his brother universal admiration. Subsequently, Agostino accompanied Annibale to Rome, and assisted him in painting the Farnesian gallery. As many persons said that the engraver worked better than the painter, Annibale removed his brother, under pretext that his style, though elegant, was not grand enough. Agostino went then to the court of the duke of Parma, and painted there a picture representing the heavenly, the earthly and the venal love. There was only one figure wanting, when, exhausted by labor and mortification, he died, in 1601. He wrote a treatise on perspective and architecture. As an engraver, he deserves great praise, and often corrected the inperfect outlines of his originals. Among his engravings are many obscene ones, which have become rare.-Annibale Carracci, his brother, born 1560, at Bologna, worked, at first, with his father, who was a tailor. By the advice of his cousin Ludovico, he learnt drawing, and made the most astonishing progress, copying first the pieces of Correggio, Titian and Paul Veronese, and painting, like them, small pictures before he undertook large ones. In the academy founded by the Carracci, he taught the rules of arrange

ment and distribution of figures. He is one of the greatest imitators of Correggio. His St. Roque distributing Alms, now in Dresden, was the first painting which gave him reputation. His Genius of Glory is likewise celebrated. In the Farnesian gallery, which he painted, there breathes an antique elegance, and all the grace of Raphael. You find there imitations of Tibaldi (who painted at Bologna, about 1550, with Nicolo del Abate), of Michael Angelo (the style, indeed, somewhat softened), and the excellences of the Venetian and Lombard schools. Out of Bologna, he is acknowledged as the greatest of the Carracci. In that city, however, Ludovico is more admired. Agostino, perhaps, had more invention, and Ludovico more talent for teaching; but Annibale had a loftier spirit, and his style is more eloquent and noble. He died of grief (1609), at the ingratitude of cardinal Farnese, who paid him for 20 years' labor with 500 gold scudi. He was buried at the side of Raphael, in the Pantheon of Rome.-Francesco Carracci, another brother, is unimportant.-Antonio Carracci, a natural son of Agostino, born, 1583, at Venice, has more merit. Among the many well-known disciples of the Carracci, Domenichino deserves to be particularly named.

CARRERAS; three brothers, distinguished in the revolution of Chile. José Miguel Carrera, Juan José Carrera, and Luis Carrera, were the sons of a rich landholder in Santiago, don Ignacio Carrera. One of them served in Europe until 1811, and attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commandant of a regiment of hussars. The three brothers took an active part in the revolution from its commencement, and, in November, 1811, obtained the effective control of the revolutionary government; don José Miguel, the eldest, being a member of the junta, and colonel in the army, and the two younger brothers being also colonels in different corps, and the military being strongly in their favor. They continued in the possession of power until 1813, when they were taken prisoners by the Spaniards, and confined at Taloa. During their confinement, O'Higgins placed himself at the head of affairs. But they soon regained their liberty, and, by means of their popularity with the army, were enabled to displace O'Higgins, and resume their former influence, although not without a conflict with their antagonist. They became reconciled to him, however, and acted in concert with him at the battle of

Don

Rancagua, in October, 1814, in which the patriots were defeated, and in consequence of which the Carreras and their associates fled across the Andes. José Miguel left South America for the U. States, seeking supplies of men and money. Meanwhile, don Juan José and don Luis remained in Buenos Ayres, where they were detained, on their parole, by Pueyrredon, and not allowed to join the army sent for the liberation of Chile, commanded by their personal enemy, O'Higgins, and his bosom friend, general San Martin. Don José Miguel found them in this condition upon his return in 1817, and was himself arrested at Buenos Ayres, but made his escape. His brothers fled from Buenos Ayres, but were apprehended, Aug. 17, 1817, near Mendoza, and thrown into prison. Upon learning this, general San Martin despatched his secretary, Monteagudo, to bring them to trial, and, if possible, invent some plausible cause for their execution, so as to prevent their return to Chile. Accordingly, a false accusation of having murdered some obscure person in 1814 was brought against don Juan José ; but, as this did not inculpate don Luis, a plot was contrived with the soldiers, and the brothers were induced to attempt their escape; after which the proceedings were resumed, and they were condemned, on the 8th of March, 1818, to be shot on the same day. They heard their sentence at three o'clock in the afternoon, and were slaughtered at six. They walked arm in arm to the place of execution, gave the word to the soldiers to fire, and embraced each other in death. So causeless were these legal murders, that public opinion charges them upon San Martin, who, finding the friends of the Carreras numerous in Chile, employed his creature Monteagudo to procure their death. With brutal cruelty, San Martin sent their aged father an account of the expenses of their execution, with an order for its immediate payment. He paid the bloody charge, and, two days afterwards, expired of a broken heart. Don José Miguel resolved to avenge their death. He raised a small body of troops, natives and foreigners, and marched across the pampas, having found means to correspond with his friends in Santiago. His progress was viewed with great uneasiness by O'Hig gins, then supreme director of Chile; for the people cherished the fondest recollections of the Carreras, whose wisdom in government, and personal condescension, affability and munificence, had won all