law has been introduced for converting the tithes into a church and school tax, and another for the organization of the municipal institutions. The resolution of the senate to readmit the Jesuits into Chili was rejected by the second chamber in 1854. Treaties of commerce were concluded with France, June 30, 1852; with Sardinia and the United States, 1856; with the Argentine confederation, April 30, 1856; and with Great Britain, Nov. 30, 1856. Walker's invasion of Nicaragua led President Montt to conclude, in Nov. 1856, a political alliance with Ecuador and Peru, which was also joined by Costa Rica. The object of the alliance was mutual protection, and to enable all South American states to unite against attacks from abroad.—The mint emitted in gold and silver coin, from Jan. 1, 1850, to Jan. 1, 1858, $18,103,877, comprising in this sum the recoinage of the old money excluded from circulation. In Aug. 1858, the amount emitted was about $61,000. To create a greater abundance of the circulating medium, a ineasure had been recently introduced into the legislature, authorizing the executive to purchase gold and silver bullion at the prices current in the market. A further relief in the money market was expected from another measure pending before congress, authorizing government to warrant the bills of the Credito Hipotecario, and to modify this institution. Efforts to promote the prosperity of the country were visible in every direction. The most prominent project before congress was the establishment of towing steamers in the straits of Magellan, and its accomplishment would bring Chili 1,500 m. nearer to Europe, America, the West Indies, Brazil, and to almost all other countries of the globe. Government has authorized the foundation of an anonymous society for mutual insurance against fire, under the name of the Union Chilena. The establishment of a Chilian Lloyd was contemplated, and a chamber of commerce was created at Valparaiso. Foreign skill is liberally used. Engineers and artillery instructors have been sent from France, and the metallic life boats of Francis from the United States. The merchants of Valparaiso proposed to devote $250,000 per annum to the establishment of steamers connecting that city with Montevideo and Buenos Ayres, and there was every probability of the realization of this project. Agriculture was beginning also to receive a fuller share of attention, and Don Benjamin Vicuña Mackcuna has been intrusted by the government with the compilation of a rural code. In order to prevent the scarcity of breadstuffs, felt at the end of 1856, agricultural statistical offices were to be organized in the provinces, noticing beforehand the approximate consumption of grain in each locality, recording its annual production, so as to make it easy to take in time preventive measures to remove an extreme scarcity. A privilege had been granted to Don Juan Pelle for establishing public shambles in Valparaiso, according to the

best modern system, the establishment to be opened before the expiration of 1859. New civil courts were to be established in the department of Caupolican and Quillota, and in the city of Valparaiso. The government had adopted various resolutions favorable to colonization in the straits of Magellan, and the German colony of Llanquihue. The latter contained in Aug. 1858, 235 German families, and preparations were making for more arrivals, the father of each family to receive, according to art. 2 of the law of March 18, 1845, 25 square cuadras of land, and each son or daughter above 10 years of age, 12 square cuadras, on condition of paying $1 for every cuadra, payable in 5 instalments, the payment of the first liable to a delay of 2 years after the colonist's settlement on the land; title deeds only to be given to such colonists as have on their land a regular home, and at least 2 cuadras enclosed and cultivated; no sale or disposal of the land being valid unless a title deed has been granted by government. The establishment of a new colony near the city of Los Angeles, in the locality called Potrero de Human, where government possesses 681 cuadras of land, was projected, and instructions had been sent to the agents of Chili in Europe to promote emigration to those regions. The construction of another breakwater on the left bank of the river Cachapual was proposed. New regulations for the sale of Indian lands in the state of Arauco had been brought forward, with a view of civilizing this state and of putting a stop to the collisions with the Indians on the frontier. Thus we find the utmost zeal prevailing to push on the progress of the country. Nor were charitable works neglected. Beside other institutions in various parts of the country, there were in Santiago 47 sisters of charity, intrusted with the management of the several establishments in that city, independently of a central home wherein 150 girls are educated. Four sisters of Providence were to take charge of the Concepcion foundling hospital. In the Santiago lunatic asylum 96 patients were accommodated in Aug. 1858. -The number of pre-paid letters posted in Chili in 1857 was 613,729, of certified letters 410, of fined letters 126,297, of samples 6,509; of pre-paid newspapers 165,060, of fined newspapers 2,445; the letters posted exceeding 700,000, and the total number of letters, newspapers, and samples, 900,000. The receipts for postage amounted to $79,565 64. -Among the most prominent newspapers of Chili are El Mercurio de Provincias and El Mercurio del Vapor, published at Valparaiso. One of the best literary periodicals is the Revista de Ciencias y Letras of Santiago. The number of journals and periodicals is daily increasing. In Aug. 1858, appeared the first numbers of the Revista Medica-Quirurjica and the Revista del Pacifico, the latter accompanied by the Correo Literario, the first illustrated paper published in Chili, on the model, but on a smaller

scale, of the humorous Correo de Ultramar, or Museo de las Familias, the articles in the new journal to be accompanied with lithographed caricatures.-The following works treat of the natural and political history, geography, customs, manners, and commerce of Chili: Have stad, Chilidugu, seu Res Chilenses (Münster, 1779); Molina's "History of the Conquest of Chili," and Molina's "Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili" (Middletown, 1808); Hall's "Journal kept on the Coast of Chili" (London, 1825); Mier's "Travels in Chili and La Plata" (London, 1826); Pöppig's Reise in Chili, Peru, &c. (Leipsic, 1836); D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale (Paris, 1889); Gardiner, "A Visit to the Indians on the Frontiers of Chili" (London, 1841); Ried, Deutsche Auswanderung nach Chili (Valparaiso, 1847); Simon and Bromme, Auswanderung und Colonisation von Südamerika mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Freistaats Chili (Baireuth, 2d ed. 1849); M. Claude Gay's "Natural History of Chili," 18 vols. of which have been published by the government; Annales de la Universidad de Chili, which have appeared since 1843, and since 1850 in monthly numbers; Von Tschudi's "Peru;" Lieut. Gilliss's "Report of the U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition" (Washington, 1855'58), 6 vols.; Lieut. Smith's "Araucanians." Cast (Stuttgart, 1849), Kindermann (Berlin, 1849), and Philippi (Cassel, 1851), have all written on the German emigration to Chili.

CHILIAN MILL, a machine for crushing ores, in use particularly for those containing the precious metals. It differs from the arrastre already described (see ARRASTRE), by employing, instead of flat stones dragged around the upright revolving axis, a pair of heavy stone wheels, shaped like mill-stones, and when new from 4 to 6 feet in diameter; cast-iron wheels are sometimes used instead of those of stone. The wheels are set in a very strong frame, one on each side of the shaft and near to it. As the shaft revolves, the wheels revolve on their axis, and are at the same time carried around with the shaft, crushing by their weight, and grinding as they twist around, whatever they roll upon. The bed is a flat solid block of stone of circular form, with wooden sides rising a foot or more in height; the whole forming a water-tight tub. As the ore is thrown into this tub, water is admitted on one side, and flows out over the other, carrying the slime and lighter portions of the crushed ore. The metallic particles that escape with these are collected in other apparatus below. A considerable proportion of the precious metal is caught in the tub, its particles forming with the mercury placed in it a heavy analgam. In South America, where the Chilian mill was first used, it is run without water; but in the United States water is always employed. It is usually worked at the rate of 8 to 12 revolutions per minute, and, according to the hardness of the ore and the fineness to which it is reduced, crushes from 1 to 2 tons in 12 hours. The machine,

though one of the oldest in use, and introduced by a nation not remarkable for mechanical skill, continues to be a favorite among those used for crushing ores. It is of simple construction, readily made from the rude materials found in the mining regions, and is very efficient in use. CHILIÄST. See MILLENNIUM.

CHILLICOTHE, or CHILICOTHE, a city, capital of Ross co., Ohio, on the right bank of the Scioto river, 45 m. in a direct line, or 70 m. following the windings above its junction with the Ohio, and 3 m. above the mouth of Paint creek, 45 m. S. of Columbus, and 96 m. N. E. of Cincinnati. Pop. in 1850, 7,100; in 1858, about 10,000. It is beautifully situated, 30 feet above the river, on a plain which forms the bottom of a valley, enclosed by 2 ranges of cultivated hills 500 feet high. The principal avenues follow the course of the stream, and are intersected at right angles by others, all lighted with gas, regularly planned, and many of them containing fine buildings. The 2 main streets, which cross each other in the centre of the city, are each 99 feet wide; Water street, facing the river, is 82 feet wide; and the width of the others is 66 feet. A supply of water is obtained from extensive works erected at s cost of $75,000. Beside a court-house, jail, U.S. land office, 2 markets, and other public edifices, the city contained, in 1855, 14 churches, viz.: 1 Associate Reformed, 2 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Lutheran, 5 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, and 2 Roman Catholic; 4 printing offices, issuing a daily and 4 weekly newspapers; 2 paper mills 4 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 academies, and 3 banks. The assessed value of real estate in 1853 was $1,711,289. Chillicothe has advanced rapidly in wealth and population, owing partly to its geographical position, and partly to its facilities of communication with other cities. It is the centre of nearly all the trade of the rich farming country bordering on the Scioto, which is rightly considered one of the finest agricultural districts of the United States. The Marietta and Cincinnati railroad, lately completed, passes through Chillicothe, and by means of a steamboat from Marietta to Parkersburg, 9 m. distant, on the Virginia side of the Ohio river, opens a communication with the north-western railroad of Virginia. It also renders accessiblə the rich coal and iron mines of southern Ohio. The Ohio and Erie canal extends from Portsmouth, at the mouth of the Scioto, through this city, to Columbus and Cleveland. Chillicothe was founded by emigrants from Virginia in 1796, and from 1800 to 1810 was the seat of the state government. The old capitol, built in 1801, and in which the first state constitution was framed, has been torn down and replaced by an elegant building of Scioto freestone.

CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, an English divine and controversial writer, born at Oxford in Oct. 1602, died at Chichester, Jan. 30, 1644. He was admitted a scholar of Trinity college, Oxford, in 1618, and elected a fellow in 1628. He made great proficiency in divinity and

mathematics, and displayed remarkable skill in disputation. The theologians and university scholars in his time were constantly debating the comparative merits of the churches of England and Rome, and Chillingworth, while delighting in ingenious argumentation, became unsettled in his opinions. A Jesuit, named Fisher, convinced him of the necessity of an infallible rule of faith, whereupon he immediately abjured Protestantism and proceeded to the college of the Jesuits at Douay. He had no sooner taken this step than he "doubted that his new opinion was an error," and by invitation of Laud, then bishop of London, he returned to Oxford to reexamine the whole question. He soon abandoned the communion of the Roman church, and in 1634 wrote a refutation of the arguments which had induced him to join it. Engaging in controversy with several distinguished Jesuits, he published in 1638, in answer to one of them, his "Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation," which passed to a second edition in 5 months, was received with general applause, and is still esteemed a model of perspicuous reasoning and one of the ablest defences of the Protestant cause. Maintaining that the Protestant's sole judge is the Bible, and its solo interpreter private judgment, he was opposed not only by the Roman Catholics but by the Puritans, who affirmed that he destroyed faith by resolving it into reason. The appellations of Arian and Socinian were applied to him, and he for a time declined preferment on the ground of scruples as to the subscription of the 39 articles. In 1638 he subscribed to the articles, regarding them as a basis of peace or union and not of belief or assent, and was promoted to the chancellorship of Salisbury, with the prebend of Brixworth annexed. During the civil war he was zealously attached to the royal party, and at the siege of Gloucester in 1643, he directed the making of some engines in imitation of the Roman testudines for assaulting the town. He was taken prisoner the next year, died after a short illness, and was buried in the cathedral of Chichester. Dr. Cheynell, one of his severest antagonists, attended and treated him kindly in his last sickness, but appeared at his funeral, and after an admonitory oration hurled a copy of the "Religion of Protestants" into the grave of its author, exclaiming: "Earth to earth, dust to dust." He published in 1644 (2d edition in 1725), "Chillingworthi Novissima; or the Sickness, Heresy, Death, and Burial of William Chillingworth," which has been described as "the quintessence of railing, which ought to be kept as the pattern and standard of that sort of writing." The works of Chillingworth have been frequently republished, the earliest complete edition being that of London, 1742, in folio, with a life of the author by Dr. Birch. The constant study of them is recommended by Locke "for attaining the way of right reasoning." Anthony Wood affirms that he had "such extraordinary clear reason, that if the great Turk or devil

could be converted, he was able to do it." His character and ability were admired by his contemporaries, and he was reckoned the most acute logician of his age; yet Lord Clarendon says that he "had contracted such an irresolution and habit of doubting, that at last he was confident of nothing." He has therefore been cited by Dugald Stewart as an instance of the ruinous effects of scholastic logic.

CHILLON, CASTLE OF, a fortress in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, at the E. extremity of the lake of Geneva, on an isolated rock surrounded by deep water, and connected with the mainland by a wooden bridge. It was built by Amadeus IV. of Savoy in 1238, and for many years was a state prison. Bonnivard, prior of St. Victor, was confined here from 1530 to 1536. The place has been rendered famous by Byron's "Prisoner of Chillon." The castle is now used as an arsenal.

CHILMARY, or CHILMAREE (Hindoo, Chalamari), a beautifully situated but ill-built town in British India, on the Brahmapootra, in the district of Rungpoor, lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, lat. 25° 25' N., long. 89° 46′ E., 36 m. from the town of Rungpoor. At certain religious and commercial festivals, from 60,000 to 100,000 Hindoos are said to assemble here.

CHILO, or CHILON, one of the 7 sages of Greece, and one of the ephori of Sparta, flourished toward the commencement of the 6th century B. C., and is said to have died of joy on occasion of his son's gaining the prize for boxing at the Olympic games. The institution of the ephoralty has been frequently, but it is believed erroneously, ascribed to this sage. According to Pliny, he caused the words, "Know thyself," to be inscribed in letters of gold on the temple of Delphi. He said that three things were very difficult: to keep a secret, to make the best use of time, and to suffer injuries without murmuring.

CHILOE, a province of Chili, comprising the island of its own name and the smaller islands in the gulf of Ancud which together constitute the archipelago of Chiloe; pop. in 1858, 65,743. It is separated from Chili by a strait not more than one mile in width, and from Patagonia by the gulf of Ancud. It measures 120 m. from N. to S., and about 60 m. at the widest part from W. to E. The western shores are composed of masses of rock, rising abruptly from the sea to a height of from 1,500 to about 3,000 feet. On the E. the coasts are lower. There are numerous inlets which afford good anchorage, but there are few commodious harbors. The interior is mountainous, and covered with magnificent but impenetrable forests, which impart to the country a singularly beautiful appearance. No mines have been discovered in this or any of the adjoining islands, although traces of coal have been found, and many of the streams are strongly impregnated with copper, iron, and other mineral substances. The climate is temperate and generally healthy. Incessant rains prevail

in winter, and even in the summer season the air is frequently loaded with moisture. The soil is composed of rich sandy loam, and produces the beech, cypress, laurel, and other trees, wheat, barley, potatoes, apples, and strawberries. Cattle, sheep, and swine are raised in great numbers. Oysters and other shell-fish are found on the shores, and constitute an important part of the food of the inhabitants. A kind of coarse woollen cloth, dyed blue, is the principal local manufacture. Timber, hides, brooms, woollens, and provisions are the chief exports, and about 1,500 vessels find employment in the coasting trade. Chiloe was discovered by the Spaniards in 1558. Castro, founded in 1566, was anciently its capital, but San Carlos is now the chief town and port. The Chiloe archipelago consists of upward of 60 small islands, about 20 of which are inhabited, and several well cultivated. The most prominent of these are Quinchao, Lemuy, Calbuco, and Llaicha. The province is divided into 10 districts, and is governed by an intendant and a provisional assembly, subject to the general government.

CHILTERN HUNDREDS, a small and hilly district, extending through part of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which a nominal office is attached in the gift of the crown, the person chosen to fill it being called the steward of the Chiltern Hundreds. This office is associated with a parliamentary usage of England. A member of the house of commons cannot directly resign his seat; to accomplish that object indirectly, it is customary for a member wishing to resign to accept a nominal office under the crown, such as the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds, and the acceptance of this office at once vacates his seat in parliament, and a new writ is issued.

CHIMÆRA, in Grecian mythology, a threeheaded, fire-breathing monster, sprung from Typhon and Echidna, and killed by Bellerophon. The fore part of its body was that of a lion, the hind part that of a dragon, and the middle part that of a goat; while it had 3 heads, each of which resembled that of one of the 3 animals. Works of art have been discovered in Lycia on which the Chimæra is represented, not as a monster of triune conformation, but in the simple individuality of a species of lion which even still exists in that region. The term chimera, applied figuratively to a vain, idle fancy, is derived from this fabled monster.

CHIMARA, KIMARA, OF CHIMARI, a mountain range of Albania, called by the ancients Ceraunii Montes, the thunder mountains, on account of the frequent thunder storms which occur among them. They terminate in Cape Linguetta, the old name for which, Acroceraunia, was sometimes applied to the whole range.

CHIMAY, the name of a little principality in the Belgian province of Hainaut, with a thriving capital of the same name on the river Blanche, in the arrondissement of Charleroi; pop. 3,400. In former times it belonged to the lords of Croy. In 1470 it was made a county by Charles the

Bold of Burgundy, and in 1486 a principality by Maximilian of Hapsburg. After passing through various hands, it reverted by inheritance in the beginning of this century to the French family Riquet de Caraman.-The most celebrated member of this family was the princess of Chimay, JEANNE MARIE IGNACE THÉRÈSE, bora in Saragossa about 1775, died in Brussels, Jan. 15, 1835. She was the daughter of Count Cabarrus, minister of finance in Spain. Married at a very early age to M. de Fontenay, a councillor to the parliament of Bordeaux, from whom she was soon divorced, she became interested in the revolutionary movement, but gave umbrage to the government and was arrested. Tallien, on passing through Bordeaux, fell in love with the beautiful prisoner, procured her liberation, and finally married her. On her arrival in Paris, her beauty created a great sensation. She took a deep interest in politics, siding with the moderate republicans. She prevailed upon her husband to engage in a plot for the overthrow of Robespierre, and was thus the promoter of the revolution of Thermidor. From this period, her house became the centre of the most brilliant society of Paris, and she was for years, but especially during the directory, the queen of fashion. In concert with Madame Récamier and other distinguished ladies, she appeared in the Tuileries in a Greek attire, rather more remarkable for its transparency than elegance, and won universal admiration by the classical perfection of her person. Such triumphs were far from being acceptable to her husband, who had still more serious causes of complaint. He left France, first travelling in England, then accompanying Bonaparte to Egypt. On his return to Paris, he was divorced from his wife by mutual consent. In 1805 she took as her third husband Count Caraman, François Joseph Philippe de Riquet (born Sept. 21, 1773, died March 2, 1843), who soon became prince of Chimay, and lived with him on good terms, residing in Paris, Nice, or at his castle of Chimay in Belgium. She kept for many years her rank among the beauties of France, but was never admitted to the court of Napoleon; and although her hus band had access to nearly all the courts of Europe, she was excluded from them, even from that of Belgium, where the prince held the office of first chamberlain to Leopold. Her revolutionary reputation had closed to her the doors of the monarchical world. She was not only a handsome, but a most generous, kind, amiable, and witty woman, always ready to serve even her enemies. A lady whom she had saved from death during the revolution, said of her: "If you call Madame Bonaparte our lady of victory, you must call Madame Tallien our lady of good help."-JOSEPH DE RIQUET, Count Caraman, the present prince of Chimay, eldest son of the preceding, born Aug. 20, 1808, officiated for many years as Belgian ambassador at the Hague, Frankfort-on-the-Main, and Rome, represented in the Belgian chamber of deputies the district of Thuin, where his estates are situa

ted, and married, Aug. 25, 1830, Emilie de Pellapra. His eldest son, Marie Joseph Guy Henri Philippe, born Oct. 9, 1836, married, June 16, 1857, to Marie de Montesquiou-Fezensac, is heir presumptive of the principality of Chimay. The title of prince is vested in the eldest son alone. CHIMBORAZO, the most famous peak of the Andes, is situated in lat. 1° 30′ S., long. 79 W. It was for a long time supposed to be not only the highest point on the western continent, but the highest in the world. This distinction it has now lost, as it ranks only as the 6th among the loftiest peaks of the Andes, and falls far below some of the mountains in the Himalaya chain. Its elevation above the sea was ascertained by Humboldt to be 21,440 feet. It is surrounded by high table-lands, above which it rises less than 12,000 feet, so that on a near approach it appears less gigantic than when viewed from a distance. The form of the mountain is that of a truncated cone, and its appearance from the coast of the Pacific is peculiarly grand. Nearly 200 m. distant, it resembles an enormous semi-transparent dome, defined by the deep azure of the sky; dim, yet too decided in outline to be mistaken for a cloud. Its top is covered 'with perpetual snow. Humboldt and his companions, in 1802, made extraordinary exertions to reach its summit, and arrived within about 2,000 feet of that point, then believed to be the greatest elevation ever attained by man. Here they planted their instruments upon a narrow ledge of porphyritic rock, which projected from the vast field of unfathomed snow. A broad impassable chasm prevented their further advance; beside which, they felt in the extreme all the usual inconveniences of such high situations. They were enveloped in thick fogs, and in an atmosphere of the most piercing cold. They breathed with difficulty, and blood burst from their eyes and lips. One other traveller, J. B. Boussingault, in 1831 ascended still higher, reaching an elevation of 19,689 feet; but the summit of this gigantic mountain still remains unexplored by man.

CHIMES, a set of bells tuned to the modern musical scale, and struck by hammers which are moved either by clock-work or by hand. In the latter case they are commonly termed carillons, a naine applied by the French in common parlance indiscriminately to the tune played and to the series of bells, whether sounded by machinery or by hand, though the most accurate writers distinguish the latter as carillons à clavier. The mechanism for sounding chimes consists of a cylinder from the circumference of which project pegs placed at proper intervals according to the order in which each bell is to be struck. This is made to revolve by clock-work, and the pegs are thus brought into contact with levers operating upon the bell-hammers. Carillons are played by means of an attachment similar to the key-board of a piano-forte; for the larger kinds the keys are of great size, and the performer strikes them not with his fingers but with his fists, which

are guarded by leathern coverings. Notwithstanding the great force requisite in playing this colossal instrument, musicians have sometimes acquired marvellous skill in performing on it the most difficult airs. It is often adapted to music in 3 parts, the base being played on pedals and the first and second trebles with the hands. Potthoff, a blind organist and carillon player of Amsterdam, used to execute fugues on it, though every key required a force equal to the weight of 2 lbs. A pleasing application of chimes is made to clocks and watches, by which they ring out the hours, halves, and quarters. When intended to be placed in a small compass, the bells are arranged concentrically one within another. This species of music is supposed to have originated in some of the monastic institutions of Germany, and the first instrument for producing it is said to have been made at Alost, in the Netherlands, in 1487. Among the finest sets of chimes in Europe are those at Copenhagen and Ghent. At Amsterdam there are both carillons and chimes, the former of 3 octaves, with all the semitones complete.

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CHIMNEY (Lat. caminus, Gr. kaμivos, a furnace), the flue for conveying off the smoke of fires. Simple as are these contrivances, chimneys do not appear to have been known in ancient times. According to Tomlinson, they were probably in use in England before those of Padua, the earliest record of which carries them back to some period previous to 1368, when Carraro, lord of Padua, introduced them into Rome. But the use of the curfew bell in preceding centuries indicates their absence, when the practice prevailed of thus summoning the people to cover over the fires that burned in pits in the centre of the floor, under an opening in the roof. In Venice they appear to have been common in the 14th century, a number being thrown down, it is recorded, by an earthquake on Jan. 25, 1347. Leland thus speaks of Bolton castle, which he says was finiched or kynge Richard the 2 dyed:" "One thynge I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimeneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and by this means, and by no covers, is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely conveyed." But for centuries afterward they appear to have been known only as luxuries in the houses of the great; and in the time of Queen Elizabeth visitors were occasionally sent to houses thus provided, that they might have the enjoyment of this convenience. Beckmann, in his "History of Inventions," has gathered from ancient sources many curious allusions to what in our translations are called chimneys; but these appear after all to have been nothing better than holes in the roof, through which the smoke found its way out, as from the wigwams of the American Indians. Neither Vitruvius, nor Julius Pollux, an ancient lexicographer, who gives the names of all parts of a house in Greek, nor Grapaldi, who does the same in Latin, makes