CHARTREUSE

CHARTREUSE, the name of various Carthusian monasteries, chiefly situated in France and Italy. The most famous institution of the kind is La Grande Chartreuse (Cartusia), situated in a picturesque but wild and desolate region, the summit of a steep rock at an elevation of about 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, within 14 miles of Grenoble, in the French department of Isère. This monastery is the residence of the general of the Carthusian order. It owes its origin to St. Bruno, who repaired with 6 disciples to this locality in the latter part of the 11th century. It derived its name from a neighboring hamlet called Chartreuse, and it has since been called Grande Chartreuse from being the fountain-head of all other monasteries of the order. The cell which was inhabited by St. Bruno has been converted into a chapel, in which service is performed day and night. In the chapter house are the portraits of the generals' of the order and a marble statue of St. Bruno. The buildings have repeatedly been destroyed by fire; those now in use were erected in 1678. During the first French revolution the monastery was stripped of its possessions. The number of its inmates, once 300, is now about 33, who depend for their support mainly upon the liberality of visitors.

CHARTULARIES, in the ancient Latin church, were the record books of the various monasteries, convents, and other religious and ecclesiastical foundations. Anterior to the 10th century, the pope ordered them to be kept. Their contents relate to the possessions, rents, endowments, and other temporalities of the church.-CHARTULARY, or CHARTULARIUS, the name of the keeper of charters and public documents. He also presided in ecclesiastical courts. In the Greek church, the word chartophylax is used to designate an officer of the same class, whose functions, however, are more comprehensive.

CHARYBDIS AND SCYLLA, in Grecian mythology, 2 voracious monsters which dwelt opposite to each other, the former on the Sicilian, and the latter on the Italian coast. Charybdis abode in a rock off the shore of Sicily, and thrice every day gulped down the waters of the surrounding sea, and thrice cast them up again. Scylla, whose den was in another

CHASE

rock on the Italian shore, was still more loathsome, having 12 feet and 6 long necks and mouths, each of which took a victim from every ship which passed within their reach. In geography, Charybdis was a whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, and Scylla a rock on the coast of Italy, whose proximity rendered the navigation of the Messenian strait peculiarly dangerous to the sailors of antiquity.

CHASE, IRAH, D.D., an American theologian, born in Stratton, Vt., Oct. 5, 1793. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1814, and immediately entered Andover theological seminary. He was ordained in 1817, and after laboring as a Baptist missionary in the western part of Virginia, became in 1818 professor in the theological school at Philadelphia, which was soon after transferred to Washington. In this office he remained 7 years, one of which he spent in Europe, and in 1825 he was prominent in establishing the theological school at Newton Centre, Mass. With this school he was connected as professor till 1845, since which time he has contributed several papers to reviews, on questions of church history and Christian doctrine.

CHASE, PHILANDER, D.D., bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in Ohio, and subsequently in Illinois, born in Cornish, N. H., Dec. 14, 1775, died at Jubilee college, Ill., Sept. 20, 1852. His parents were plain, pious farming people, and young Chase expected to follow in the footsteps of his father; but the course of events seemed plainly to indicate that a different career was before him. A severe injury to one of his limbs confined him for a long time to the house, and after much reflection upon his position and prospects, he resolved to prepare himself for college, and the ministry of the gospel. He entered Dartmouth college in 1791, and was graduated in 1795. His religious views had thus far been those of his family, who were Congregationalists; but having met with a prayer book of the Episcopal church, he examined and studied it with great care, and was led to the conviction that he ought to enter the ministry of that church. Leaving his home in New Hampshire, he set out for Albany; was kindly received by the Episcopal minister there; and after a course of study in theology,

he was ordained in St. George's church, New York, in May, 1798. For several years he devoted himself, amid many privations, to missionary labors in western New York. In 1805, on account of his wife's health, he went to New Orleans, and occupied himself zealously in or ganizing the church there; in 1811 he returned to the north, and for 6 years was rector of Christ church, Hartford, Conn. Deeply interested in the religious condition and prospects of the great West, and full of missionary zeal and enterprise, Mr. Chase, in 1817, went to Ohio, and set about planting and enlarging the Episcopal church in that state. A diocese having been formed, he was elected its bishop, and was consecrated in St. James's church, Philadelphia, Feb. 11, 1819. Amid many and peculiarly severe trials, Bishop Chase persevered in his work; but it soon became evident that measures must be taken to educate men on the ground for the service of the ministry. Accordingly, with the approbation of his convention, although opposed by many of his own church in the older states, he resolved to visit England and solicit donations toward founding a college and theological seminary in Ohio. He embarked in October, 1823, at first met with opposition, which he soon overcame, was unusually successful, collected about $30,000 for his object, and on his return in 1824 purchased 8,000 acres of land, giving the names of 2 English noblemen, Gambier and Kenyon, to the site and the college, which was now established. For a time every thing went on prosperously; but difficulties and disputes having arisen between the bishop and some of his clergy about the disposal of the funds received from England, and other matters connected with his administration of the college and the diocese, he resigned his jurisdiction in 1881, and the general convention the next year gave their assent to this step. Bishop Chase now removed into Michigan, still intent upon the life of a missionary, pioneer bishop. In 1835 he was chosen bishop of the new diocese of Illinois. Again he visited England in behalf of Christian education in the West, and collected about $10,000 toward purchasing land and founding a college. Jubilee college, at Robin's Nest, Peoria co., owes its foundation, in 1838, to this second effort, and here the venerable prelate spent the remainder of his life. The first commencement of the college took place in July, 1847, and its subsequent career has evinced the perspicacity of Bishop Chase in providing for the future needs of the Episcopal church in the West. A severe injury caused by being thrown from his carriage hastened the aged bishop's decease, and a few days after he sank quietly to rest. Keenly sagacious in reading character, quick to avail himself of opportunities, full of zeal and determination, unwearied in laboring for the cause of religion and the interests of the Episcopal church, Bishop Chase left his impress upon the western country, and deserves honorable mention as the pioneer bishop. His "Reminiscences," 2 vols. 8vo., dis

play his character in various lights; and apart from their historic value, these volumes are among the most entertaining productions of the present day.

CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND, an American statesman, born in Cornish, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808. When he was 7 years old his father removed to Keene, where Salmon pursued his studies as a schoolboy. Two years later his father died, and when 12 years old he went to Worthington, Ohio, where his tuition was superintended by his uncle, Philander Chase, then bishop of Ohio. He then entered Cincinnati college, of which his uncle had meantime accepted the presidency, gaining shortly after his admission a promotion to the sophomore class. After about a year's residence in Cincinnati, he returned to his mother's home in New Hampshire, and in 1824 entered the junior class of Dartmouth college, where he was graduated in 1826. In the succeeding winter Mr. Chase opened a classical school for boys in Washington, having among his pupils the sons of Henry Clay, William Wirt, Samuel L. Southard, and other distinguished men of that day. Soon after closing his school in 1829, he was admitted to the bar of the district of Columbia, for which he had qualified himself under the direction of Mr. Wirt, during the time he was discharging the duties of a teacher. In the spring of 1830 he returned to Cincinnati, where he has ever since resided, except when interrupted by official duties, and pursued the profession of the law. While struggling through the early embarrassments of professional life, Mr. Chase prepared an edition of the statutes, of Ohio, with copious annotations, and a preliminary sketch of the history of the state, in 3 large vols. 8vo. This edition soon superseded all previous publications of the statutes, and is now received as authority in the courts. Aided by the reputation thus acquired, he soon gained a valuable practice, and early in 1834 became solicitor of the bank of the United States in Cincinnati, and not long after of one of the city banks. In 1837 Mr. Chase acted as counsel for a colored woman claimed as a fugitive slave, and in an elaborate argument, afterward published, controverted the authority of congress to impose any duties or confer any powers in fugitive slave cases on state magistrates, a position in which he has since been sustained by the U. S. supreme court; and maintained that the law of 1793 relative to fugitives from service was void, because unwarranted by the constitution of the United States. The same year, in an argument before the supreme court of Ohio, in defence of James G. Birney, prosecuted under a state law for harboring a negro slave, Mr. Chase asserted the doctrine that slavery is local and dependent on state law for existence and continuance, and insisted that the person alleged to have been harbored, having been brought within the territorial limits of Ohio by the individual claiming her as master, was thenceforth in fact and by right free. In

1838, in a newspaper review of a report of the judiciary committee of the senate of Ohio against the granting of trial by jury to alleged slaves, Mr. Chase took the same ground as in his legal arguments. In 1846 he was associated with the Hon. W. H. Seward as defendant's counsel in the case of Van Zandt before the supreme court of the United States. The case excited much interest, and in a speech which attracted marked attention, Mr. Chase argued more elaborately the principles which he had advanced in former cases, maintaining that under the ordinance of 1787 no fugitive from service could be reclaimed from Ohio unless there had been an escape from one of the original states; that it was the clear understanding of the framers of the constitution, and of the people who adopted it, that slavery was to be left exclusively to the disposal of the several states, without sanction or support from the national government; and that the clause in the constitution relative to persons held to service was one of compact between the states, and conferred no power of legislation on congress, having been transferred from the ordinance of 1787, in which it conferred no power on the confederation, and was never understood to confer any. He was subsequently engaged for the defence in the case of Driskell vs. Parish, before the U. S. circuit court at Columbus, and re-argued the same positions.-Mr. Chase's sentiments of hostility to the nationalization of slavery were expressed by his position in the political movements of the country, as well as in his efforts at the bar. Prior to 1841 he had taken little part in politics. He had voted sometimes with the democrats, but more commonly with the whigs, who, in the North, seemed to him more favorable to anti-slavery views than their opponents. He supported Gen. Harrison in 1840, but the tone of his inaugural address, and still more the course of the Tyler administration, convinced him that no effective resistance to the encroachments of slavery was to be expect ed from any party with a slaveholding and proslavery wing, modifying if not controlling its action; and in 1841 he united in a call for a convention of the opponents of slavery and slavery extension, which assembled at Columbus in December of that year. This convention organized the liberty party of Ohio, nominated a candidate for governor, and issued an address to the people-defining its principles and purposes. This address, written and reported by Mr. Chase, and unanimously adopted by the convention, deserves attention as one of the earliest expositions of the political movement against slavery. In 1843 a national liberty convention assembled at Buffalo. Mr. Chase was an active member of the committee on resolutions, to which was referred, under a rule of the convention, a resolution proposing "to regard and treat the third clause of the constitution, whenever applied to the case of a fugitive slave, as utterly null and void, and consequently as forming no part of the constitution of the United States,

whenever we are called upon or sworn to support it." Mr. Chase opposed the resolution, and the committee refused to report it. It was, however, afterward moved in the convention by its author, and adopted. Having been charged in the U. S. senate with the authorship and advocacy of this resolution, by Mr. Butler of South Carolina, who denounced the doctrine of mental reservation apparently sanctioned by it, Mr. Chase replied: "I have only to say I never proposed the resolution; I never would propose or vote for such a resolution. I hold no doctrine of mental reservation. Every man, in my judgment, should speak just as he thinks, keeping nothing back, here or elsewhere." In 1843 it became Mr. Chase's duty to prepare an address on behalf of the friends of liberty, Ireland, and repeal in Cincinnati, to the loyal national repeal association in Ireland, in reply to a letter from Daniel O'Connell. In this address Mr. Chase reviewed the relations of the federal government to slavery at the period of its organization, set forth its original anti-slavery policy, and the subsequent growth of the political power of slavery, vindicated the action of the liberty party, and repelled the aspersions cast by a repeal association in Cincinnati upon anti-slavery men. In 1845 Mr. Chase projected a southern and western liberty convention, designed to embrace "all who, believing that whatever is worth preserving in republicanism can be maintained only by uncompromising war against the usurpations of the slave power, and are therefore resolved to use all constitutional and honorable means to effect the extinction of slavery within their respective states, and its reduction to its constitutional limits in the United States." The convention was held in Cincinnati in June, 1845, and was attended by 4,000 persons; delegates were present to the number of 2,000. Mr. Chase, as chairman of the committee, prepared the address, giving a history of slavery in the United States, showing the position of the whig and democratic parties, and arguing the necessity of a political organization unequivocally committed to the denationalization of slavery and the overthrow of the slave power, and exhibiting what he regarded as the necessary hostility of the slaveholding interest to democracy and all liberal measures. This address was widely circulated. In 1847, Mr. Chase was a member of the second national liberty convention, and opposed the making of any national nomination at that time, urging that a more general movement against slavery extension and domination was likely to grow out of the agitation of the Wilmot proviso, and the action of congress and political parties in reference to slavery. In 1848, antici pating that the conventions of the whig and democratic parties would probably refuse to take ground against the extension of slavery, he prepared a call for a free territory state convention at Columbus, which was signed by more than 3,000 voters of all political parties. The convention thus called was largely attended, and

invited a national convention to meet at Buffalo in August. The influence of Mr. Chase was conspicuous in the state convention, and no less so in the national convention which assembled upon its invitation, and nominated Mr. Van Buren for president. An immense mass meeting was also assembled at Buffalo at the same time. Mr. Chase was president of the national convention, and also a member of its committee on resolutions. The platform was substantially his work.-On Feb. 22, 1849, Mr. Chase was chosen a senator of the United States from Ohio, receiving the entire vote of the democratic members of the legislature, and of those freesoil members who favored democratic views. The democratic party of Ohio, by the resolutions of its state convention, had already declared slavery an evil; and practically, through its press and the declarations of its leading men, had committed itself to the denationalization of slavery. Mr. Chase, therefore, coinciding with the democrats in their general views of state policy, supported their state nominees, distinctly announcing his intention, in the event of the party's desertion of its anti-slavery position, in state or national conventions, to end at once his connection with it. When the nomination of Mr. Pierce by the Baltimore convention of 1852, with a platform approving the compromise acts of 1850, and denouncing the further discussion of the slavery question, was sanctioned by the democratic party in Ohio, Mr. Chase, true to his word, withdrew from it, and addressed to the Hon. B. F. Butler of New York, his associate in the Buffalo convention, a letter in vindication of an independent democratic party. He prepared a platform, which was substantially adopted by the convention of the independent democracy at Pittsburg in 1852. Having thus gone into a minority rather than compromise his principles, Mr. Chase gave a cordial and energetic support to the nominees and measures of the independent democracy, until the Nebraska bill gave rise to a new and powerful party, based substantially upon the ideas he had so long maintained. As a senator of the United States, Mr. Chase delivered on March 26 and 27, 1850, a speech against Mr. Clay's compromise bill, reviewing thoroughly all the questions presented in it. He moved an amendment providing against the introduction of slavery in the territories to which the bill applied, but it failed by a vote of 25 to 30. He proposed also, though without success, an amendment to the fugitive slave bill, securing trial by jury to alleged slaves, and another conforming its provisions to the terms of the constitution, by excluding from its operation persons escaping from states to territories, and vice versa. In 1854, when the bill for the repeal of the Missouri compromise, commonly called the NebraskaKansas bill, was introduced, he drafted an appeal to the people against the measure, which was signed by the senators and representatives in congress concurring in his political

opinions; and in a speech on Feb. 3 attempted the first elaborate exposure of the features of that bill, as viewed by its opponents. In the general opposition to the Nebraska bill he took a leading part, and the rejection of 3 of his proposed amendments was thought to be of such significance as bearing on the slavery question, that it may be well to state them. The first proposed to add after the words "subject only to the constitution of the United States," in section 14, the following clause: "Under which the people of the territory through their appropriate representatives may, if they see fit, prohibit the existence of slavery therein." This was rejected, yeas 10, nays 36. The second proposed to give practical effect to the principle of popular sovereignty by providing for the election by the people of the territory of their own governor, judges, and secretary, instead of leaving, as in the bill, their appointment to the federal executive. This was defeated, yeas 10, nays 30. He then proposed an amendment of the boundary, so as to have but one territory, named Nebraska, instead of two entitled respectively Nebraska and Kansas. This was rejected, yeas 8, nays 34. His opposition to the bill was ended by a final and earnest protest against it on the night of its passage. While thus vigilant in maintaining his principles on the slavery question, Mr. Chase was constant in the discharge of the general duties of his position. To divorce the federal government from all connection with slavery; to confine its action strictly within constitutional limits; to uphold the rights of individuals and of the states; to foster with equal care all the great interests of the country, and to secure an economical administration of the national finances, were the general aims which he endeavored, both by his votes and his speeches, to promote. On the interests of the West he always kept a watchful eye, claiming that the federal treasury should defray the expense of providing for the safety of navigation on our great inland seas, as well as on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and advocating liberal aid by the federal government to the construction of a railroad to the Pacific by the best, shortest, and cheapest route. He was an earnest supporter of the policy of the free homestead movement, in behalf of which he expressed his views during the first session of his term, on presenting a petition for granting the public lands, in limited quantities, to actual settlers not possessed of other land. He was also an early advocate of cheap postage, and an unwearied opponent of extravagant appropriations.-In July, 1855, Mr. Chase was nom inated by the opponents of the Nebraska bill and the Pierce administration for governor of Ohio, and was elected. His inaugural address, delivered in 1856, recommended economy in the administration of public affairs, single districts for legis lative representation, annual instead of biennial sessions of the legislature, and ample provision for the educational interests of the state. His state policy and senatorial course were now