6. Das Lateinische Dativ-Locativ, by Höfer, published in his Zeitschrift: in which he attempts to show, that the Dative is only an application of the Locative, inasmuch as the latter expresses whither as well as where. This view seems supported by some analogies; but it is hardly credible that two so differ ent relations would be expressed by the same suffix.

7. Aphoristische Beiträge zur Lateinischen Grammatik. Blume. Brandenburg, 1845; devoted to the subject of Gender, and of the formation of the cases, which are discussed in an attractive manner, but the former not with such thoroughness as in Grimm's German Grammar.

8. De comparativis et superlativis linguæ Græcæ et Latino. Nordhusiæ, 1844; in which the results of the latest investiga tions are well brought together, and some new views added.

9. Bedenken u. Fragen über die pronomina indefinita u. inter rogativa. The writer carries out the view, that the indefinite pronouns all originate in the demonstrative, and the interroga tive in the indefinite.

10. Uber hæc as fem. plural; an article in the Rheinisches Museum, by Fleckeisen. The writer shows from the best MSS., that hac occurs as fem. plural six times in Cicero, in Cæsar once, and many times in Livy.

11. The next book noticed is the Fifth Part of Bopp's Com parative Grammar, a work already so well known, that a mere mention of the title and contents of this Part will be sufficient for our purpose. The title is, Fünfte Abtheilung der verglei chenden Grammatik, von Franz Bopp, Berlin, 1849; and this Part is given to the continuation of the formation of verbs, and in particular to Derivative Verbs and Nouns. This work, so important for the whole subject of philology, will be com pleted with the Sixth Part, which, it is hoped, may soon appear. The next two are Gymnasium programmes-a most valuable class of German philological publications--the subjects of which are of a kindred nature, viz:

12. Lingnau: De verbalibus quibusdam in men et mentum exeuntibus: and

13. De substantivis verbalibus in io et us desinentibus: Dziadek, in the programme of Trzemessno, 1847.

The next six works are of a different character, and are con nected only indirectly with Latin grammar, being devoted to the discussion, either of the earliest remains of the Latin, or of existing monuments of Italian languages allied to the Latin.

14. Origines poesis Romance. W. Corssen. Berolini, 1846. A careful collection and explanation of the fragments of the Carmen Saliare, and other ancient Latin poems.

15. De substantivorum Umbricorum declinatione. This con

sists of two programmes of the Tilsit Gymnasium, 1846-47, written by A. P. Zeuss, and embodying the results of the most diligent investigation.

16. Die Umbrischen Sprachdenkmäler; von S. Th. Aufrecht u. A. Kirchhoff. Berlin, 1849. In this most learned work the writers explain these obscure remains of a remote age and people, and not only bring to light the meaning of the inscriptions, but also unfold the language itself to which they belong, in its sounds and its forms. It is clearly shown that the Umbrian was very nearly related to the Latin in its vowels and consonants; and the treatment of the forms develops important affinities with those of Latin, and throws some light on the older Latin forms.

17. Inscriptiones Umbrica et Oscæ, quotquot adhuc reperto sunt Omnes; Lepsius: Berolini, 1841. This work of Lepsius was one of the earliest in this department of Philology, and gave a new impulse to its investigation. On the basis of the results which it furnished, Dr. Peter, in the Halle Literary Journal, 1842, projected his outlines of a grammar of the Oscan.

Then followed Mommsen, with his fruitful researches into the monuments, and the language and history of the Oscans, in his Oskische Studien, Berlin, 1845; and the Nachträge, published in 1846. These were succeeded by

18. Das Oskische, by Curtius, in Bergk's Zeitschrift, Nos. 49, 50, and 61-63; which carry forward the plan begun by Peter, and subject the Oscan sounds and forms to a new examination.

19. Die Unteritalischen Dialekte, von Th. Mommsen. Leipzig, 1850. This book embodies the results of various treatises, on separate points, formerly published by Mommsen, which have been enlarged, united, and wrought into one entire and organic work, which marks an important advance upon the labors of Lepsius, and is the most extensive and valuable authority on the ancient dialects of Lower Italy. Besides its absolute worth for these dialects, it has a great relative value for the study of Latin grammar. It clearly results from the author's investigations, that the Latin is no mixture, as sometimes represented, of ancient Italian dialects; on the contrary, while, in its roots and forms, it is nearly allied to the UmbricoSabellian tongues, and especially the Oscan, it has many peculiarities which could not have been derived from that source, or from the Greek, and which pre-suppose an independent development, within the limits of the great Indo-Germanic stock of languages. The dialects treated by Mr. Mommsen, are the Messapian, the Oscan, and the Volscan. Of these, the Oscan furnishes the richest materials for study; and, in an extended history of its province and duration, the author has

attained the most valuable results. All the remains of this language he has carefully copied, collected together, and subjected to a most rigid investigation. The duration of the language lies within the years 331 and 666 of Rome. This interval is considered as divided into two eras: the first extends to the year 400, and all the remains belonging to this era exhibit the traces of Grecian influence; the remains of the second era, which comprehends the remainder of the above interval, indicate a free and independent development of the language, and a high degree of culture in the people who spoke it. The author, after having interpreted the several existing monuments, proceeds to unfold a system of the language to which they belong.

From the examination of these various works, all of which, as it has been seen, discuss either detached points of Latin grammar, or topics indirectly connected with it, the reviewer next passes to those which embrace the whole subject, and form entire grammars of the language. Of this class, no one has yet appeared of a purely scientific character, intended only for the exhibition of the language in all its phenomena; but all are school-books, and limited in materials and form, though they differ in compass and mode of treatment, according to the different views of the authors in respect to the requisites of a school grammar. They are all considered under three classes: first, those which proceed upon the old method of grammar, which arranges the phenomena of language according to the different kinds and forms of words, what we may call the historical method; second, those which follow the new method, which aims to deduce the entire grammar out of the development of the sentence, what we may hence call the organic or philosophical method; and lastly, those in which there is an attempt to unite the two methods, by retaining the old for the most part, and abandoning it for the new only in certain parts.

Of the works belonging to the first of these classes, the Grammar of Zumpt (in the recent tenth edition) deservedly holds the first rank. This grammar is well known to all our readers; and also the excellent English translation from the ninth edition, executed by Dr. Schmitz, and published in London in 1845. We shall give only the title of the last edition, viz: Lateinische Grammatik, von C. G. Zumpt, Dr., 10te Auflage, Dummler, Berlin, 1850. Next to Zumpt's, and also a well-known work, is the grammar of Schultz, Lateinische Sprachlehre zunächst für Gymnasien bearbeitet, von Ferd. Schulz, Paderborn, 1848. To the same class belongs the Lateinische Satzlehre, u.s.w., of Venedey, Wien, 1848. This, as

seen from the title, is the second part or the Syntax of the author's grammar, the first part of which was published some time since.

Billroth's grammar does not keep so strictly to the old method. The author was an acute thinker, and at the same time a man of strong practical tendencies, so that, although he was not insensible to the defects of the old system, he was unwilling to carry through an entire change in accordance with his own ideas. The consequence was, that by adopting the new system only in certain respects, he failed to shape his materials into a well-ordered and symmetrical whole. Of this work, there is a new edition, by Dr. Ellendt, entitled, Lateinische Schulgrammatik, von Dr. G. Billroth, 3te Ausgabe, besorgt von Dr. Fr. Ellendt, Leipzig, 1848. In this edition, the editor has retained the plan of Billroth, but has made alterations, by change of expressions, and by additions or abridgments. In particular, he has enlarged the chapter on the arrangement of words, and the structure of the sentence; and the chapter on metres he has entirely changed, and made much fuller and better suited to the wants of pupils.

To the intermediate class of grammars, (the third in our division above,) belongs also the Grössere Lateinische Gramma tik, u.s.w., von Dr. C. E. Putsche, Jena, 1850. This is more conservative than Billroth's, as the influence which it concedes to the new method is rather external and apparent, than internal and real. In the preface the author says, that he has sought to unite the new and the old method; that he has accordingly divided the syntax into three parts: in the first two, which belongs to elementary instruction, he has followed the old method; but in the third, intended for a higher course of teaching, he has adopted "the method of Becker, which initiates the student into a profounder understanding of the language, and especially of the inner nature of the sentence." But in reality, the author has not applied to this third part the method of Becker; its adoption, indeed, under such circumstances, were scarcely possible. To illustrate this point, we need not follow the reviewer into all his details, but only mention such parts as seem essential. The third division of this part treats, in two subdivisions, of "Conjunctions, or of the Compound Sentence." This caption itself suggests an expectation of a different plan from that described in the preface, and the expectation is confirmed by the opinion soon expressed, that "the doctrine of the compound sentence can be conveniently taught in that of the conjunctions; for this opinion, in direct inversion of Becker's system, makes the various relations of sentences subordinate to the conjunctions, though the latter are only the ex

ponents of the former. Still further, the title is deceptive, for in the chapter which follows it, the doctrine of the conjunctions is not given, but really has been given already in an earlier chapter in the etymology, while the co-ordinate and the subordinate sentences, so far as designated by conjunctions, are dispatched in this part of the syntax in very few words, their grammatical relations scarcely touched, and their connections with the principal sentence not fully explained, but only indicated. What the author has done in executing his plan, is summed up as follows: he has dispensed with the Syntaxis ornata, (as it is found e. g. in Zumpt,) has adopted Becker's account of attributive sentences, and has touched upon the other relations of the compound sentence only in general remarks, while he has not arranged the entire subject-matter according to the system which lies at the basis of such remarks, but has put it partly in the etymology and partly in the syntax, and has left it for the teacher or the pupil to search for, and gather up the necessary details to fill up the outline which is sketched in the third part of his book. It will be seen that the reviewer's criticism is fatal to the claims which this work assumes of illustrating the new method, or of uniting it successfully with the old. Indeed, the plan itself, projected probably from practical considerations, and from a desire to shun too violent changes in grammatical instruction, is scarcely feasible. This work of Putsche, who is a most able Latin scholar and grammarian, is a continuation (as is expressed in its title, which we omitted from its length) of his smaller grammar, published in 1843; and is intended for a higher course of instruction. Most of the etymology contained in the smaller work has been transferred unchanged to the larger; the first two parts of the Syntax appear in the larger greatly enlarged and improved; while the third, which has been above described, is entirely new. The usefulness of the smaller work, its practical success, and the untiring labors of the author to improve it, are all favorably dwelt upon by the reviewer; and the excellence of the new work, considered as a text book, conducted on the old plan, is acknowledged, and illustrated in many particulars.

The next work reviewed is the grammar of Kritz and Berger, entitled Schulgrammatik der Lateinischen Sprache, von Dr. Fr. Kritz und Dr. F. Berger. Göttingen, 1848. This strictly belongs to the second of the above mentioned classes, being constructed entirely upon the new method. We should far transgress our limits, if we should give a full abstract of Professor Weissenborn's review of this grammar; and we shall aim to seize upon only so much as shall show the place which the work is designed to fill, and its character and its merits, or