papers to read." In the early years of the nineteenth century Chief Justice John Marshall tried to teach all America, including Thomas Jefferson, that the United States IS a Nation. Jefferson had imagined that the United States were a mere confederacy. From 1861 to 1865 Marshall's doctrine had to be explained with cannon and supported by bayonets. And some people have hardly learned it yet. Gouverneur Morris said that the mistake made in forming the union of thirteen States was that "eight republics were joined with five oligarchies." And at this late date we still have States which insist on being oligarchies instead of republics. Under our professedly democratic government we witness to-day a renaissance of oligarchy, which robs citizens of the right of suffrage, tramples on the Constitution of the United States, and defies the Nation. Dr. Hale shows how great a work was done for mercy and civilization when Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines were liberated from the cruel clutch of Spain, by reminding us of the bloody and hateful crimes of that nation which poisoned Delaware and his companions at Madeira in 1611, and hanged the Huguenots on the coast of Florida-the Spain of the Inquisition, which, with unmitigated ferocity, shot seventy passengers from the Virginius at Santiago in 1870 without even the form of a trial, and in 1897, under Weyler, committed even worse atrocities, finally precipitating her own overthrow by blowing up the Maine, forcing us into war when we were unprepared; for when war was declared this nation had not powder enough on hand for half a day's fighting. Dr. Hale is authority for the statement that one of the reasons why John Quincy Adams was not reelected president was that he had a billiard table in the White House. Dr. Hale, who was bred in a newspaper office, is of opinion, first, that of whatever is printed in the newspapers, half the people who see it do not read it; second, that half of those do not understand it; third, that of those who understand, half do not believe it; fourth, that of those who believe it fully half forget it; fifth, that those who remember it are probably of no great account. Speaking of Charles Sumner's unconscious habit of patronizing those with whom he had to do, Dr. Hale writes: "I have been told that he was the most unpopular man in the United States Senate. If this is true it is simply be cause, without in the least meaning to do so, he would speak with an air of superiority, which was really droll. I do not think he was really arrogant. He did sometimes think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but that is a fault which most members of most senates share with him. It is interesting to see how good-naturedly Lincoln took this, and how thoroughly he understood Sumner." The great religious gain of the past century, Dr. Hale thinks, is that we have left behind the notion that all men are children of the devil, born totally depraved and incapable of good, and have reached the doctrine that every man has God for his Father, and, if he chooses, may come into fellowship and like

ness with Him. He says: “The religion which held the pulpit a hundred years ago was the hard, black, bitter conclusion which John Calvin had arrived at. It ought to be said in his defense that his conclusions were formed after half a century of war, when it seemed to men as if the kingdom of heaven on earth was as impossible as Calvin thought it to be. Try to fancy what was the position a hundred years ago of a chaplain in a jail, if there was any such person. How much or how little did that man think his ministrations to the prisoners could accomplish? Or imagine yourself going into a fight with Tammany, and having to rely on a body of people in New York of whom you knew that nineteen twentieths were children of the devil who could not be regenerated! The religious world of to-day is more cheerful and courageous." The last sentence of these reminiscences charges the author's greatgrandsons that in 2001 one of them shall write his Memories of the Twentieth Century. In these more than six hundred pages the reader can find some wheat, much unimportant incident and opinion.

Chinese Heroes. By ISAAC TAYLOR HEADLAND, Professor in Peking University. Crown 8vo, pp. 248. New. York: Eaton & Mains. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. Price, cloth, illustrated, $1.

The story of the perils and sufferings of foreigners in China during the Boxer uprising, the heroic defense of the legations and missionaries under the masterly management of Dr. Frank D. Gamewell, of Peking University, the deliverance of the besieged by the timely arrival of the allied troops marching from Tientsin to Peking, recalling so vividly the relief of Lucknow in the Sepoy rebellionall this has been told and retold. But comparatively little has been written concerning the noble conduct of thousands of native Chinese Christians. This book is a record of the way in which they endured persecution, often even unto death. The North China Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church provided for gathering and arranging the records of facts herein narrated, mostly in the words of the sufferers themselves; and Professor Headland was appointed to prepare the matter for publication. Here is the latest installment of the brave history of Christ's overcomers, the story of those who in bitter and merciless trials were more than conquerors through Him who loved them and gave Himself for them; and who having endured unto the uttermost must forever be counted happy. The heroic loyalty of our Chinese converts should stimulate and intensify the faith and purpose of the Church at home. One American mother whose fair young daughter was martyred by the Boxers at Pao-ting-fu has now given her second daughter to missionary work in China, and she is already on the field. This is the reasoning of a true Christian heart, "The more I have given the more I must give." Such is the logic of love. Put Professor Headland's little book into Sunday school libraries and into Christian homes

within reach of our boys and girls. It will be sowing seed for future crops of missionaries for China and other pagan lands. That will happen in the Church which happens in war-the ambitious, the capable, the high-bred, the finely disciplined, the gallant will plead for permission to go to the front, impatient to be on the firing line. The Chinese heroes whose story is told and whose fine faces look at us in this book of martyrs have proved themselves more than worthy of all that Christianity has done for them and their nation. There are no generalities here, nor romancing, nor exaggeration; but matter-of-fact narrative, the artless story of individual experiences. How proud we are of the high behavior of the students of Peking University during the terrible tests of the Boxer persecution! Here is the face of Cheng Tien-fang, the boy who at peril of his life carried secret messages from Peking to Tientsin, appealing to the foreign troops to hasten to the relief of the beleaguered legations. Receiving one thousand dollars for his services, he gave half of it to found a scholarship in Peking University. Others of the students have showed themselves to be of the same brave and generous stuff, entirely consecrated to the work of Christ. They have refused lucrative secular employment for the privilege of preaching the Gospel on a pittance-plus persecutions. Some of the stanchest stuff to be found in Christian character anywhere is among our Chinese converts. Money put into Peking University or into mission work in China is no gamble; it is a gilt-edged investment. The foundations of a great Christian empire are being laid in China of solid stuff, and its walls will stand in the sunlight, polished after the similitude of a palace, when the Great Wall has not one stone left upon another. Look at the noble faces of these men-Ch'en Tayung, the gatekeeper, Wang Ch'eng-p'ei, the wheelbarrow man, preacher, and martyr, Yang Ssu, the carter, Dr. Wang Hsiang-ho, and others like them. Look at the pure and lovely faces of the Epworth League boys in these pages, and Liu Ma-k'e, a Peking University graduate, who turned his back on large business remuneration, virtually saying, “With five thousand dollars a year within my reach I prefer to preach the Gospel for five hundred dollars." You will get a new idea of Chinese physiognomy. One night during the bloody persecutions in North China a water-carrier overheard a group of Boxers, resting from their work of murder, and talking about it as follows: "That pockmarked fellow was a brave one." "How was that?" "We wanted him to recant and worship idols, and threatened that if he did not we would kill him. It was a pity to kill as fine a scholar as he was, and we did not want to do it." "What did he say? Did he refuse?" "Yes, he grated his teeth together and said: 'We are four generations of Christians, my grandfather, my father, myself, and my son, and shall I be the first to recant? No! Kill me if you will.'" "What did you do? Did you kill a man of that kind?" "Yes, we stuck a spear into him twice and threw his body under the college building." Thus have the grounds of Peking Uni

versity been soaked and consecrated with martyr blood. This institution, which was wholly destroyed, is being restored. Its history is so noble, its service so valuable, its possibilities of usefulness and influence so immense, that a sufficient endowment ought at once to be provided by some liberal soul to whom God has given means.

The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries. The Eighteenth Series of the Cunningham Lectures. By THOMAS M. LINDSAY, D.D., Principal of the Glasgow College of the United Free Church of Scotland. 8vo, pp. xxii, 398. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Co. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Price, cloth, $2.

On the subject of the ministry in the early Church and matters related to it, two epoch-making works have appeared in English. The first is that by Professor (later Bishop) Lightfoot, The Christian Ministry, which appeared as an appendix or dissertation to his commentary to the Epistle to the Philippians, 1868, reprinted with other essays in Dissertations on the Apostolic Age in 1892, and separately in 1902. The second is the Bampton Lectures for 1880, The Organization of the Early Christian Churches, third edition, 1888, by Dr. Edwin Hatch, reader in ecclesiastical history in the University of Oxford. Both of these are great and permanently valuable books, worthy of careful study by anyone who wishes to know the facts about the history of the ministry in the primitive Church. Hatch's book was translated by Harnack or under his supervision, and published with additional notes and dissertations of his own in Giessen in 1883-a book which really broke the path of scientific discussion on early Church organization in Germany. Being familiar with these books, and having read also carefully the above by Lindsay, this reviewer can say that in his judgment Lindsay's is worthy to stand by their side as a book of equal importance-a thoroughly judicious, impartial, intelligent, and sympathetic discussion. Without, perhaps, the minute scholarship of Hatch, it is a book by one who is master in this field, and who writes with intimate acquaintance with the discussions since Hatch. A list of chapters will indicate the richness the reader has here laid up for him in store: I. The New Testament Conception of the Church of Christ. II. The Christian Church in Apostolic Times. III. The Prophetic Ministry of the Primitive Church. IV. The Church of the First Century-Creating its Ministry. V. The Church of the Second and Third Centuries-Changing their Ministry. VI. The Fall of the Prophetic Ministry and the Conservative Revolt. VII. Ministry Changing to Priesthood. VIII. The Roman State Religion and its Effects on the Organization of the Church. Appendix: Sketch of the History of Modern Controversy about the Office-bearers in the Primitive Christian Churches. The book closes with scholarlike and full indexes. It is not necessary to give the conclusions to which Professor Lindsay Let the reader find these out for himself. Suffice it to say that in the case of many of them the reviewer has reached similar

comes.

results by independent study. He would be inclined to emphasize more than the author does the debt of the Church as to its organization to the pagan fraternities, though Lindsay admits that these fraternities furnished hints to the Church. The author probably differentiates too closely the love feast and the Lord's Supper in the apostolic Church and immediately after. The evidence seems to point to a substantial identity-every Lord's Supper was a love feast, and vice versa. Lindsay seems not to have met the scholarly and valuable little book of Dr. Norman Fox, Christ in the Daily Meal (New York: Fords, Howard & Hulbert). This work of Lindsay's is one of the most valuable books published in Church history in any language in the last ten years, and, although it treats of matters which have been made the subject of fierce controversy, its calmness, impartiality, and scholarly completeness and method give it a unique and special place in the literature of early Church organization and ministry, of which a full and critical list can be found in the Hurst History of the Church, vol. i (1897), pp. 120-122. Let our ministers buy and read it, and then let them lend it to their friend the Episcopal rector across the way.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Spain and Her People. By JEREMIAH ZIMMERMANN, LL.D. Crown 8vo, pp. 350. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. Price, cloth, ornamented, $2.

Dr. Zimmermann, pastor of the First English Lutheran Church of Syracuse, N. Y., having spent years in travel, presents here an admirable study of Spain as she is to-day under the weak-looking, erratic boy king, Alfonso XIII; a country corrupt, decadent, with seventy per cent of illiterates, but still proud. The book is an exhibition of the beauties and treasures of a romantic and fascinating land which is a vast museum of art and history. At the end it sets forth the causes of Spain's decline and casts the horoscope of her future. The only advantage in having chronic grumblers go abroad is that the people at home get rid of them for a time. Our author found one such on his travels, incessantly finding fault. In the memorable city of Jerusalem he could talk of nothing but the filthy streets. He had no mind for anything higher, and one hot day his complaints were so exasperating that Dr. Zimmermann said to him, "The trouble with you is you have too much money and too little wit." Gautier describing the heat of Spanish summers says that in Toledo "Phœbus pours down spoonfuls of molten lead from the sky at the hour of noon, and the dogs gallop howling over the hot flagstones which burn their feet. If you raise the knocker of the door it burns your fingers. You feel your brains boiling inside your skull like a saucepan full of water on the fire." The country of Arbues and Torquemada, the land of the Inquisition, is still burdened with Vaticanism. The pope is its real ruler; the government is his agent; nothing can be done by it against his will. To please