called blue metal, and contains 58.8 of copper, 20.5 of sulphur, 12.6 of iron, 4.2 of insoluble matter, and 3.9 of oxygen, &c. The next treatment to which this is subjected is usually described as the 9th operation, there being several processes introduced in the general descriptions of copper smelting as intermediate between these, and which furnish similar products to that of the 4th for the roasting of the 9th. These intermediate operations consist in the treatment of rich ores previously calcined, and slags which contain no ingredient that can badly affect the quality of the copper.-The 5th is a smelting process, and its product is called blue metal from its beautiful shades of blue. Metallic copper in fine particles may always be observed disseminated through it. It is designed for the 7th operation, and the scoria produced goes to the 2d.-The 6th process is the treat ment of the slags from the 4th, 7th, and 8th. To these are added ores containing pure sul phurets of copper and iron, the sulphur of which unites with the oxygen of the oxide of copper in the slags, and the partial reduction is aided by introducing carbon in the form of fine coal into the charge. Two metallic layers form at the bottom of the melted materials, the lower an impure black copper, called bottoms, and the upper a matte of white and red metal, called hard metal. The former gathers with it the reduced tin, arsenic, cobalt, and nickel; and the cupreous matte, still retaining sulphur and iron in combination, is thus freed from these injurious elements, which in a metallic state find their way through it to the copper below. The so-called white metal and red metal of the matte are designed for the 8th operation.-The 7th process is a calcination succeeded by a fusion in the same furnace of the blocks of blue metal of the 5th process. These are carefully introduced by long shovels, handled by 4 persons, to the amount of 2 tons to a charge, and the only other material is the moulding sand adhering to them. A portion of the sulphur is roasted out, and the iron in the subsequent fusion forms a ferruginous silicate with the sand and other silicious matter furnished by the walls of the furnace. The products are white metal for the next operation, poor slag for the 2d, rich slag for the 6th, and furnace waste for the 4th.-The 8th process is almost a repetition of the last, performed on richer materials, as the white metal of the 7th and 6th and the red metal of the 6th process. It furnishes slag containing oxide of iron and copper, which go back to the 6th process; a matte or regulus containing about 81.1 per cent. of copper, 0.2 per cent. of iron, and 18.5 per cent. of sulphur; lastly, copper bottoms, consisting of small scales or plates of dull red color. The 9th operation brings together the rich products of the 4th, 8th, and other intermediate processes, which may now be treated together or separately, the object being to entirely remove the sulphur, which so far has been gradually disappearing, as it was taken up by the oxygen of the air, or served to abstract

that of the oxidized copper. The same rese tions are called in play in this process, with does not differ essentially from the preced-g The sulphur is removed by the strong currena of air allowed to play through the furnace: the oxide of copper produced and the sulphuret -ď the same metal react upon and decotupose eart other; the oxide of iron goes to the sun troduced with the charge in the form of marts, and produces a slag, which for the sake of the metal and oxide of copper it absorbs is taken back to the 4th process, and crude expper is separated, which after the furnace has been in operation 24 hours is run out into moulds, and forms blistered or pig copper. Still smother process, the 10th, is required to refine and render this tough and suitable for use. A charge of 5 to 7 or even 10 tons of the pigs is introduced into the refining furnace and melted. A seora forms upon the surface, consisting of the sand which adhered to the pigs and orides of the metals present. In the course of 22 hours this is raked off, and the melted metal is exped presenting a deep red color, and when erl giving a coarse fracture, and possessing Etta strength, which is owing to the oxygen the e per absorbs at high temperatures. Its suria's is now covered with fine charcoal, which pro tects it from the action of the air, and the res cess of stirring with poles of green wax, s already described, is performed. The r from the wood and the carbonic acid genera d throw the metallic bath into ebullition, and the process is continued, while samples are recent edly ladled out, cooled in water, and exam -until the best quality is obtained, indicat ng that the process of deoxidation has been carve far enough. The fire is renewed, as the covering of charcoal, and the metal is hel out and poured into moulds. It is somet necessary in refining impure copper to introd some lead, which becomes oxidized at the er pense of the oxide of copper, and also infennes the oxidation of any iron, tin, arsenie, k present, which on rabbling the bath ecet with the oxide of lead upon the surface. It is essential to convert all the lead into the that none of it is left to injure the copperThis complicated series of operations wer considerable variation; and where its pr principles are adopted in this country, the se of richer ores, and those free from many of the noxious metals found in those of Cornwall a lows of the practice being greatly simplined ty the omission of several of the processes. The cination is often conducted in large open henk which, with the intermixture of very little re fuse combustible matter, continue to slow 'y wa sume for many weeks, until the sulphas it great part burned out. For the smelting, cupa or blast furnaces are much used, as practised on the continent of Europe, instead of reverber ries; and the calcined ores in these are m1d directly with the fuel, as in smelting true or The process is thus much more rapidly eer 14ed; but probably it would not be applicator is

the poor class of ores smelted in Swansea.-Numerous plans have been devised for substituting shorter processes, some of which are worthy of notice for the philosophical principles upon which they are based, though their general adoption may not be practicable. Bankart's process is to calcine the pyritous ores reduced to powder, and treat the product converted in part into soluble sulphates directly with water in large vats. From the liquor, soon after being drawn off, the copper is precipitated by metallic iron, and is ready at once for refining; the insoluble residue is dried and returned to the furnace with the next charge. About as much iron is consumed as copper obtained; it may be recovered in the state of green vitriol, but this cheap product will pay but a small portion of the first cost of the iron.-Phillips and Darlington describe in their work (p. 178) the Norwegian process of Sinding, in which the copper is precipitated as a sulphuret by means of sulphuretted hydrogen prepared from fuel which gives off hydrocarbon gases and mundic; also the method in use at Linz, on the Rhine, of treating poor sulphurets by roasting and afterward with sulphuric acid, by which they are converted into sulphates; and again, a profitable mode of separating copper ores of very low grades from a quartzose gangue by means of hydrochloric acid, successfully practised at Twista, in the Waldeck; the ores appear to resemble those at the Bellevue mine, N. J.-Rivot and Phillips roast the ores to as complete expulsion of the sulphur as is practicable, and then reduce the resulting oxides by the introduction of bars of iron into the heated mass; arsenic, tin, and other metals are not removed from the copper by this operation. In Napier's process, which is much approved, calcined Cornish ores are mixed with rich sulphurets in such proportion that the resulting matte shall contain from 30 to 50 per cent. of copper. The mixture is fused in a reverberatory furnace, the surface is skimmed of the slag, and a quantity of crude carbonate of soda, or a mixture of sulphate of soda and charcoal, is added and stirred in. The soda is converted into a soluble sulphuret, which takes up arsenic, tin, or antimony present, and all are dissolved out together, when the matte run out and moulded into blocks is afterward treated with water. The insoluble portion falls to a finely divided powder, which when separated and dried is again calcined. It is then mixed with silicious ores free from sulphur and arsenic and smelted. An excellent quality of metal is thus obtained with great saving of labor. Some other processes also are described, by which the decomposition of the ores is effected by various mixtures both in the dry and the wet way.-The rich blue carbonates and red oxides of copper of Chessy near Lyons in France are smelted directly without other treatment in small blast furnaces called fourneaux à manche, the ores being mixed to produce about 27 per cent. of copper, and about 3 per cent. of lime and a small amount of scoria being added. Two hundred pounds

of the mixture with 150 lbs. of coke are charged every 2 hours. The metal and slag run out into a receptacle formed by the extension of the hearth in front of the furnace, and here the floating slag is skimmed off. Every 12 hours the receptacle is tapped, and the metal, called black copper, is let into another basin and skimmed. Its surface is cooled by sprinkling water upon it, and the metallic crust in a circular plate an inch thick is removed, and then another disk formed in the same way is taken off, and so on. Three varieties of slag are recognized, the red, black, and blue, the first richest and the last poorest in copper. The production of the last is increased by due attention to preserving the right proportion of lime flux and the proper degree of temperature in the furnace. The charges gather much silica from the in walls of the furnace, which must therefore be frequently renewed. The metallic copper is contaminated with a little silica, some protoxide of iron, and, when black slags are produced, 7 or 8 per cent. of metallic iron. These are reinoved by a subsequent refining.—The bituminous slates containing pyritous copper of Mansfeld, Germany, and yielding only 2 or 3 per cent. of copper, are roasted in heaps of 100 tons or more for 15 to 20 weeks, the ores requiring little addition of combustible matters. In this operation, as conducted on the lower Hartz, the sulphur is in part saved by collecting it on the top of the long heaps. The calcined ores, being suitably mixed with fluxes of calcareous and argillaceous slates, fluor spar, and rich slags, are charged together with coke in slender cylindrical furnaces 15 to 18 feet high, much like the blast furnaces used for smelting iron ores, a charge consisting of nearly 50 cwt. of the mixed ores and fluxes. A matte of about 5 cwt., containing 30 to 40 per cent. of metal, is obtained in 15 hours, together with a quantity of rich slags. The metal flows alternately into 2 circular basins in front of the furnace, and is taken out in disks, as described in the French process. The matte may contain sulphurets of zinc, iron, nickel, cobalt, and silver. It is afterward treated by a number of successive roastings, varied according to its quality, and extending through many weeks. These are succeeded by a second fusion with rich slags as a flux, and this by 6 more roastings, occupying 7 or 8 weeks. They are conducted like those before, in kilns, layers of brushwood and charcoal alternating with those of the cakes of matte. The product contains some sulphate of copper, which is dissolved out by lixiviating the calcined matters in a series of vats with water, and is afterward recovered by crystallizing. The matte, mixed with products of other operations, and with coke or charcoal, is remelted, yielding black copper containing silver and cupriferous slags. The silver is separated by the process of eliquation, the black copper being melted with 3 or 4 times its weight of lead, and the flat disks of alloy obtained being exposed in a suitably arranged

furnace to heat sufficient to melt the lead, but not the copper. The former, as it is sweated out, brings the silver with it, and this is afterward separated from the lead by cupellation. The disks of copper are finally refined in a reverberatory furnace called a Spleissofen. When melted, a current of air is directed over the surface of the copper, which causes a slag to collect. This is skimmed off, and the process is continued so long as the coating forms. When no more is produced the fire is increased, the metal boils for about an hour, and then remains quiet nearly an hour longer. As soon as the samples tested indicate proper quality of metal, the fur nace is tapped and the product is run out into moulds. As it flows there rises over it a reddish vapor which consists of very minute globules of metal coated with oxide of copper. They spin upon their axes in the air with great velocity. The Germans are said to collect them for writing sand.-Copper is prepared for the market in ingots, and these are recast in any forms required. For rolling, they may while still hot be passed through the first pair of rolls, and thus be converted into flat plates. As these are afterward spread out into broad sheets in the rolling mill, they require to be reheated between each rolling. In the United States about 7,000 tons of copper are annually required by the rolling mills. The statistics of the smelting establishments are little known. Their product has been estimated at 13,000 tons per annum. Those at Baltimore are stated to produce about 8,000,000 lbs. of refined copper.

COPPERAS, the salt protosulphate of iron, commonly called green vitriol. It is found in a natural state, resulting from the decomposition of pyritous iron, and is also prepared upon a large scale for various uses in the arts. In the province of Coquimbo, in Chili, a bed of what is called white copperas is met with, in which pits 20 feet deep have been sunk. The rock that contains it is of feldspar or trachyte. This variety is a sulphate of the peroxide, consisting of sulphuric acid 42.7, peroxide of iron 28.5, and water 28.8, in 100 parts. It is wholly soluble in cold water. The usual variety of copperas is a greenish-colored mineral, also soluble in water, and consists of sulphuric acid 28.8, protoxide of iron 25.9, water 45.3. It forms naturally upon the surface of pyritous rocks, sulphuret of iron extracting oxygen from the atmosphere, and being thus converted into the sulphate of the protoxide. Alum, formed of a portion of the sulphuric acid thus produced, combined with alumina derived from the rock, usually accompanies the copperas as an efflorescence. Copperas is prepared artificially in a variety of ways. When iron is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is disengaged, and the acid unites with the protoxide of iron, forming this salt, which may be obtained in the crystallized form by evaporation. The crystals are transparent rhomboidal prisms of sea-green color, which by exposure to the air become yellowish brown by the peroxidizing of the iron.

They have a strong styptic and inky taste, ar å when dissolved in water produce à blark n on the addition of a solution of nut-guis is the large way alum and copperas are usab tained together in the same proces of many facture, as has already been described in article ALUM. The commercial salt is generally contaminated with various mixtures, as oxide of iron and salts of copper, zine, alır and magnesia. It is used for producing t dyes, and for making ink and Prussian te e, and for other purposes in dye-works. For motio cinal uses it is required to be purified, and is then employed as an astringent and tonis.

COPPERHEAD (trigonocephalus cont etriz, Linn.; genus agkistrodon, Bd. and Gd.), a Na American venomous serpent, the most dazzer m after the rattlesnake. The head is thra and triangular; a pit between the eye and thes tril; the upper jaw furnished with pa e se fangs; the eyes are large, and the orbital ste projecting; the iris is bright golden with a ter dish tinge. The neck is contracted, and ta scales smooth; the body long, thick to the tail, and covered above with rhou: carinated scales, except the lower rows, are smoother; the last abdominal plate is y large; there are no rattles, the tail be and conical, ending in a horny tip. Ther ral color above is a light nut-brown, with verse bars of dark brown, narrowest in middle, broad and bifurcated on the sides; under parts are flesh-colored, freckled with m nute dark brown spots; near the flanks rounded dark blotches, corresponding to bifurcations of the dorsal bars. In a gree 26 inches long, the head measured a litier than an inch in length by 11 lines in wi length of body 21 inches, and of tail 34 in greatest circumference 34 inches; the sh inal plates were 150, and the subcandal 42. 4 pairs of bifid scales near the apex. It poés dark and moist places, and feeds upon frogs, mice, and small birds. It is more dread than the rattlesnake, as it gives no warning of its proximity; it never attacks man excg a its own defence; as in other venomous sikm a very slight blow is sufficient to kill it. Fa its thick body and short tail, it is slow and diame sy in its motions, and it cannot ascend tree. It is also called "chunkhead" and "deaf a According to Dr. Holbrook, it is forni western New England to Florida, and fnm Atlantic to the borders of the Alleglaries.

COPPERMINE RIVER, in British Ana rises in Lake Providence, lat, 65° 50° N, krz 112° 30' W. Its general direction is ren and, after a course of about 300 m., it falls the Arctic ocean in lat. 67° 40', long. 115 £7 COPPERPLATE. See ENGRAVING.

COPPET, a village in the Swise canter of Vaud, in the district of Nyon, situated on the lake and within 9 miles of the city of Ger with about 500 inhabitants, noted for a cla trak which was owned in the 17th century by Ca Dohna, who invited the philosopher Bay se të

become a teacher in his family and an inmate of the chateau. At a later period it became the property of M. Necker, and this statesman, as well as his wife and daughter, Madame de Staël, the eldest son of the latter, Auguste Louis, and her daughter, the duchess de Broglie, are all buried there. As the place of residence for several years of Madame de Staël, Coppet acquired great celebrity. Auguste de Staël turned the estate into a model farm, and the present owner is Madame de Staël's son-in-law, the duke de Broglie.

COPROLITES (Gr. Konpos, dung, and Aidos, a stone), the fossil excrements of various kinds of fishes and saurians, found in several geological formations, as the tertiary, chalk, oolite, lias, and carboniferous, scattered among the other fossils in these rocks, and sometimes met with enclosed among the ribs of the fossilized ichthyosauri. They are found, to some extent, in this country in the green sand and coal formations. But in England-in some localities of the lias they are so abundant that they lie like potatoes scattered upon the ground. Such is the case for many miles in extent in the estuary of the Severn. Teeth and bones of extinct fishes and reptiles are abundantly mixed with them, showing that this locality must for a long period have been the bottom of an ancient sea. They vary greatly in size, some being the product of the largest ichthyosauri, and containing within them scales and bones of fishes and other animals which served as food to these monsters; while some belonged to smaller individuals, and are now seen in stony lumps of only an inch or two in length. Their color is whitish, grayish, and from this to black. On their surface are still impressed the marks of the tortuous wrinkles of the intestines. The animal remains preserved in the coprolites indicate the prey of these fishes and saurians. The larger kinds appear to have fed upon the smaller of their own species; and these, from the bones found in the coprolites of the largest ichthyosauri, could not have been less than 7 feet in length. A remarkable instance is given by Dr. Buckland of the minute accuracy with which the principles of comparative anatomy are applied to investigations of this nature. A small scale of a fish seen upon one side of a coprolite was shown to Prof. Agassiz, who at once recognized it as belonging to the extinct species pholidophorus limbatus; and from a minute tube upon its inner surface, hardly discernible without a microscope, he observed that it must have been on the left side of the body near the head. This tube passed through the scales from the head to the tail of the fish, conveying a lubricating mucus.-C. W. Johnson, in his work "On the Fertilizers" (ch. v.), gives the following composition of a coprolite from the crag formation of the coast of Suffolk, showing its similarity in composition to the fresh bones of commerce, and hence its excellent qualities as a manure, for which purpose these substances are much used in the part of England where they abound:

COPTIC LANGUAGE (Sahidic, Menthyptaion or Aspi en Kemi, language of Egypt; Ethiopian, Gbetze; Arabic Keft, in which also the Coptic people are called Ghipt). Some writers, following the Moslems, derive the name Coptic from KonTw, to cut, to circumcise; Wilkins and Pococke from Koptos, a Thebaic nome on the Nile; others from the Jacobites, a body of heretics who were called Coptes, under Heraclius (A. D. 610-641); this is the prevailing theory of Roman Catholic authorities. Others hold that Copt was the name of the son of Misraim, the founder of Egypt, and that it has descended from him to all the native race; this is the legend of the convents, and the boast of the Coptic people. But since Renaudot, the most eminent Egyptologists have agreed in deriving it from Ayuntos, or in the hieroglyphic writing Kahi-Ptah, the land of Ptah, whose sacred language was the mother of the Coptic, by which alone we are now enabled to understand the ancient Egyptian monuments. This ancient sacred language coexisted with a vernacular dialect, and out of the two, with a mixture of Greek and Arabic words, arose the Coptic, which may be dated from the time of the Ptolemies in lower Egypt; the version of the Gospels in it having been read by St. Anthony, who did not know Greek, about the year 271. The language was used until the 10th century A. D., when it altogether gave way to the Arabic, except in the monasteries, where it was still preserved. With Christianity the Copts adopted not only the Greek religious nomenclature, for which they rejected all ancient Egyptian words concerning worship, but the Greek alphabet as well, even introducing the forms of such letters as g, d, z, x, and ps, though these sounds do not occur in genuine Coptic. Thus in the Coptic alphabet there are 32 signs, including these intrusive Greek letters; a numeral sign for 6 inserted after e; 6 Egyptian letters derived from hieroglyphs (and representing 2 forms of sh, kh, h, f, and the English j); and a syllabic sign for ti. Strictly speaking, however, there are 21 Coptic sounds, viz.: a, e, i, o, u (which was written oy), all pronounced as in Italian, with y sounded as a French u; b, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f (also written ph), h, the German ch, the English sh and th, and the English j. Plutarch speaks of 25 Egyptian letters, but Seyffarth maintains that they were but the signs of that number of sounds which, he says, were common to all ancient nations. Diacritic signs were used; thus a horizontal line over numerals, over contracted words, and over m and ñ, which are then to be read em and en, &c. The language has 3 dialects, viz.: the Memphitic, or genuine Coptic, which abounds in aspirates, writes ai for ei, and loves the final i; the Sahidic or Theban, which uses

the final e, and writes ei instead of ai-in this the Pistis Sophia, a Gnostic work, is written; and the Bashmuric, belonging to the 2 oases, the poorest of the 3 in literature-it uses a, e, è, and respectively, instead of o, a, ě, and r.-All simple words are monosyllabic, unless lengthened by additional vowels; e. g. : ape, head; ohi, to stand; mash, to strike; pet, to run; ro, mouth, &c. Verbs become passive by a change of their vowel into è: ko, to put; ke, to be put. There are doubled roots, as shor-sher, to destroy (shor, to throw away); words inserting a vowel, prefixing a-, en-, sh-, or suffixing -r, -8, -f, -sh; compounds of 2 words, as sek-mou, to draw water; rem-nekahi (man-of-land), inhabitant; tsa-bo (ti, give, sbo, learning), to teach; ham-she (man-wood), carpenter, &c.; and compounds with the following prefixes: at-nay, invisible; la-foi, very hairy; ment-(or met)-at-nute (-ism a-the-), atheisin; ref-sont (-or creat-), creator; shu-taio, worthy (of) honor; shin-nay, to see: hence nouns by pi-, er-, as pi-shin-nay (-ing see-), vision; an-(much, again)-thba, myriad, &c. Nouns are formed by prefixing at-, ma-, met-; thus: at-shere (no child), childless; ma-neso (place-drink), tavern, inn; met-athmu (-ity immortal-), immortality. Many hieroglyphs are thus compounded: MT-S (Copt. met-sei), ornament; MT-KT (Copt. met-koto), circuit; MTSTN (Copt. met-suten), kingdom. The MT expresses our -ment, -dom, -ity, -ism, &c.-There are but two genders. The feminine is often formed from masculine by a vowel change, or by suffixing -e (-i, M.), or by an article or adjective; thus: uro, queen (from uro, king); hinb-i, ewe-lamb; alu-shime, female child; alu-hout, male child. The articles are indefinite, definite, and demonstrative. The former are of common gender; as, u rōmi, a man; han-mui, some lions. The definite articles are pe (M. pi), corresponding to French le; te (ti), to Fr. la; and ne, nei (ni), to Fr. les; thus: pi-son, le frère; ti-sone, la sœur; ne-tay, les montagnes. They often lack the final vowel, as, pnute, le dieu. Before initial h-, the corresponding aspirates occur, as in Greek; thus, th-orasis, paris. In hieroglyphs the prefix P- stands for le, and N- for les, but the suffix -T for la; thus, MU-T (Copt. ti-mau), mère la. The demonstrative articles, either joined or not, are pei, Lat. hic; tei, Lat. hæc; and nei, Lat. hi, hæ, hæc. In hieroglyphs and Memphitic, they are PAI, TAI, NAI-Possessive adjectives are formed of the definite article and of the suffixes -a (to have), and -e (to be, être à, to belong to); thus: pa, Fr. le mien; ta, Fr. la mienne; na, les miens and miennes; analogous are pek, tek, nek, Lat. tvus, tua, tui, masculine; pu, tu, nu, the same for feminine; pef, tef, nef, his, her, their, masculine; pes, tes, nes, the same for feminine; pen, ten, nen, Lat. noster, &c.; peten, &c., Lat. vester, &c.; pey (pu), &c., their; e. g.: pa-nuti, my God; pen-het, our heart; tek-shom, thy power. The hieroglyph RN-F is for the Copt. pef-ran, his name.-Foreign and many Coptic nouns are without a plural form; thus: ni-apostolos, the

apostles; han-magos, some magi; Copt, pri-hon, the day; nei-hou, these days. Many Copria nouns become plural by suffixing -i (-4, Sab) ta consonants, or by lengthening final voweis; na ape-ey, heads; uro-u, kings; abo-uí, doctrines, Hieroglyphs trebled the noun, or added 3 lines, or final diphthongs; thus: KM-UI, Egyptians: MR-UI, regions. Some are anomalous; thos: eiot, father; eiōte, fathers; hurit, guantan, hurate, guardians; son, brother, mey, brutiara Others are more dissimilar, as shime, women, hiōme, women; bōk, servant, ebiaik, servants; iom, sea, amaiou, seas.-The cases of deriession are signified both by separate parures and by prefixes. The nominative sign is eas (S. and B.), or enje; the genitive, ente, en, em-; the dative and accusative, en-, em-, è-, 6-; vocative, pe; the ablative, ebol, hiten, ene-, and many prepositions. The hieroglyp genitive is N, NT, M; dat., N, R, L, HR (Cet haro, to); acc., N; abl., M, out from, EM, by, for, MT (Copt. mut, to join).—Adjectives beextie names of origin or of quality by means of en-; thus: rem-en-Kemi (man of Egypt), Egyptian; rem-en-nuti (man of God), pious. To form the feminine adjectives, add -i (-e) to the masculines, or lengthen the final vowel. The plural of a jectives is formed like that of substantives Substantives become adjectives by the prefix -; thus, psyche neon (soul of life), living. Some adjectives receive personal suffixes, na ter-k whole-thou; naa-s, great-she. The comparative degree is denoted by huo, corresponding to the Gr. paddor; the superlative by khen, in, sie, between, ebol-ute, before, emate (emastró), very, much, and by the Gr. -ros. In ancient Egyp tian, the genitive plural (as king of kings), and enhme, estrate, and èhote, indicated plurality.The numerals are: 1, ua, masc., uei, fem (131, 11, M.); 2, snay, sente (snuti); 3, shoment, shomte; 4, ftou, fto; 5, tiu, tie; 6, sou, so; 7, sashaf; 8, shmune; 9, psit; 10, met; 20, just ; maa'k; 40, hme; 50, taiu; 60, se; 70, shỏe ; 1, hmene; 90, pěstaiu; 100, she; 1,000, she, &c. Ordinals: 1st, ti-aphe (beginning), shorp, de the others are formed by prefixing man- (MIT) to the cardinals. Distributives are made by doubling the cardinals; multiples by adding ap (times); fractions by pretixing re (R) with_rt, part.-The personal pronouns are: anos, 1; entok, ento (masc. and fem.), thou; entof, be, entos, she; anen, we; entoten, you; entậu, they, Possessive demonstrative pronouns consist of the article with ỏ (to be) and personal suffixes: thus: poi (the-is-me), my; pók, pó (mase, and fem.), they; pof, pūs, his, her; pon, our; p'ter, your; pou, their. The demonstratives pe, té, ne, correspond to the Lat. ille, illa, ill. The relative et, who, which, what, is indeclinable. The interrogatives nim, eut, correspond to Lat qualis; uer, to Lat. quantus, quot; and u, to Lat. quid.-Verbs indicate persons either by suffixes, as -i, I; -k, -e, (mase, and fem.), thon; f, -8, he, she; -n, we; ten, you; -sen, they; or by the prefixes, ti-, k-, te-, f-, 8, ten-, teten-, mParticles of tenses are, for the present, ei, Lat