BARMEN; a town on the Wupper, in the Prussian duchy of Cleve-Berg, with 19,472 inhabitants. B. contains the principal ribbon manufactories on the continent, comprising linen, woollen, cotton and silk ribbons of every quality. They are sent into all parts of the world.

BARNABITES; regular priests of the congregation of St. Paul, thus called from the church of St. Barnabas, which was granted to them. They were established in Milan, in 1536, and are dressed in black, like the secular clergy. They devoted themselves to missions, preaching, and the instruction of youth, and had, in Italy, where they taught theology in the academies of Milan and Pavia, in France, Austria and Spain, houses which they called colleges. In France and Austria, this order was employed in the conversion of the Protestants. It only exists, at present, in Spain and some places in Italy. BARNACLE; a multivalve, molluscous, hermaphrodite and viviparous animal, belonging to Cuvier's sixth class-mollusca cirrhopoda (lepas, L.)-The various species of barnacle resemble each other in being enveloped by a mantle and shell, composed of five principal valves, and several smaller pieces, joined together by a membrane attached to their circumference. The mouth, which is oval, has lateral jaws, and along the belly, arranged in pairs, are 12 articulated and fringed cirri or tentacula. The heart is situated under the dorsal part of the animal, and the nervous system is composed of a series of small knots, or ganglia, under the belly: the gills are on the sides. The head of the barnacle is placed downwards in the shell, and the tentacula towards the superior part or orifice. Between the last pair of tentacula is a long, fleshy tube, sometimes mistaken for a trunk, at the base of which, towards the back, the anus opens. The stomach has a number of small cavities, formed by its wall, which appear to perform the functions of a liver. The intestine is simple: the ovary is double, and there is a double serpentine canal through which the ova must pass; the surfaces of this canal secrete the fecundating fluid, and they are prolonged into the fleshy tube, and open at its extremity. Cuvier was the first to give an accurate account of the curious structure of these animals.-The barnacles are always found attached to solid bodies, and especially to rocks, timber, &c., exposed to the dashing of the waves. They feed on small marine animals, brought within their reach by the motion of the waters,

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and secure them by their tentacula, which are expanded and rolled up again with great celerity. They attain a very considerable size, in situations where they are left unmolested, and are occasionally used as food by men. They are, in some countries, supposed to possess aphrodisiac qualities; perhaps on account of their hermaphrodite nature. We have no knowledge of the cause that originated the fable of barnacles being changed into geese; though such a fable is still in existence, and naturalists have perpetuated it by bestowing the name of anas bernicla on a goose, and of anseriferus on a species of barnacle.

BARNAVE, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie, deputy to the states general of France, a distinguished orator, and a zealous adherent and early victim of the revolution, was born at Grenoble, 1761. He was the son of a rich procureur. He was of the Protestant religion, became a lawyer, was chosen a deputy of the tiers-état to the assembly of the states general, and showed himself an open enemy to the court. The constituent assembly appointed him their secretary, member of the committee for the colonies, also of the diplomatic committee, and, in January, 1791, their president. After the flight of the king, he was almost the only one who remained calm. He defended Lafayette against the charge of being privy to this step, and, after the arrest of the royal family, was sent, with Petion and Latour-Maubourg, to meet them, and to conduct them to Paris. The sight of their misfortunes, and the profanation of the royal dignity, seemed to have made a profound impres sion on his mind. He treated his captives with the respect due to their rank and misfortunes, and his reports were unaccompanied with remarks. From this moment a visible change in his principles was observed. He defended the inviolability of the royal person, and painted the fatal disasters which threatened the state. He opposed the ordinance which enjoined strong measures against the refractory priests; and succeeded, though with difficulty, in obtaining the repeal of the severe decree relating to the colonies. His influence continually declined, and he was entirely given up by the revolutionary party. When the correspondence of the court fell into the hands of the victorious party, Aug. 10, 1792, they pretended to have found documents which showed him to have been secretly connected with it, and he was guillotined Nov. 29, 1793.

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BARNEVELDT, John van Olden; grand pensionary of Holland; a man of eminent talents and the simplest manners; a martyr to duty and republican principle; an example of virtue, such as history seldom presents us. He was born in 1549, and early showed himself zealous for the independence of the United Provinces, which had thrown off the yoke of Spain. As advocate-general of the province of Holland, he displayed profound views and great skill in business. The services of 30 years established his high reputation. He preserved his country against the ambition of Leicester; penetrated the secret plans of Maurice of Nassau, whom his fellow-citizens had elevated to the post of stadtholder; and his marked distrust of this prince placed him at the head of the republican party, which aimed to make the stadtholder subordinate to the legislative power. Spain, at that time, made proposals for peace through the archduke, governor of the Netherlands. B. was appointed plenipotentiary on this occasion, and evinced alike the skill of a statesman and the firmness of a republican. Maurice of Nassau, whose interest led him to prefer war, labored to prevent the establishment of peace; and B., perceiving this, was induced only by the most urgent solicitations of the states, to retain the office which had been assigned to him, and at last concluded, in 1609, an armistice with Spain for the term of 12 years, in which the independence of Holland was acknowledged. His influence now became still greater, and he was more and more an object of jealousy to the house of Nassau. The hostile spirit of the opposite parties in the state was further increased by theological difficulties. In order to prevent a civil war, B. proposed an ecclesiastical council, which resolved upon a general toleration in respect to the points in question. The states acceded, at first, to this wise measure; but, at a later period, the machinations of the Nassau party persuaded them to adopt other views. This party represented the Arminians (q. v.) as secret friends of Spain. B. was now attacked in pamphlets, and, even in the assembly of the states, was insulted by the people, of whom Maurice had become the idol. As he could not hope any longer to stay the torrent, and foresaw the fate which awaited him, he again determined to resign his office; but the solicitations of his friends, and his love for his country, prevailed anew over all other considerations. Maurice insisted

upon a general synod, with a view, as he pretended, of putting an end to all religious quarrels; but B. persuaded the states to oppose this measure, the consequences of which were evident. Troops were now levied, without the consent of Maurice, to reestablish order in the cities where the Gomarists (see Arminians) had excited disturbances. On the other side, the Nassau party redoubled its attacks upon B., who, in answer to them, published that celebrated memorial, in which he warns the United Provinces of the danger which threatened them from the other party. Maurice, however, procured the assembling of a synod at Dort, in 1618, to which almost all the Calvinistic churches of Europe sent deputies. They condemned the Arminians with the most unjust severity, and Maurice was encouraged by their sentence to adopt violent measures. Against the wishes of the states, he caused B., and other leading men of the Arminians, to be arrested; and 26 bribed judges condemned to death, as a traitor, the man to whom his country owed its political existence, and who disdained to implore mercy. Vain were the remonstrances of the widowed princess of Orange and of the French ambassador; in vain did the friends and relations of the patriot exclaim against the sentence; Maurice remained firm in his evil purpose. On the 13th of May, 1619, the old man of 72 ascended the scaffold, with the words of Horace, iii. 3,—

Justum ac tenacem propositi virum,
Non vultus instantis tyranni,

Non civium ardor prava jubentium
Mente quatit solida,-

and suffered death with the same firmness which he had evinced under all the circumstances of his life. His two sons formed a conspiracy against the tyrant. William, the principal agitator, escaped; but Reinier was taken and executed. His mother, after his condemnation, threw herself at the feet of Maurice to beg for mercy, and to his question, why she humbled herself thus for the sake of her son, when she had not done it for her husband, made this memorable reply:"I did not ask pardon for my husband, because he was innocent: I ask it for my son, because he is guilty."

BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander in the service of the U. States, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 6, 1759. His parents lived on a farm between the town and North point, where he was sent to school until 10 years of age. He was then put into a retail shop

at Alexandria, but, soon becoming tired of that occupation, returned to Baltimore in 1771, and insisted on going to sea. He first went out in a pilot-boat with a friend of his father, and afterwards made several voyages to different places in Ireland and the continent of Europe. In the last of them, the care of the ship devolved upon him, though but 16 years of age, in consequence of the illness of the captain and the discharge of the mate. He remained in the command eight months, and finally returned to Baltimore, after passing through some difficult scenes. At that period, the war having commenced between Great Britain and the colonies, B. offered his services to the latter, and obtained the situation of master's mate in the sloop of war Hornet, commanded by captain William Stone. He carried the first flag of the U. States seen in the state of Maryland, whilst beating up for volunteers for the vessel. In 1775, the Hornet joined the fleet of commodore Hopkins, which sailed to New Providence, one of the Bahama islands, captured the town and fort, and the vessels in the harbor, and returned to the Delaware, having given the island up again, after securing the cannon, powder, shells, mortars, &c. --In 1776, when not yet 17 years of age, he was presented with a lieutenant's commission by Robert Morris, president of the marine committee, on account of his conduct whilst serving in the schooner Wasp, in the Delaware bay, during an action between the English brig Tender and that vessel, which resulted in the capture of the former under the very guns of two of the enemy's ships. Soon after that affair, he sailed in the Sachem, captain Isaiah Robinson, in the capacity of lieutenant, and brought into port an English brig, taken after a severe action of two hours.-On returning from the West Indies, the Sachem, Andrew Doria and Lexington, made two prizes, on board of one of which B. was placed as prize-master. But, after beating about several days in a heavy gale of wind, he was captured by the Perseus, of 20 guns. The captain of the British vessel exchanged his prisoners at Charleston, South Carolina. In the spring of 1777, B. again joined the Andrew Doria, and took part in the defence of the Delaware. He was afterwards ordered to Baltimore, to join the Virginia frigate, captain Nicholson, but, in attempting to get her to sea, the pilot ran her on shore, and she was captured by the British. In August, 1778, he was exchanged, but was soon

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again taken in the Chesapeake bay, by a privateer of 4 guns and 60 men, whilst commanding a schooner of 2 guns and 8 men. The U. States having no vessels, at this time, out of the Middle States, B. accepted the offer of his old friend and commander, captain Robinson, in November, 1778, to go with him from Alexandria, in a ship, with a letter of marque. After a severe action with the privateer Rosebud, they arrived at Bordeaux, took a cargo of brandy, mounted 18 guns, and shipped 70 men. On their return, they made a valuable prize, after a running fight of nearly two days. B. took command of the prize, and arrived safe in Philadelphia, in October, 1779.—In 1780, he married the daughter of alderman Bedford; and, in the following month, whilst going to Baltimore, was robbed of all his fortune, which he had with him in paper money. He returned to Philadel phia, without mentioning his loss, and soon after went into service on board the U. States' ship Saratoga, of 16 guns, commanded by captain James Young. The same year, he was taken prisoner by the English, and sent to Plymouth, in England, where he was confined in the Mill prison for some time, when he escaped in a British officer's undress uniform, He was retaken, but escaped again, and arrived in Philadelphia in March, 1782. A few days afterwards, the state of Pennsylvania gave him the command of the Hyder Ally, a small ship of 16 guns, in which he proceeded down the bay with a convoy. Whilst lying in cape May road, waiting for a favorable wind, three vessels were discovered standing in from sea, one of which, the ship General Monk, captain Rogers, of 20 guns, the Hyder Ally engaged, and captured after a brisk fire of 26 minutes. 30 of the crew of the General Monk were killed, and 53 wounded, besides 15 out of 16 officers on board, killed or wounded. On board the Hyder Ally, there were 4 killed and 11 wounded. For this gallant exploit, the legislature of Pennsylvania voted B. a sword, which was presented to him by the governor. The General Monk was sold, and bought by Mr. Morris for the U. States, and the command given to B., who sailed, with sealed orders, in November, 1782, with despatches to doctor Franklin, in Paris. He was well received at the French court, and returned to Philadelphia with a valuable loan from the French king a large sum of money in chests of gold and barrels of silver-and brought with him a passport signed by

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the king of England, and the information that the preliminaries of peace were signed.-In 1795, B. received the commission of captain in the French service, and commanded a French squadron, but, in 1800, resigned his command, and returned to America. In 1812, when war was declared against Great Britain, he offered his services to the general government, and, in 1813, was appointed to the command of the flotilla for the defence of the Chesapeake. During the summer of 1814, whilst in that situation, he kept up an active warfare with the enemy, until the 1st of July, when he was ordered to Washington, to consult about the expect ed invasion, and the means of defending the capital. He returned to the flotilla on the 3d. On the 16th, the enemy entered the Patuxent; and, on the 21st, the commodore landed most of his men, and joined general Winder, at the Woodyard, where he found captain Miller and his marines, with 5 pieces of artillery, which were placed under his command. He proceeded with his force to the city, and was ordered to protect the bridge; but, the next day, with the permission of the president, he set out for Bladensburg, with his guns and men, to join the army. He had scarcely reached the field of battle, when he perceived the Americans in full retreat, and the enemy advancing. He, however, kept up a brisk fire upon the British for some time, but was at length obliged to order a retreat, when in great danger of being surrounded by the enemy, and having himself received a wound in the thigh. In withdrawing, he fell, from weakness caused by loss of blood, and was found in this situation by the enemy, by whom he was treated with kindness, and carried in a litter to the town of Bladensburg. His wife, one of his sons and his surgeon came to him on the 27th of August, and, after a night's rest, carried him home. The wound had been probed by the English surgeons, but without finding the ball. His surgeon was equally unsuccessful, and it was never extracted. The corporation of Washington voted him a sword, and the legislature of Georgia passed a vote of thanks to him for his conduct. The following May, he was sent on a mission to Europe, and returned, in October, to Baltimore, where he found himself crippled by his wound. After remaining at his farm on Elkridge until his strength was restored, he removed to Baltimore, but, in the course of a few months, came to the determination of emigrating, with his

family, to Kentucky. He set out in consequence, having made every necessary preparation, but, at Pittsburg, was taken ill, and died, Dec. 1, 1818, in the 60th year of his age. Every honor was paid to his memory. Commodore Barney was a remarkably handsome man, an able, thorough seaman, and a most acute and spirited officer.

BAROCCIO, or BAROZZI, Frederic, a famous painter of the Roman school, born at Urbino, lived from 1528 to 1612. He studied at Venice, and copied much after Titian. When he went to Rome, Raphael exerted the same influence over him which Titian had done before. He afterwards endeavored to adopt the style of Correggio, but not with equal success. His coloring remained monotonous. Mengs censures him for always representing objects as if they were seen in the air, between transparent clouds, and for endeavoring to make the most opposite colors harmonize merely by means of the light. He is not free from mannerism. Among his best works are the Flight of Eneas, or the Conflagration of Troy, engraved by Agostino Carracci, and to be found in the former gallery Borghese; the Descent from the Cross, at Perugia, and a burying piece, engraved by Sideler.

BAROMETER; an instrument to measure the pressure of the air and its changes. It ordinarily consists of a tube of glass, containing mercury, closed at top, and exhausted of air. The mercury ascends under a greater and descends under a less pressure of air. Evangelista Torricelli, a pupil of Galileo, and his successor as mathematical teacher at Florence, was the inventor of the barometer, about the middle of the 17th century. He thought that the same cause which raises water but 33 or 34 feet high (see Almosphere), a discovery of Galileo, ought to raise mercury, which is nearly 14 times heavier, only 29 or 30 inches high. He therefore closed a tube of glass, several feet long, hermetically at one end, then filled it with mercury through the orifice at the other end, and inverted it in a vessel of mercury. He was not deceived in his expectations: the mercury descended from the upper part of the tube, and remained in a column, 29 or 30 inches high. The upper part of the tube, which, in this experiment, became empty, was thence called the Torricellian vacuum. Further experiments of Torricelli proved the correctness of his idea that the column of mercury was supported by the pressure of a column of air resting upon the col

umn of mercury in the tube, and extending to the limits of the atmosphere. Whilst Torricelli was still occupied with this object, death overtook him, in 1647. The above-described preparation, which is the barometer itself, is called, after him, the Torricellian tube. Pascal adopted his opinions, and performed many experiments in confirmation of them. He requested one of his relations, Perrier, at Clermont, in Auvergne, to make a trial of the pressure of the air on the mountain Puy-de-Dome. Perrier found that the quicksilver in the Torricellian tube, upon the summit of this mountain, 5000 feet high, stood more than three Parisian inches lower than at the foot of the mountain; and thus demonstrated that it was not the horror of a vacuum (horror vacui), as had been previously supposed, but the pressure of the column of air (the height and the weight of which were less on the mountain), that supported the column of mercury in the tube. The gradual fall of the mercury, in ascending the mountain, was also observed. It could not escape the notice of the first inventors of the barometer, that the situation of the mercury in the Torricellian tube was almost daily changing. They concluded that the pressure of the atmosphere must be subject to continual changes, and that, on this account, this instrument would be useful for pointing out and measuring these changes. Otto von Guericke and others paid particular attention to this subject. They soon gave the instrument the name of barometer, that is, a measurer of the weight of the air, and began to foretell, by the ascent and fall of the mercury, the changes of the weather, which procured it, among the people, the name of weather-glass. These changes are indicated by this instrument, because fair weather is usually united with dry air, and foul weather with moist air; and the weight of the air changes according to its dryness or humidity. Although the simple tube of Torricelli was sufficient to indicate these changes, yet many improvements have been made in it. Among others, the tube is bent at the bottom, and on the end, thus turned upwards, is fixed a round or oblong vessel, open at the top, into which the mercury is poured, upon which the pressure of the air operates. The whole tube is further fastened, with the above-mentioned cup attached to it, to a wooden frame, upon which a scale of degrees is marked, which indicates accurately the ascent and fall of the mercury. This is the present construc

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tion of the barometer. Since the fall of the mercury is in a certain proportion to the height ascended, the barometer may be used for the measurement of heights. For this purpose, however, the common arrangement is not sufficient. De Luc found the siphon barometer, which takes its name from its shape, the most useful in making such measurements. In this barometer, the columns of mercury, in both legs of the tube, are of an equal diameter; a scale is also marked on both legs. That a barometer may be accurate, it is necessary, 1st, that the exterior air only should operate upon it; for which purpose the air must be entirely expelled from the tube; for, if the air is admitted, the column of mercury will not ascend to its proper elevation. In the manufacture of the barometer, the mercury is boiled in the tube, to expel all the air. 2d. The scale must be accurate; and, 3d, the barometer should hang perfectly perpendicular. In observing the barometer, the eye must be kept in an exact level with the upper surface of the mercury, which must be measured at the highest point of its convexity. The optician Alexander Adir has invented a barometer, the movable column of which is of oil, which encloses in a tube a certain quantity of nitric acid, whose diameter is diminished according to the density of the atmosphere. He gave it the name of sympiesometer.—(For further information, see Biot's Traité Général de Physique, and Farrar's Treatise on Mechanics, Cambridge, Mass., 1825).

BARON (originally, also, varo); a word derived from the Latin, which signifies a man, and, sometimes, a servant. In the feudal system of the middle ages, at first, the immediate tenant of any superior was called his baron. In old records, the citizens of London are so styled, and the 16 members of the house of commons, elected by the cinque-ports, are still called barons. The family of Montmorency called themselves, in France, premiers barons de la chrétienté. This name was introduced by William the Conqueror from Normandy to England, and used to signify an immediate vassal of the crown, who had a seat and vote in the royal court and tribunals, and, subsequently, in the house of peers. It was the second rank of nobility, until dukes and marquises were introduced, and placed above the earls, and viscounts also set above the barons. In Germany, the ancient barons of the empire were the immediate vassals of the crown. They appeared in the imperial court and diet, and belonged to the high nobility. But