livine. By his rigid orthodoxy and his mystical doctrines, which, though at times enthusiastic, were always directed to the promotion of practical Christianity, he refuted the subtleties and dialectics of the scholastic philosophers, although his severity against Abelard and Gilbert of Poree can by no means be justified. Luther says of him, "If there has ever been a pious monk who feared God, it was St. Bernard; whom alone I hold in much higher esteem than all other monks and priests throughout the globe." B. died in 1153, and was canonized by Alexander III, in 1174. (See Aug. Neander's St. Bernard and his Times, Berlin, 1813.) His works have been translated from the Latin, and published by professor Silbert Vienna, 1820).

BERNARD, Great St.; a mountain between the Valais and the valley of Aosta, 11,006 feet high. On its top is the boundary between the Valais and Piedmont. The road from the lake of Geneva through the Valais, into the valley of Aosta, passes over it. The Little St. B., 7194 feet high, separates Piedmont from Savoy. Over this Hannibal directed his march. Bernard de Menthon, a Savoyard nobleman, who lived from 923 to 1008, built here, in 962, two hospitia, for the benefit of those on a pilgrimage to Rome, one upon mont Joux, where a temple of Jupiter stood, the other on the road that leads over the Grison Alps, at a place called Colonne Jou, from a pillar which was an object of idolatrous worship. Animated by a pious zeal, Bernard destroyed the pillar and temple, and, with their ruins, built the two hospitia on the Great and Little St. Bernard, so called after him. He committed the care of both these establishments to monks of the order of St. Augustine, who, with an almost unexampled self-devotion, exercised the most generous hospitality towards travellers, down to the time of Charles Emanuel III of Sardinia. This king, falling into a dispute with the cantons of Switzerland about the nomination of a provost, sequestrated the possessions of the monks, and gave the administration of the hospitia to regular canons of the Augustine order, who, with equal humanity and devotion, discharge the duties of their pious calling. Upon the barren height (7668 feet), where the hospitium of the Great St. Bernard stands, which is considered to be the highest inhabited place in Europe, an almost everlasting winter reigns; in vain do we look for a tree or bush; the glittering snow dazzles the eye of the wanderer.

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Assisted by the servants of the convent, the heroic ecclesiastics, provided with wine and bread, devote themselves to the guidance of travellers; and, in order to defend the poor against the cold, they lend or give them clothes, which are kept for that purpose. Upwards of 9000 persons annually pass over the mountain, who are refreshed in the hospitium. In the midst of tempests and snow-storms, the monks, accompanied by dogs (called marons), set out for the purpose of tracking those who have lost their way. If they find the body of a traveller who has perished, they carry it into the vault of the dead, where it is wrapped in linen, and remains lying on a table till another victim occupies the place. It is then set up against the wall, among the other dead bodies, which, on account of the cold, decay so slowly, that they are often recognised by their friends after the lapse of years. Adjoining this vault is a kind of burying-ground, where the bones are deposited, when they accumulate too much in the vault. It is impossible to bury them, because there is nothing around the hospitium but naked rocks. In the church is the monument of general Desaix, who fell in the battle of Marengo. The first consul ordered him to be embalmed, and assigned him a resting place on the summit of the Alps. The monument of marble represents Dessaix in relief, wounded, and sinking from his horse into the arms of his aid Le Brun. On the stairs of the convent stands his statue of marble. Opposite to it there is a slab of marble, on which the republic of Valais commemorated Napoleon's passage over the St. B., May 15, 1800, with an inscription in letters of gold. By means of a contribution raised through Europe, a short time ago, the habitations of the 9 or 10 ecclesiastics have been made more comfortable.

BERNARDI, Augustus Frederic, a German scholar, born in Berlin, in 1768, died there in 1820. In his youth, his attention was directed to universal language (that is, t language as far as it is common to all rational beings), to the mystery of its construction, the mathematics, as it were, of language. B., considering all different languages as a whole, endeavored to discover a universal grammar common to them all. The result of his researches appears in his works, Reine Sprachlehre (Abstract Grammar), 1801, 2 vols.; Angewandte Sprachlehre (Grammar in its Application), 1803; and Anfangsgründe der Sprachwissenschaft (Elements of the Science of Language), in which

many philosophical principles of language are laid down. B. was a man of cultivated mind and extensive knowledge. He was also a professor and director of a classical school in Berlin.

BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE. (See Pierre, St.)

BERNARDINE MONKS. (See Cister

cians.)

BERNBURG, Anhalt; one of the three dukedoms of Anhalt (253 square miles, 7 towns, 51 villages, with 38,400 inhabitants. The income is valued at 450,000 guilders. Its contingent to the army of the German confederation is 370 men. In 1820, the Lutheran and Calvinistic parts of the population were united. The capital of this dukedom is Bernburg, on the Saale, with 4900 inhabitants. The public debt amounts to 1,034,500 guilders. Napoleon made the princes of Bernburg dukes.

BERNERS, or BARNES, Juliana; an English lady of the 15th century, of whom little more is known than that she was prioress of the nunnery of Sopewell, near St. Alban's, and has her name prefixed, as the writer or compiler, to one of the earliest and most curious productions of the English press. The title of the second edition, printed in the abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, The Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, with other Pleasures dyverse, and also Cootarmuries. The first edition (1481) does not treat of coat-armor or heraldry. This work, under the title of the Book of St. Alban's, became a popular manual of sporting science, and was several times reprinted in the 16th century. As a typographical curiosity, a small impression of it was published, in 1811, by Mr. Haslewood.

BERNI, Francesco (also Berna, and Bernia); a poet of the 16th century, born at Lamporecchio, in the territory of Tuscany, towards the close of the 15th century, of a noble but poor Florentine family; went to Florence, and, at the age of 19, to Rome, where he lived under the care of his relation, cardinal Bibiena, who, as he himself says, did him neither good nor harm, and he was at length obliged to enter the service of the bishop of Verona, Ghiberti, datary of the papal chancery, as secretary. In the hope of promotion, he took orders; but, disgusted with the duties of his office, he sought recreation in amusements, which displeased the prelate. A society had been established at Rome, consisting of young ecclesiastics of a jovial temper, like B., and a poetical vein, who, in order to de

note their love for wine, and their careless gayety, called themselves i vignajuoli (vine-dressers). Mauro, Casa, Firenzuola, Capilupi, &c. were of the number. They laughed at every thing, and made sport, in verse, of the most serious, nay, the most tragic matters. B.'s verses were the most successful, and were written in so peculiar a style, that his name has been given to it (maniera Bernesca, or Berniesca). When Rome was sacked by the troops of the constable Bourbon, 1527, B. lost all that he possessed. He afterwards made several journeys, with his patron Ghiberti, to Verona, Venice and Padua. At length, wearied with serving, and satisfied with a canonship in the cathedral at Florence, in the possession of which he had been for some years, he retired to that place. The favor of the great, however, which he was weak enough to court, brought him into difficulties. He was required to commit a crime, and his refusal cost him his life. Alessandro de' Medici, at that time duke of Florence, lived in open enmity with the young cardinal Ippolito de' Medici. B. was so intimate with both, that it is doubtful which first made him the proposal to poison the other. Certain it is, that the cardinal died by poison, in 1535. B. died July 26, 1536; and if, as is asserted, his life was terminated by poison, then the crime must be imputed to duke Alessandro.-In the burlesque style of poetry, B. is still considered the best model. His satire is often very bitter, and frequently unites the good humor of Horace with the causticity of Juvenal. The extreme licentiousness of his writings is his greatest fault. It should, however, be considered that he wrote for his friends only, and that his works were not printed until after his death. The admirable ease, for which his writings are distinguished, was the result of great efforts, since he repeatedly amended and corrected his verses. The same is asserted of Ariosto; and yet they are the most distinguished, among the Italian poets, for the ease and fluency of their style. B. also wrote Latin verses very correctly, and was well acquainted with Greek. His Rime Burlesche (Burlesque Verses) have great merit. So has also his Orlando Innamorato, composto già dal Sig. Bojardo Conte di Scandiano, ed ora rifatto tutto di nuovo da M. Fr. Berni.-Another Berni (count Francesco B., who was born in 1610, and died in 1673) has written 11 dramas, and also several lyric poems.

BERNINI, Giovanni Lorenzo, called Il

cavaliere Bernini, born in Naples, 1598, is praised by his contemporaries as the Michael Angelo of modern times, on account of his success as a painter, a statuary, and an architect; but he deserves his fame principally in the latter character. Richly endowed by nature, and favored by circumstances, he rose superior to the rules of art, creating for himself an easy manner, the faults of which he knew how to disguise by its brilliancy. From his early youth, he manifested a great power to excel in the arts of design, and, at the age of eight years, executed the head of a child in marble, which was considered a remarkable production. That such rare endowments might be suitably cultivated, his father carried him to Rome. One of B.'s first works was the marble bust of the prelate Montajo; after which he made the bust of the pope, and of several cardinals; also sundry figures of the natural size. He was not yet 18, when he produced the Apollo and Daphne, in marble, a masterpiece of grace and execution. Looking at this group near the close of his life, he declared that he had made very little progress since the time when that was produced. His manner was indeed more chaste and less affected, in the early part of his career, than at a later period. After the death of Gregory XV, cardinal Maffeo Barberini, his successor, employed B. to prepare plans for the embellishment of the Basilica of St. Peter, assigning to him a monthly pension of 300 crowns, which was afterwards augmented. Without forsaking sculpture, B.'s genius embraced architecture, and he furnished the design for the canopy and the pulpit of St. Peter, as well as for the circular place before the church. Among his numerous works, were the palace Barberini, the belfry of St. Peter, the model of the monument of the countess Matilda, and the monument of Urban VIII, his benefactor.-In the year 1644, cardinal Mazarin, in the name of the king of France, offered him a salary of 12,000 crowns; but he declined the invitation. Urban had scarcely closed his eyes, and Innocent X ascended the papal throne, when the envy engendered by the merits of the artist and the favor bestowed on him broke forth. His enemies triumphed; but he regained the favor of the pope by a model for a fountain. About the same time, he erected the palace of Monte Citorio. Alexander VII, the successor of Innocent X, displayed much taste for the arts, and favor to this artist, and required of him a plan for the embellishment of

the piazza di San Pietro. The admirable colonnade, which is so beautifully proportioned to the Basilica, was built under the direction of B. We may also mention the palace Odescalchi, the rotunda della Riccia, the house for novices, belonging to the Jesuits, on Monte Cavallo, &c. Louis XIV having invited him, in the most flattering terms, to Paris, he set out from Rome, in 1665, at the age of 68, accompanied by one of his sons, and a numerous retinue. Never did an artist travel with so great pomp, and under such flattering circumstances. The reception which he met with in Paris was highly honorable. He was first occupied in preparing plans for the restoration of the Louvre, which, however, were never executed. But, notwithstanding the esteem which he enjoyed in Paris, some disagreeable circumstances induced him to return to Rome: he left Paris loaded with presents. Cardinal Rospigliosi having become pope, B. was admitted to an intimate intercourse with him, and charged with several works; among others, with the decoration of the bridge of St. Angelo. In his 70th year, this indefatigable artist executed one of his most beautiful works, the tomb of Alexander VII. He still continued to devote himself to several works of architecture, as well as of statuary, with such ardor, that, exhausted by his labors, he died, Nov. 28, 1680, at the age of 82. He was buried, with great magnificence, in the church of St. Maria Maggiore. To his children he left a fortune amounting to about 3,300,000 francs. B.'s favorite maxim was, Chi non esce talvolta della regola, non passa mai. Thus he was of opinion, that, in order to excel in the arts, one must rise above all rules, and create a manner peculiar to one's self. This B. has accomplished with a rare good fortune, but the influence of his style has been transient. His most eminent disciples are Pietro Bernini, his brother, a statuary, architect and mathematician ; Matthia Rossi, François Duquesnoi, surnamed the Fleming, and Borromini.

BERNIS (François Joachim de Pierres, comte de Lyon) cardinal de, born at St. Marcel de l'Ardeche, in 1715, was descended of an ancient family, but little favored by fortune, for which reason, his parents destined him for the clerical pro fession. Me. de Pompadour, whom he had known as Me. d'Etioles, presented him to Louis XV, who, being pleased with him, assigned to him an apartment in the Tuileries, with a pension of 1500 livres. His wishes were directed towards raising

mathematics. He travelled through Switzerland, France, Holland and England, and, in 1713, became a member of the academies of science in London and Berlin. On the recommendation of Leibnitz, he went, as professor of mathematics, to Padua, in 1716, but returned to his native city, in 1722, as professor of logic. In 1731, he became professor of the Roman and feudal law in that place, and died in 1759. The three following were sons of the above-mentioned John B.-4. Nicholas B., born at Bàle, 1695, became professor of law there in 1723, and died in Petersburg, in 1726.-5. Daniel B., born at Groningen, Feb. 9, 1700. He studied medicine, in which he took the doctor's degree, and, at the same time, was engaged in mathematical studies, in which his father had been his instructer. He visited Bale, Heidelberg, Strasburg, Venice and Padua. At the age of 24, he was offered the presidency of an academy about to be established at Genoa, but, in the following year, accepted an invitation to Petersburg. Accompanied by his younger brother, John, he returned to Bale in 1733; became there professor of anatomy and botany; in 1750, professor of natural philosophy; resigned this place, because of his advanced age, to his brother's son, the younger Daniel B., in 1777, and died in 1782. He was one of the greatest natural philosophers, as well as mathematicians, of his time. At 10 different times, he received a prize from the academy of Paris. In 1734, he shared with his father a double prize, given by this academy, for their joint essay on the causes of the different inclinations of the planetary orbits. Most of his writings are contained in the transactions of the Petersburg, Paris, Berlin, &c. academies, of which he was a member.-6. John B., born at Bale, in 1710, went to Petersburg in 1732, became professor of rhetoric at Bâle in 1743, and, in 1748, professor of mathematics. He died in 1790. The two following were his sons.-7. John B., licentiate of law and royal astronomer in Berlin, was born at Bàle, in 1744, and died, 1807, in Berlin, whither he had been invited in the 19th year of his age. He had travelled through all the countries of Europe, and lived, after 1779, in Berlin, where he had become director of the mathematical department of the academy. He is the author of numerous works.-8. James B. was born at Bâle, in 1759; went to Petersburg, where he became professor of mathematics, married a grand-daughter of Euler, but died in

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1789, in the 30th year of his age, of an apoplexy, while bathing in the Neva..

BERNSTORFF; the name of a German noble family, many members of which have been distinguished. The most so was John Hartwig Ernst, count of B.,. Danish secretary of foreign affairs. He was born in Hanover, May 13, 1713. His father was also secretary of state in Denmark. In 1750, he was made member of the council of state, after having served for a long time as foreign minister. He soon became the most influential member of the government, which distinguished. itself, under his direction, by a wise neutrality during the seven years' war, and other political disturbances in Europe; by liberal measures for improving the condition of the Danish peasantry, who were even then in a state of bondage; by promoting science, and sending an expedition to Asia, which the famous traveller Niebuhr accompanied. He himself set the example of manumitting the peasants, and gave the fourth part of his income to the poor. By his efforts, Denmark acquired Holstein. B. is described, by all historians, as a model of wisdom, benevolence and intelligence. Frederic V (q. v.), whose government he directed so well, died in 1766, and he continued in his office, under Christian VII, until 1770, when Struensee (q. v.) contrived to displace him. After the fall of Struensee, he was recalled, but died when preparing for his return to Denmark from Hamburg, in 1772, Feb. 19. Christian VII had made him count.-Andrew Peter, count of B., his cousin, was also a very distinguished statesman, successor of the preceding, and deserves great praise, among other things, for his endeavors to emancipate the peasantry. He was born Aug. 28, ' 1735, and died June 21, 1797. His son is now Prussian minister of foreign affairs.

BERRI, or BERRY, Charles Ferdinand, duke of; second son of the count d'Artois (now Charles X) and Maria Theresa of Savoy, born at Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778. Together with the duke of Angoulême, he received an inadequate education under the duke of Serent: nevertheless, in his early youth, he displayed some talents and a good heart. In 1792, he fled with his father to Turin, served under him and Condé on the Rhine, and early learned the art of winning the love of the soldiers. With his family, he repaired to Russia, and, in 1801, to England, where he lived alternately at London and Hartwell, continually occupied with plans for the restoration of the Bour