APP. I. of the court and the ministries, Horace Walpole pictures affairs from the point of view of society and the house of commons. The Memoirs were prepared for publication during his later life, and are sometimes inaccurate in details, as at times appears from the same author's Letters (Oxford, 1903), which should be read with them. Volumes i.-iv. embrace this period. Scottish History from Contemporary Writers, No. iii.; The Last Jacobite Rising, 1745, with a Bibliography of Jacobite History, 1689-1788, by C. S. Terry (1903). The Works of Sir Charles Hanbury Williams (3 vols., 1822) include a collection of witty poetical satires from 1739-57.

II. Contemporary Correspondence.-Of the first five volumes of ELWIN's edition of the Letters of the Poet Alexander Pope, volumes i. and ii. to page 96 belong to the reigns of Anne and George I., the rest to the reign of George II. This correspondence was with the principal literary and political personages of the day, Pope ranging himself with the opposition to Walpole inspired by Bolingbroke. With due allowance for the writer's prejudices, the letters are full of material, especially for social and literary history. HORACE WALPOLE'S Letters. Papers of Alexander, Second Earl of Marchmont (1733-40), the correspondence of Scottish peers in opposition to Walpole. The correspondence of the third Earl of Marchmont, who was intimate with Pope and Bolingbroke (1739-50), is also published in volume ii. of the Marchmont Papers (3 vols., 1831). A. BISSET, Memoirs and Papers of Sir Andrew Mitchell, K.B. (2 vols., 1850), contain the diplomatic correspondence of our ambassador with Frederick the Great during the Seven Years' War, and are of the highest value for that period. The Grenville Papers (vol. i., 1852) have an importance as the correspondence of the circle with which Pitt was associated. The Correspondence of John, Fourth Duke of Bedford (vols. i. and ii., 1842-43), political, and full of matter, specially as regards Ireland. The Chatham Correspondence (vols. i. and ii., 1838) between 1741-60 of first-rate importance. CHESTERFIELD'S Letters, edit. J. Bradshaw (3 vols., 1892), valuable rather for their social than for their political information. This is also true of the Letters to and from Henrietta (Howard), Countess of Suffolk (2 vols., 1824), who was on terms of friendship with the leading literary men and politicians of the day. The letters of Charlotte Clayton, Lady Sundon, who once proposed to Walpole that he and she should govern the kingdom together, are published in Mrs. Thomson's Memoirs of Lady Sundon (2 vols., 1847). The Letters of C. de Saussure, translated under the title of A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I. and George II. (1902), give interesting

pictures of manners.
1769), are of the first importance for Irish affairs.

Primate BOULTER'S Letters, 1724-48 (2 vols., APP. I.

Reports of Hist. MSS. Comm. of MSS. of Duke of Athole (1891), a few letters and papers on the rebellion of 1745; of Mrs. Frankland-Russell-Astley (1900), letters on the campaigns of Dettingen and Fontenoy; of the Earl of Buckinghamshire (1895), including the Trevor MSS., the very valuable correspondence of the first Lord Trevor, minister at the Hague from 1735 to 1746; of the Earl of Carlisle (1897), letters on the differences between Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the King, and on proceedings in the house of commons; of the Earl of Charlemont (1891, vol. i., 1745-83), contains a memoir by him of his political life, 1755-83, and papers on the French landing at Carrickfergus in 1760, and on the condition of the Irish catholics, etc.; of Lady du Cane (1905), correspondence of Admiral Medley, very interesting for naval affairs, with letters from Admiral Hosier during the blockade of Porto Bello in 1726, correspondence on naval affairs during 1745, letters from Admiral John Byng during operations in the Mediterranean, and captured dispatches throwing light on the state of the French navy; of Sir William Fitzherbert (1893), letters on the rebellion of 1745. Hodgkin MSS. (1900), letters on the rebellion of 1745. Colonel Home's MSS. (1902), letters on campaign of 1759-60; Lord Kenyon's (1894), on the rebellions of 1715 and 1745; Earl of Mar and Kellie's (1904), correspondence of Lord Grange with Pulteney, Argyll, and other leading men; Duke of Rutland's (vol. ii., 1889), correspondence of the Marquis of Granby during his campaigns in 1747 and 1759-62; Mrs. Stopford-Sackville's (vol. i., 1904), a few letters of Lord George Sackville, Henry Fox, Pitt, Primate Stone, the Duke of Newcastle, etc., more particularly valuable for Irish history. The Stuart Papers (vol. i., 1902; vol. ii., 1904; vol. iii., 1907). Some of these letters and papers have been already published, but the entire mass is now being catalogued and printed together, affording a complete view of the Jacobite conspiracies from the flight of James II. The third volume carries the reader down to February, 1717. Townshend MSS. (1887), letters on American affairs, 170040, and letters of General George Townshend, 1759. The Newcastle and Hardwicke Papers fill many volumes of the Additional MSS. in the British Museum.

III. Contemporary Memoirs.-Diary of Hugh, Earl of Marchmont, 1744-48, is valuable for Bolingbroke's communications to him: Marchmont was also intimate with Chesterfield, Stair, and the principal Scottish peers (Marchmont Papers, vol. i., 1831). R. GLOVER'S

APP. I. Memoirs (1742-57) contribute somewhat to our knowledge, though much more may be gleaned from The Diary of George Bubb Dodington (Lord Melcombe) (1809). Memoirs (1754-58), by JAMES, Earl OF WALDEGRAVE (1821), scanty but trustworthy. Kalm's Visit to England, translated by Joseph Lucas (1892), is the account by a Swedish botanist of his travels in 1748, a large part of it consisting of scientific observations.

IV. Contemporary Pamphlets.-These are too numerous to mention in detail. The most eminent pamphleteers were Swift, Lord Hervey, Sir R. Walpole, Bolingbroke, Hoadly, and Horatio Walpole. Parliamentary

V. Collections of Documents.-See above, p. 506. History (vols. viii.-xv.). The speeches, as has been explained elsewhere, are not to be relied on as conveying anything beyond general impressions. The public documents are authoritative.

VI. Later Historians.—See above, p. 510. J. COLIN, Louis XV. et les Jacobites, 1743-44 (1901), an account from French archives of the attempted invasion of England. Die Nordische Frage in den Jahren 1746-51, by J. R. DANIELSON (1888), a valuable work, drawn more particularly from Russian, Danish, Swedish, and British archives. B. ERDMANSDORFFER, Deutsche Geschichte, vol. 2 (1893), down to the accession of Frederick the Great, and W. ONCKEN, Das Zeitalter Friedrichs des Grossen (2 vols., 1881-82), give an exhaustive survey of European politics between 1701 and the Seven Years' War, which may be read with T. CARLYLE'S History of Frederick II., vii.-ix. To the same period belongs M. RICHARD WADDINGTON, Louis XV. et le Renversement des Alliances, 1754-56 (1896), a history of the diplomatic preliminaries of the Seven Years' War, followed by La Guerre de Sept Ans (4 vols.), the most authoritative account of the war. The DUKE DE BROGLIE'S Histoire de la Politique Extérieure de Louis XV., 1741-56, in ten volumes (1883-99), may also be consulted with advantage. The last volume of COXE's History of the House of Austria deals with this period. His Memoirs of the Administration of H. Pelham (2 vols., 1829) is a posthumous publication, but, like all this author's work, learned and trustworthy. JULIAN CORBETT, England in the Seven Years' War (2 vols., 1907), is an admirable study of Pitt's strategy. R. KOSER, Friedrich der Grosse (2 vols., 1893-1903), is the principal German authority. F. H. SKRINE, Fontenoy (1906), is a detailed account of the British campaigns in the war of the Austrian succession, 1741-48, and is full of useful information.

Much yet remains to be done on the history of finance of the period. Sir JOHN SINCLAIR'S History of the Public Revenue (3 vols., 1803) is the best authority. In commercial matters, N. A. BRISCO, The Economic Policy of Robert Walpole (New York, 1907), has brought together the leading measures of Walpole.

T. WRIGHT, Caricature History of the Georges (1868), illustrates APP. I. public opinion on current politics. J. ASHTON, see George I., vi., supra. For Literature, etc., see chapter xxviii., p. 511.

On naval and military history, MAHAN and FORTESCUE, see volume x., page 467. JOHN ENTICK, New Naval History, 1757, a laborious compilation; also his General History of the Late War (5 vols., 1763-64).

For Indian, transatlantic and colonial affairs generally, R. ORME, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the Year 1745 (1763), praised by Macaulay as one of the most authentic and finely written in our language ". J. MALCOLM, Life of Clive (1836), the recognised biography of Clive. A. ZIMMERMANN, Die Europäische Kolonien (1896-1901), gives a compendious survey. The Hon. M. ELPHINSTONE'S Rise of British Power in the East (ed. 1887) is a good summary of Indian history. JAMES MILL, History of British India (5th edit., 9 vols., 1858), remains a standard work. BRYAN EDWARDS, History of the British Colonies in the West Indies (5 vols., 1849), is a leading authority.

For America, W. KINGSFORD'S History of Canada (1888-90), vols. ii. to iv., covers the whole period. F. PARKMAN, France and England in North America, in 9 volumes (ed. 1874-93), is a work well written, impartial, and founded on original authorities. G. L. BEER, British Colonial Policy, 1754-65 (New York, 1907), is chiefly drawn from the papers in the Public Record Office, London, and is a valuable addition to knowledge. A. DoUGHTY, The Siege of Quebec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (6 vols.), is an exhaustive study of Wolfe's campaign. The Correspondence of W. Pitt with Colonial Governors (New York, 2 vols. 1006) is most valuable for the conquest of Canada, etc.

C.

VII. Biographies.-G. HARRIS, Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke (3 vols., 1847), full of original matter; so also is J. HOLLIDAY'S Life of William Murray, Earl of Mansfield (1 vol., 1797). W. ERNST, Life of Lord Chesterfield (1893), draws a good deal from the Newcastle Papers. COXE's Memoirs of Sir R. Walpole, with his correspondence, continues till the minister's death in 1745. NUGENT'S Memoir of Robert, Earl Nugent (1741-60), gives some insight into the political circle of Dodington and Glover. To the same group belonged GEORGE, LORD LYTTELTON, whose Memoirs and C rrespondence were published by Sir R. J. Phillimore in 1845. THACKERAY'S History of W. Pitt, Earl of Chatham (2 vols., 1827) contains much information and numerous documents. An exhaustive

APP. I. biography was published in German by A. von Ruville in 1905 (Eng. lish translation, 1907). Colonel TOWNSHEND'S Military Life of George, First Marquess Townshend (1901) gives valuable particulars of the American campaigns of 1759-60. LORD FITZMAURICE'S Life of Shelburne, volume i. contains some interesting political matter; A. C. EWALD'S Life and Times of Charles Stuart, the Young Pretender (2 vols., 1875), remains the standard biography. PROSPER CULTRU, Dupleix, etc. (1901), supplies information largely from unpublished French sources. MACAULAY'S Essays on Chatham, Clive, etc., are well known. The Dictionary of National Biography will repay consultation.

In conclusion, I desire to record my obligations to the officials of the Record Office for the facilities granted by them for the perusal of documents not as yet finally catalogued; and to Mr. A. D. L. Cary, archivist of the War Office, for aid in research upon the military career of Pitt. Still more am I indebted to the laborious exertions of Miss Margaret Cotter Morison, who has kindly rendered the most valuable assistance by the perusal and transcription of great numbers of MSS., both in the Record Office, the British Museum, and elsewhere, as well as in the construction of this bibliography.