Rivalry of Carteret and the Pelhams. 22 Feb., 1744. Action with French and Spanish fleets off Toulon PAGE 372 372 The Jacobite army occupies Carlisle and Manchester. 396 Advance of the rebels to Derby. Prince Charles recrosses the border 408 Locke's philosophy and the inductive period of Newton 479 Systems affiliated to or opposed to Locke. 479 [Dates of events in England prior to January 1, 1752, are given in the Old Style, eleven days later than the New Style current in Scotland and on the Continent, except Russia; but the year is taken as beginning on January 1, not on March 25. Dates of events abroad are given either in the New Style or else with the double figures of the Old and New Styles, as July 12/23 (p. 12).] CHAPTER I. THE GRAND ALLIANCE. I. ANNE ascended the throne with little schooling in politics CHAP. save that of the nature of backstairs intrigue. During the life of her sister there had been constant friction arising from the hostile attitude to the court of her favourite Lady Marlborough. When Mary died William had the good sense to recognise the impolicy of maintaining an estrangement with the principal personage in the realm after himself. Yet the reconciliation was little more than formal. The king was himself too jealous of power to share even the semblance of it with another, and so far was he from affording Anne an opportunity of education in public policy that no communications were made to her by ministers of the course of affairs. It was enough for her that her favourite's husband, the Earl of Marlborough, whose military talent he appreciated, but whose tortuous politics he had reason to distrust, held the highest commands. A princess of intellectual force, whose succession was assured, could not have submitted to this exclusion from influence. It was assisted by the divided sympathies of the circle of which she was the centre. Lord Godolphin, her friend from early years, was of the party to which the name of tory was beginning to be applied. Marlborough's predilections were in the same direction, but his wife, who outside military affairs exercised an absolute power over him, was steeped in whig principles. Anne's little court, therefore, while a rendezvous for all who harboured personal discontents, never became a centre of political opposition. It was known, indeed, that her sympathies favoured the tories, but this was not a proof of identity of |