firebrand in the midst between two tails. And when he had set the brands on fire, he let them go into the standing corn of the Philistines...."

1 KINGS XV. 4.

"For David's sake did the Lord his God give (Abijam) a lamp in Jerusalem." Comp. xi. 36, Ps. xviii. 28.

JOB XXI. 17.

"How oft is the candle of the wicked put out!" xviii. 6. Prov. xx. 20.

xxix. 2, 3.

"Oh that I were as in months past, as in the days when God preserved me; when his candle shined upon my head, and when by his light I walked through darkness." (2 Sam. xxii. 29. Ps. cxix. 105.)

PROV. xiii. 9.

"The light of the righteous rejoiceth, but the lamp of the wicked shall be put out."

ISAIAH lxii. 1.

"For Zion's sake will I not hold my peace, and for Jerusalem's sake I will not rest, until the righteousness thereof go forth as brightness, and the salvation thereof as a lamp that burneth."

JEREMIAH Xxv. 10.

“I will take from them...the light of the candle."

NAHUM ii. 3.

“The chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his preparation."

ZEPH. i. 12.

"I will search Jerusalem with candles, and punish the men that are settled on their lees."

MATT. V. 15.

"Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house." Comp. Luke xi. 36.

MATT. XXV. 1, &c.

"Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps and went forth to meet the bridegroom...they that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them; but the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps.... And at midnight ...all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps. And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out."

JOHN Xviii. 3.

"Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns, and torches, and weapons."

REV. xviii. 23.

"The light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee (Babylon)."

xxii. 5.

"And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle,...for the Lord God giveth them light."

The having a great number of lights is esteemed a sign of prosperity and joy in the East.

In Egypt they burn lamps in all the inhabited apartments of a house, all the night long; and the poorest people would rather retrench part of their food than neglect it. Thus, when God promises to give David a lamp always in Jerusalem, it means that his house should never become desolate, but that some of his posterity should always be kings in Zion; for destruction and the putting out of their lamps, or other lights, were terms which meant one and the same thing.— See HARMER'S Observations, vol. i. pp. 386, 389.

It appears from travellers, that lamps, wax-candles, torches, lanterns, and cresset-lights, (a kind of moveable beacon,) are all made use of among the Eastern people. Candles, however, are used but seldom, especially among

the great, as they cast but little light, and the people sit at a considerable distance from them. One of the Greek words made use of in John xviii. 3, seems to mean any sort of light that shines brighter than common, whether torches, blazing resinous pieces of wood, or lamps that are supplied with more than ordinary quantities of oil, or other unctuous substances. Hanway mentions one supplied with tallow, which stood in the courtyard of person of some distinction in Persia, and was sufficient to enlighten the whole place.

"While I was at Surat, the governor of the town married his daughter to a young lord. On a Wednesday, which was appointed for the ceremony of the wedding, the bridegroom made the usual cavalcade, about eight o'clock at night. First marched his standards, which were followed by several hundreds of men, carrying torches; these torches were made of bamboo, or cane, at the end whereof was an iron

candlestick, containing rolls of oiled cloth, made like sausages. Among these torch-lights were two hundred men, women, little boys, and little girls, who had each of them upon their heads a little hurdle of ozier twigs, on which were five little earthen cruses, that served for candlesticks to so many wax candles. These people were accompanied by a great many others, some carrying baskets, rolls of cloth, and oil to supply the flambeaux, others carrying candles.” *

In marriage processions in India "they carry a pot of oil in one hand and a lamp full of oily rags in the other."

"This sort of lights are nothing else but many pieces of old linen, squeezed hard one against another, in a round figure, and forcibly thrust down into a mould of copper. Those who hold them in one hand, have in the other a bottle full of oil; and they take care to pour out of it, from time to time, upon the linen, which otherwise gives no light."

The lamps used in the Roman armies consisted of a square pot (of iron) fixed on the end of a tall pole, close on the sides, and open only at the top. Major Hope says, "A Turkish camp is lighted up at night by a kind of large lanterns, formed of iron hoops, and fastened on long poles. Several of these lights, in which rags impregnated with grease, oil, or resinous substance, are burned, are placed in front of the tent of each of the Pachas." Baron du Tott, describing the means used by the Turks to surprise their enemies, writes, "The high treasurer, commanding a detachment in the night, was lighted by a flame of resinous wood burning in iron chafing dishes fixed to long poles. He therefore got the surname of the Blazer."" See CALMET.

"In marriage processions in Egypt, the bridegroom is accompanied by several men bearing mesh' 'als. The mesh' 'al is a staff with a cylindrical frame of iron at the top, filled with flaming wood, or having two, three, four,

* Thevenot.

or five, of these receptacles for fire.... These are generally followed by two men, bearing, by means of a pole resting horizontally upon their shoulders, a hanging frame, to which are attached about sixty or more small lamps in four circles, one above another, the uppermost of which circles is made to revolve, being turned round occasionally by one of the two bearers. The bridegroom and his friends... (each bear) one or more wax candles." -LANE'S Modern Egyptians, vol. i. pp. 211, 212.

In Egypt, for three or four nights previous to a marriage, "the street or quarter in which the bridegroom lives is illuminated with chandeliers and lanterns, or with lanterns and small lamps, suspended from cords