quagesima Sunday to Good Friday the hospital is visited by the public to witness the "suppings in public." The government of the hospital is vested in the aldermen of London and in contributors of £500, of whom there were 512 in 1857. Governors exercise the right of presentation to the hospital, and have also the patronage of some ecclesiastical benefices. The hospital has long since ceased to be a "charity," properly so called, most of the pupils now admitted being children of freemen of the city of London and of clergymen of the church of England. No pupil is admitted under the age of 7, nor can he remain after 15, mathematical and Greek scholars excepted. The total income was, in 1855, £58,075, the expenditures about the same. The buildings of the hospital were mostly destroyed by the great fire in 1666, but were rebuilt under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren. They were repaired and partially rebuilt in 1825-29. Excepting the new hall, which is one of the ornaments of the city, the buildings are irregular, although not inconvenient. Portraits of many historical personages, patrons of the institution, are preserved in its apartments. Among the eminent men educated at Christ's hospital are Camden the historian, Bishop Stillingfleet, Richardson, Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and Leigh Hunt.

CHRISTIAN II., king of Denmark, surnamed in his own country the Fiery, and in Sweden the Tyrant, son and successor of King John, born July 2, 1481, died Jan. 24, 1559. Anecdotes of cruelty are related of his infancy and youth. His education was imperfect, and his habits became dissolute. At the age of 20, his father took him, nevertheless, into his counsels, and intrusted to him the repression of a rebellion in Norway. Previously to giving him the commission, however, King John placed him by letters patent under the guidance of the bishop of Hamoner, a man of gentle and humane character. No sooner were they arrived in Norway than the prince destroyed the bishop's commission, and shut him up in a dungeon, where he soon died. Christian quelled the insurrection through means equally summary. He nearly extirpated the Norwegian nobility, of whom the few who escaped fled to the mountains, and were reduced to the grade of peasants. He carried fire and sword across the border into Sweden. During this expedition he met with a young girl, originally from Holland, with whom he formed a connection which colored all his future career. She was the daughter of the hostess of a petty inn in Bergen, named Sigbrit Willems. The daughter, known only as Duvika, "the Dove," was of wonderful beauty and gentleness. Upon the death of King John (1513), during whose reign the union of Calmar had been reestablished, Christian was at length proclaimed, after consenting to sign a confirmation of the privileges of the nobles, and was crowned at Copenhagen and at Opslo (now Christiania) in Norway. At the time of his father's coronation at Stockholm,

Christian was recognized by the Swedes as successor to the Swedish throne; but in the mean time successful rebellion had again partly emancipated Sweden from the Danish yoke. Christian, being about to invade Sweden, obtained the hand of the princess Isabella, sister of Charles V., and the marriage was solemnized in Aug. 1515; but Christian still retained his mistress Duvika, whose mother, Sigbrit, had already achieved a complete ascendency over his mind. This extraordinary woman, whose early years had been spent in Amsterdam, was possessed of singular talents. Christian invested her with the administration of the customs revenue, and with the collection of the tolls at Elsinore. She diminished many duties and taxes in order to encourage exportation; and this measure, of serious injury to the Hanse towns, was the cause of their alliance at this juncture with Sweden. Sigbrit also brought about many restraints upon the nobles and clergy, especially in monopolies which they enjoyed. Laws were also made at her instance, limiting the privileges of foreigners, regulating weights and measures, &c. In the 4th year of Christian's reign, Duvika suddenly and mysteriously died. She was undoubtedly poisoned. Suspicion fell first upon members of the senate, who aimed to rid themselves of the influence exercised against them by Sigbrit; but afterward upon a young Dane, Sir Torben Oxe, the master of the royal household. The youth had fallen desperately in love with Duvika, and the tragedy followed, brought on probably by the despair of the guilty couple. A hundred lives of Sir Torben would not have satisfied the king. His rage seemed to have turned against all mankind. Murder, confiscation, unjust acts of every description were now the royal pastime; and Sigbrit's influence greatly increased. She surrounded the king with unworthy companions, among them, especially, her brother and a nephew, Diedrich Slaghock, originally a barber, then a surgeon in Holland and Italy, and at length a priest. She revenged herself against the people of Elsinore, who came under her displeasure, by removing from their town to Copenhagen the collection of the sound tolls. Some of her measures, however, were of a much wiser character. Hearing, for instance, that the queen and her German ladies languished for the delicacies of her native land, and that her health would suffer under the rude fare of the Danes, she imported from Holland a colony of peasants, and established them upon an island in front of the capital. These industrious gardeners reclaimed the sterile soil, and ultimately taught the whole of Denmark the art of dairy farming and vegetable gardening. Meanwhile great preparation was made in Sweden to resist the Danish invasion. The Swedish administrator or regent, Stenon Sturé, had appointed Gustavus Trollé to the archbishopric of Upsal. The new primate, still young, had completed his religious studies at Rome, and on his way home had met at Lübeck a confidential

agent of Christian, who had little difficulty in obtaining a promise to support the pretensions of the king. Christian found means also to gain over to his cause, at least in appearance, the papal legate; but that personage disclosed to the regent the projects of Christian, as well as the treason of Trollé and of certain commanders of fortresses corrupted by the Danes. The regent at once adopted vigorous measures. The governors of the fortresses, upon arrest, revealed the plot, which they said was directed by Trollé, who, disregarding a summons to appear before the diet, fortified himself in his castle. A Danish army, which had landed to relieve Trollé, was attacked by the regent and driven back. Sturé then forced the castle of the archbishop, compelled his abdication, sent him a prisoner to the monastery of Wodstena, and razed his castle to the ground. The pope heard this news with great displeasure, and Sweden was placed under interdict. The regent and his followers were excommunicated, and condemned to pay to Trollé 100,000 ducats, and to rebuild his castle. The execution of the bull was intrusted to Christian, who besieged Stockholm with a powerful fleet and army, but was beaten and driven off by Sturé. He next tried stratagem and treachery. Feigning a wish to treat, he obtained from the regent provisions for his fleet, and put in irons 6 Swedish nobles (among them was Gustavus Vasa), who had been sent to him as hostages during the truce. These, he sent word to Sturé, should be put to death unless Danish authority were immediately accepted. A brisk attack from the outwitted Swedes was their reply, but the wind setting fair, Christian weighed anchor and sailed with his prisoners to Copenhagen. Next year, Christian being in great want of money, seized a quantity of copper belonging to the papal legate which was about to pass the strait at Elsinore, and this, in addition to the payment by Charles V. of part of his sister's marriage portion, enabled him to resume his operations against the Swedes. Sigbrit had procured for him a great body of foreign auxiliaries, and the expedition was embarked in Jan. 1520. At the first battle, fought at Bogesand, the Swedish regent fell mortally wounded. The Danes advanced by forced marches between the lakes Wenner and Wetter, and reached the forest of Tiwed, the ancient rampart of northern Sweden. Here the peasants made a desperate stand against the invaders, who, however, outflanked the brave yeomen, cut them to pieces, and gained the high road to the capital. Everywhere along the route, in the villages and on the church doors, Christian published the papal ban against the regent and his adherents; and Archbishop Trollé, now in the camp of the Danes, proclaimed to the bewildered peasants that the death of the regent was a sign to them from God himself. A baronial diet, which had been convoked at Upsal, saw that resistance was hopeless, and entered into a convention with the Danes, that Christian, on condition of

solemn promise of general amnesty, should be crowned king of Sweden. Thus the union of Calmar was once more established. Christian, who had remained at Copenhagen, signed the convention in that city on March 31, 1520. Stockholm and Calmar, the 2 great fortresses of Sweden, still held out against the invaders. These castles, by a singular coincidence, were defended each by a woman. The widow of the fallen regent, Christina Gyllenstierna, refused to accept the treaty, and aroused the burghers of Stockholm to a desperate resistance. Lübeck and Dantzic, dreading Christian's ascendency, promised her assistance; and the peasants from the neighboring farms, cursing the nobles, engaged to harass the enemy in the rear. Unhappily they had no leader. Gustavus Vasa was still absent. However, the heroic Christing held.out for 4 months, when she was compelled to capitulate. Calmar shared the same fate, and in September Christian II. was everywhere acknowledged. He now resolved upon the extirpation of his enemies; and immediately after the capitulation of Stockholm, was guilty of deeds more bloody and treacherous, perhaps, than any others on record in Christian history. Instigated by his confessor, Slaghock, the king, as executer of the papal bull, pretended that his promise of amnesty as king must not conflict with his duties as representative of the supreme pontiff. The coronation had been solemnized in the presence of the Swedish nobles and clergy, all of whom rendered homage formally. Festivities followed during the next 3 days, and then an ominous assembly was held in the great hall of the palace. Christina was summoned to hear her husband denounced and reviled by the creatures of the king. His surviving adherents among the nobles were at once declared and condemned as heretics. Heralds proclaimed the sentence, while the city gates were closed and guarded. Se f folds and blocks arose during the night in the great square. The first head to fall was that of the venerable bishop of Strengnäs; immediately after him the bishop of Skara and 13 nobles, among whom was the father of Gustavus Vasa. For 2 whole days the butchery continued, and dead bodies lay in masses in the streets. The king paused at length to permit the corpses to be removed to an eminence outside of the city. Upon them he caused the remains of the regent and of his infant child to be flung; and then they were burned. While the flames arose, the widows and orphan daughters of the mur dered men were abandoned to the soldiery. At length, Christian quitting Stockholm travelled through the country, marking every stage of his journey with blood and execution. Whole families were extirpated. Children of tenderest years were not spared. Gustavus Vasa had now escaped to his country, and reaching the borders of Dalecarlis, had aroused the peasants of that province. He issued from the northern provinces at the head of 20,000 men, and went on from victory to victory. Christian

summoned him, upon pain of the instant execution of his mother, who was imprisoned with his sisters at Copenhagen, to lay down his arms; he refused, and their deaths followed shortly afterward in their dungeon. Christian meanwhile, leaving the defence of Sweden to his generals, made a splendid visit to his brotherin-law, the emperor Charles V., in the Netherlands, to solicit the arrears of his queen's dowry, and assistance in a quarrel with the duke of Holstein and the Hanse towns. He was received at Brussels with great magnificence, but obtained little or no satisfaction in his suit. His dominions now were everywhere distracted. In Sweden, Stockholm, hard pressed by the besiegers, not only demanded instant succor against Gustavus Vasa, but protested against the Danish governor, whose cruelties began to rival those of his master. Slaghöck, the king's confessor, had meanwhile been made archbishop of Lund; and there now arrived a papal nuncio demanding explanation of the deaths of prelates and others in Sweden, whose offices were now in the hands of Christian's minions. The king accused his unhappy confessor as the cause of the executions. Slaghöck was imprisoned, tortured, and executed at the stake, while the nuncio pronounced the king innocent of all sin. A second legate, however, insisted upon the deposition of Trollé; and about the same period 2 legislative measures, wise in themselves, but which struck at the privileges of the aristocracy, precipitated the fall of Christian. He published a decree which forbade the sale of serfs. A second decree affected property in wrecks: every thing cast on shore by the waves had at one time been royal property; but the barons had lately usurped this right, and now it was decreed that the waifs should be delivered to the king's bailiffs, to be by them returned to the shipwrecked mariners within the space of one year. Failing this, the property was to be sold, of the proceeds to go to the king, and the remainder to the church. One year after the sacrifice of Slaghöck, Christian received mysteriously the first announcement of his impending fall. A glove containing a letter from a number of nobles and priests was left in his tent during the night. The king had taken the field against a Lübeck army invading Zealand and Scania. A vast conspiracy of Jutland clergy and nobles was now disclosed to him, and the letter contained their renunciation of allegiance. The rebels informed him that, having taken into consideration his whole career of cruelty and blood, and dreading for themselves the fate of the Swedish people, through the "influence of that bad woman Sigbrit," they disclaimed henceforth all homage and fealty to him, and were about to offer the crown to Frederic, duke of Holstein. This prince readily accepted the invitation, and Christian was seized with a species of panic. Instead of collecting the peasants, whom he had attached to his person by his edicts in their favor, and who in this emergency remained faithful to him, he sent an envoy to

the rebellious barons, acknowledging his errors, and praying them to accept again their repentant sovereign. His offers were rejected; he hurried in terror to Copenhagen, and wandered about the streets, imploring the people with tears and vows of amendment to save him from his enemies. The people, unaccustomed to see a weeping and begging king, were moved. Zealand and Scania swore allegiance anew, and he might yet have saved his crown. The weakness, however, which he continued to exhibit, cost him every trustworthy friend, and finally collecting some 20 ships he embarked with his family, carrying off the public records, the crown jewels, and all the treasures within his grasp. Sigbrit, who dared no longer show herself to the people, was carried on board secretly in a clothes chest. Himself, his wife, children, and a few faithful servants followed, and to the unspeakable astonishment of his subjects the fleet sailed from the harbor, bearing away their king, a fugitive and a deserter. This event, which occurred April 20, 1523, ended for ever the famous Calmar union, after a period of 126 years. In Denmark the flight of Christian was a serious calamity to the people. It was the triumph again of the barons, and a renewal of the bonds of serfdom. His municipal regulations, due to the woman Sigbrit, no doubt were excellent and original. Advocates were admitted to courts to plead the cause of the accused, and to appeal from the tribunals to the crown. He reformed and regulated the customs tariff and taxes. He established inns and post offices for the first time in Denmark. The poor of Denmark deplored the loss of the king who is known in history as a remorseless tyrant. On quitting the harbor of Copenhagen, Christian's fleet was dispersed by a violent storm. After having been nearly wrecked upon the coast of Norway, he at length reached Antwerp in safety. He found means to invade Holstein with 10,000 men, but was again compelled to flight. In 1531 he sailed again at the head of 12,000 men; his fieet was dispersed, but he landed in Norway, where the new king of Denmark, Frederic, was hated. The Norwegian bishops and nobles declared for his cause, and on Nov. 30, 1531, he was solemnly acknowledged king. The common danger, meanwhile, brought about peace between Frederic and Gustavus Vasa. A treaty for mutual defence was concluded, and a Swedish army entered Norway. Christian's fate was soon decided. His ships were burned, his troops mutinied from hunger and want, and he was forced to surrender himself to the Danish admiral, stipulating for a safe conduct to Denmark, in order that he might confer personally with his uncle King Frederic, to whom he would repair (to use his own words) "like the prodigal son;" if no amicable compromise of their differences should be arrived at, it was understood that he should be free to quit the kingdom. On his arrival, King Frederic was not permitted to ratify the agreement, but was

popularity, had a contrary effect, as his enemies thus obtained means of exposing and vilifying his ambitious proceedings. On Jan. 16, 1772, the machinations of the queen dowager were crowned with success. Struensee and the queen were arrested on a warrant forced from the king for a pretended conspiracy, the former beheaded and the latter sent into exile. (See CAROLINE MATILDA.) The queen dowager now governed the kingdom for many years in the name of the king, whose mind sunk beneath these alarms and agitations. Disease brought on by intemperate indulgences had early undermined his mental health, and his further reign was but nominal. In 1784 his son Frederic, supported by the nobles, succeeded in subvert ing the power of the queen dowager, and becaine, in fact, sole regent of Denmark. In 1807, on the bombardment of Copenhagen by Lord Cathcart, Christian VII. was conveyed to Rendsburg in Holstein, where he died.

CHRISTIAN VIII., king of Denmark, nephew of the preceding, born Sept. 18, 1786, died Jan. 20, 1848. He officiated as governor of Norway, when the treaty of peace of Kiel, ceding that country to Sweden, was repudiated by the Norwegians (Jan. 28, 1814). Christian came forward as the champion of the national independence, assembled an army of 12,000 men, convened a diet at Eidswold (April 10, 1814), where a constitution was signed (May 17), and was proclaimed king of Norway under the title of Christian I. (May 29). But unable to maintain his position against the claims of Sweden, which were supported by the allied powers of Europe, he was compelled to conclude a truce at Moss (Aug. 14), and to relinquish the Norwegian crown (Oct. 16, 1814). He now devoted himself to artistic and scientific researches, and in 1832 was elected president of the Copenhagen academy of fine arts. On the death of Frederic VI. (Dec. 3, 1839), he ascended the Danish throne, and was crowned under the name of Christian VIII. (June 30, 1840). The Danish liberals, who had already yearned for reforms under Frederic VI., now became more clamorous, demanded a liberal constitution comprising the disputed possession of SchleswigHolstein, and the king, although at first reluctant to yield, eventually issued a letter (July 8, 1846) in which he declared Schleswig and part of Holstein indissolubly united with Denmark. The serious complications, however, which arose out of this question, could not be settled by the king, who died shortly before the outbreak of the revolution of Feb. 1848, and was succeeded on the throne by Frederic VII. CHRISTIAN, archbishop of Mentz, born at the beginning of the 12th century, died 1183, chiefly celebrated for his military exploits under Frederic Barbarossa, for whom he opened the way to Italy in 1161. On May 30, 1167, he defeated with a small band of 1,000 Germans a much superior Roman force, near Tusculum, and seized Civita Vecchia. After the coronation of the emperor at Rome, Aug. 1 of the same year,

Archbishop Christian's task was to subdue Tuscany and the Romagna. The town of Pisa, which rebelled against his authority, was deprived by him of all its privileges and excommunicated. At the beginning of 1174 he besieged Ancona by land, while the Venetians blockaded it by sea. Peace was established between the emperor and the pope, Aug. 1, 1177; but the archbishop, carried away by his desire to subdue the only party which still held out against the emperor, and which had its headquarters at Viterbo, fell into the hands of the leader of that party, Conrad of Montferrat, who detained the gallant prelate in the prisons of Aquapendente until 1181, when he was ransomed. Hardly had he recovered his liberty when he again took up the sword, and fell in battle while endeavoring to rescue Pope Lucius III. from the attacks of the hostile Roinan armies. CHRISTIAN KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST, duke of Schleswig-Holstein Sonderburg Augustenburg. See AUGUSTENBURG.

CHRISTIAN. I. A co. of Kentucky, area 704 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 19,580, of whom 8,140 were slaves. It borders on Tennessee, and is watered by a number of small streams, several of which flow for 2 or 3 m. of their course through subterranean channels. The soil in the southern and level part of the county is very productive. The northern part is hilly, and its wealth consists chiefly in forests of good timber and valuable mines of coal and iron. In 1850 the agricultural productions amounted to 1,235,290 bushels of corn, 45,678 of wheat, 329,152 of oats, 6,312,076 lbs. of tobacco, 37,892 of wool, and 24,661 of flax. The quantity of tobacco was the greatest produced in any county of the state. Organized in 1796, and named in honor of Col. William Christian, an officer of the revolution. Capital, Hopkinsville. II. A central co. of Illinois, bounded N. by Sangamon river, and intersected by the S. fork of that stream; area 675 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 7,041. It has a generally level surface, diversified by timber lands and fertile prairies. The productions in 1850 were 594,475 bushels of Indian corn, 17,295 of wheat, 50,700 of oats, 1,008 tons of hay, 9,948 lbs. of wool, and 64,930 of butter. There were 8 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 1 tannery, 10 churches, and 592 pupils attending public schools. The Illinois Central and the Terre Haute and Alton railroads intersect the county. Capital, Taylorsville.

CHRISTIANIA, a city of Norway, a seaport, the modern capital of the kingdom, and the capital of the province of the same name; pop. of the province, in 1855, 643,135, and of the city 38,958; lat. 59° 55′ 20′′ N., long. 10° 48" 45' E. The city is beautifully situated at the head of the fiord of the same name, an arm of the Skager Rack, extending inland about 75 m. The streets are broad, the houses chiefly of brick stuccoed. The new palace, Oscar's hall, occupying a fine site a short distance beyond the city limits, has been completed during the present reign. The university