turbances of that country are connected with this place. Here Henry III was murdered by Clement (q. v.), Aug. 2, 1589; and, in modern times, it has been rendered famous by the revolution of the 18th of Brumaire, which destroyed the directory, and established the consular government. Napoleon chose St. Cloud for his residence; hence the expression, cabinet of St. Cloud. Under the former government, the phrase was cabinet of Versailles, or cabinet of the Tuileries. In 1814, St. Cloud was besieged, March 31, by the van-guard of the army of the allies under Langeron. April 7, the headquarters of the allied armies were there, and remained there until June 3. In 1815, Blücher had his head-quarters at St. Cloud; and here also was concluded the military convention (July 3, 1815), by which Paris fell a second time into the hands of the allies. Bignon, Guilleminot and count Bondi acted on the part of France, general Műffling (the same who was, in 1829, a mediator between Russia and Turkey, at Constantinople, sent there by the king of Prussia) for Prussia, colonel Hervey for England. The dubious sense of several points determined in the convention afterwards occasioned mutual reproaches.

CLOVE. The clove is the unexpanded flower-bud of an East Indian tree (caryophillus aromaticus), somewhat resembling the laurel in its height, and in the shape of its leaves. The leaves are in pairs, oblong, large, spear-shaped, and of a brightgreen color. The flowers grow in clusters, which terminate the branches, and have the calyx divided into four small and pointed segments. The petals are small, rounded, and of a bluish color; and the seed is an oval berry. In the Molucca islands, where the raising of different spices was formerly carried on by the Dutch colonists to great extent, the culture of the clove-tree was a very important pursuit. It has even been asserted, that, in order to secure a lucrative branch of commerce in this article to themselves, they destroyed all the trees growing in other islands, and confined the propagation of them to that of Ternate. But it appears that, in 1770 and 1772, both clove and nutmeg-trees were transplanted from the Moluccas into the islands of France and Bourbon, and subsequently into some of the colonies of South America, where they have since been cultivated with great success. At a certain season of the year, the clove-tree produces a vast profusion of flowers. When these have attained the length of about half an inch, the four points of the calyx being prominent, and

having, in the middle of them, the leaves of the petals folded over each other, and forming a small head about the size of a pea, they are in a fit state to be gathered. This operation is performed betwixt the months of October and February, partly by the hand, partly by hooks, and partly by beating the trees with bamboos. The cloves are either received on cloths spread beneath the trees, or are suffered to fall on the ground, the herbage having been previously cut and swept for that purpose. They are subsequently dried by exposure for a while to the smoke of wood fires, afterwards to the rays of the sun. When first gathered, they are of a reddish color, but, by drying, they assume a deep-brown cast. This spice yields a very fragrant: odor, and has a bitterish, pungent, and warm taste. It is sometimes employed as a hot and stimulating medicine, but is more frequently used in culinary preparations. When fresh gathered, cloves will yield, on pressure, a fragrant, thick, and reddish oil; and, by distillation, a limpid essential oil. Oil of cloves is used by many persons, though very improperly, for curing the tooth-ache; since, from its pungent quality, it is apt to corrode the gums and injure the adjacent teeth. When the tooth is carious, and will admit of it, a bruised clove is much to be preferred.

CLOVE BARK, or CULILAWAN BARK (cortex lauri culilawan) is furnished by a tree of the Molucca islands. It is in pieces more or less long, almost flat, thick, fibrous, covered with a white epidermis, of a reddish-yellow inside, of a nutmeg and clove odor, and of an aromatic and sharp taste. It is one of the substitutes for cinnamon, but not much used. We find, also, in commerce, under the name of clove bark, another bark furnished by the myrthus caryophillata (Lin.). It is in sticks two feet long, formed of several pieces of very thin and hard bark, rolled up one over the other, of a deep brown color, of a taste similar to that of cloves. It possesses the same properties as the former barks, and may be considered as a substitute for them.

ver is a deep, sandy loam, which is favorable to its long tap-roots; but it will grow in any soil not too moist. So congenial is calcarious matter to clover, that the mere strewing of lime on some soils will call into action clover-seeds, which, it would appear, have laid dormant for ages. It is a recommendation of this grass, that it is adapted to a soil suitable to scarcely any other kind of grass-to land which is dry, light, sandy, or composed mostly of gravel. Clover-seed should be sowed in the spring, except in climates where there are no severe winter frosts. The young plants which come up in autumn cannot bear the frost so well as those which have had a whole summer to bring them to maturity. Spring wheat is a very good crop with which to sow clover and other grassseed. It is recommended to sow the grassseed, and plough or harrow it in with the wheat. If it be scattered on the surface without being well covered, a part does not vegetate, and that which does will be liable to injury from drought. Cloverseed may also be sown in the spring on winter grain, and harrowed in. European writers agree with American cultivators, that the harrowing will do no damage, but will be of service to the grain. The author of a valuable work, entitled a Treatise on Agriculture, lately published in Albany, directs 10 or 12 pounds of clover-seed to be sown on an acre, if the soil be rich, and double that quantity if it be poor. He condemns the practice of mixing the seeds of timothy, rye, grass, &c. with that of clover, "because these grasses neither rise nor ripen at the same time." Another practice, equally bad (according to this writer), "is that of sowing cloverseed on winter grain before the earth has acquired a temperature favorable to vegetation, and when there can be no doubt but that two thirds of the seeds will perish." Clover-seed of a bright yellow, with a good quantity of purple and brown colored seed amongst it, which shows its maturity, should be preferred. When perfectly ripe and well gathered, its power of vegetation will continue for four or five years. Two sorts of machines are described in the Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society, for gathering clover-seed. One of these machines consists of an open box about four feet square at the bottom, and about three feet in height on three sides; to the fore part, which is open, fingers are fixed, about three feet in length, and so near as to break off the heads from the clover-stocks between them, which are thrown back as

the box advances. The box is fixed on an axle-tree, supported by small wheels, with handles fixed to the hinder part, by which the driver, while managing the horse, raises or depresses the fingers of the machine, so as to take off the heads of the grass. The other machine, called a cradle, is made of an oak board about 18 inches in length and 10 in breadth. The fore part of it, to the length of 9 inches, is sawed into fingers; a handle is inserted behind, inclined towards them, and a cloth put round the back part of the board, which is cut somewhat circular, and raised on the handle; this collects the heads or tops of the grass, and prevents them from scattering as they are struck off by the cradle, which may be made of different sizes,-being smaller in proportion for women and children, who, by means of it, may likewise collect large quantities.-2. Trifolium repens, or white clover. This also thrives best in light land. It is a natural grass of the U. States, but, when sown by itself, it rarely grows tall enough to be well cut with a sithe. When mixed with timothy or green grass (poa viridis), it makes excellent hay. Clover requires much attention to make it into hay. Its stalks are so succulent, that the leaves, which are the best part, are apt to crumble and waste away before the hay is well dried. It has, therefore, been recommended to cart it to the mow or stack before the stalks are dry, and either to put it up with alternate layers of hay and straw, or to salt it at the rate of from half a bushel to a whole bushel per ton. Green clover is good for swine. The late judge Peters, of Pennsylvania, observed, "In summer, my hogs chiefly run on clover. Swine feeding on clover in the fields will thrive wonderfully; when those (confined or not) fed on cut clover will fall away." (Mem. Penn. Agr. Soc. vol. ii. p. 33.)

CLOVIS, king of the Franks, born 465, succeeded his father, Childeric, in 481, as chief of the warlike tribe of Salian Franks, who inhabited a barren country between the sea and the Scheldt. This tribe, at a former period, had made incursions into the neighboring territories, but were driven back into their forests and morasses. Clovis, therefore, united with Ragnacaire, king of Cambray, and declared war upon Syagrius (son of Aëtius), the Roman governor at Soissons. The Romans were entirely routed near Soissons, in 486. Syagrius fled to Toulouse, to the court of Alaric, king of the Goths, whose cowardly counsellors delivered him up to Clovis, by whom he was put to death. Soissons

now became the capital of the new kingdom of the Salian Franks. The uncultivated Clovis governed his new subjects with wisdom and moderation: he was particularly desirous to obtain the good will of the clergy. All the cities in Belgia Secunda submitted to him. Paris yielded to the victor in 493, and, in 507, was selected for the capital of his kingdom. In order to obtain assistance in withstanding the powerful Visigoths in Gaul, Clovis married Clotilda, niece of Gundebald, king of Burgundy. This princess, who had been educated in the Catholic faith, was desirous that her husband, also, should embrace it. Her efforts were fruitless, till, on an occasion when he was hard pressed in a battle against the Allemanni, near Zülpich (496), Clovis called on the God of Clotilda and the Christians. Victory declared in his favor; and the part of the territory of the Allemanni lying on the Upper Rhine submitted to the king of the Franks. The victor's conversion was now an easy matter for the eloquent St. Remigius, archbishop of Rheims. Clovis was solemnly baptized at Rheims, December 25, 496, with several thousand Franks, men and women. St. Remigius, at the same time, anointed him. The cities of Armorica (Bretagne) then submitted to his sceptre, in 497. There now remained in Gaul only two independent powers besides the Franks, viz. the Burgundians and Visigoths. The former had two kings, Godegisele and Gundebald. Clovis made an attack upon the latter, whose territories extended from the Vosges to the Alps and the sea-coast of Marseilles. Gundebald, deserted by the faithless Godegisele, was routed near Dijon, compelled to surrender Lyons and Vienne to the victorious Clovis, and to flee to Avignon, where he concluded a peace. Clovis returned home loaded with spoils. Gundebald afterwards violated the treaty; but Clovis, fearing the Goths, entered into a new alliance with him. Hostilities soon broke out between Alaric, king of the Goths, and Clovis. In the battle near Poictiers, between the rivers Vonne and Clouére, the latter gained a complete victory, slaying his enemy with his own hand, and conquered Aquitania. After this conquest, Clovis received the honor of the consulship from the emperor Anastasius. The king of the Franks, having his head adorned with a diadem, appeared in the church of St. Martin of Tours, clad in the tunic and purple robe, and was saluted by the people as consul and Augustus. He strengthened his authority, while

he tarnished his glory, by murders and cruelties. He died Nov. 26, 511, having reigned 30 years. His four sons divided his dominions between them. 25 years later, the kingdom of Burgundy came under the power of the Franks, the Ostrogoths were obliged to yield to them Arles and Marseilles, and Justinian conceded to them the sovereignty of Gaul. In the last year of his reign, Clovis had called a council at Orleans, from which are dated the peculiar privileges claimed by the kings of France in opposition to the pope.

CLUB; a society which meets on certain times at certain places, for various purposes; for instance, chess clubs, racing clubs, &c. The political clubs originated in England, and thence passed to France and to other countries. They were prohibited by a law of the German empire, made in 1793. The French clubs, during the revolution, must be considered as its focus. An accurate acquaintance with their history is indispensable for the understanding of a great part of the revolution. They were connected and regularly organized, and their resolutions were published. In the minuteness of their ramification throughout the country, they resembled the corresponding committees in the American colonies before the American revolution. These French clubs destroyed the constitution of 1795. They were afterwards prohibited. (See Jacobin and France.)

CLUE of a sail (in French, point) is the lower corner; and hence clue-garnets (cargues-point, Fr.) are a sort of tackles fastened to the clues of the mainsail and foresail, to truss them up to the yard, which is usually termed clueing-up the sails. Clue-lines are used for the same purpose as clue-garnets, only that the latter are confined to the courses, whilst the clue-lines are common to all the squaresails.

CLUNY; a town of France, in the Saône-and-Loire, lying between two mountains, on the Grône; 9 miles N. W. Maçon, 21 miles S. Châlons-sur-Saône; population, 3400. Here was a Benedictine abbey, founded by William, duke of Aquitaine, at one time the most celebrated in France. Its funds were vast, and its edifices had the appearance of a well built city. The church is one of the largest in France. The town contains 3 parishes. (See Abelard.)

CLYDE (anciently Glota); a river in Scot land, which rises in the south part of Lan erkshire, passes by Lanerk, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dumbarton, &c., and

forms the arm of the sea called the Frith of Clyde, at the southern extremity of the island of Bute. It is 70 miles long, and becomes navigable at Glasgow. It has romantic falls, particularly at Corrahouse and Stonebyres, of 84 and 80 feet perpendicular.

CLYMER, George, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was born in Philadelphia in 1739, of a respectable family. His father emigrated from Bristol, England. The death of his parents left George an orphan at the age of 7 years; but he was well taken care of by his uncle, William Coleman, who bequeathed to him the principal part of his fortune. After the completion of his studies, young Clymer entered into his uncle's countinghouse, though his inclination for cultivating his mind was much greater than for mercantile pursuits. When discontent had been excited in the colonies by the arbitrary acts of the British parliament, he was among the first in Pennsylvania to raise his voice in opposition, and was named by a meeting held in Philadelphia, Oct. 16, 1773, chairman of a committee appointed to demand of the commissioners for selling the tea which had been imported into America, on account of the East India company, their resignation of the office. The demand was complied with. Mr. Clymer was afterwards chosen a member of the council of safety, when the increasing troubles rendered such a body necessary. In 1775, he was appointed one of the first continental treasurers, but he resigned his office shortly after his first election to congress, in Aug., 1776. His zeal in the cause of his country was displayed by subscribing, himself, as well as by encouraging the subscriptions of others, to the loan opened for the purpose of rendering more effective the opposition to the measures of the British; and also by the disinterested manner in which he exchanged all his specie for continental currency. In July, 1776, he was chosen, together with doctor Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, George Ross and George Taylor, esquires, to supply the vacancy in congress occasioned by the resignation of the members of the Pennsylvania delegation, who had refused their assent to the declaration of independence. The new members were not present when the instrument was agreed upon, but they all affixed to it their signatures. In the autumn of 1777, his house in Chester county, in which his family resided, was plundered by a band of British soldiers, his property greatly damaged, and his wife and children con

strained to fly for safety. His services in the cause of liberty seemed, indeed, to have rendered him peculiarly obnoxious to the British; for, when they took possession of Philadelphia, a numerous body proceeded to tear down the house of his aunt, supposing it to be his, and only desisted when informed of their mistake. In the year 1780, Mr. Clymer was a member of an association which made an offer to congress of establishing a bank for the sole purpose of facilitating the transportation of a supply of 3,000,000 of rations and 300 hogsheads of rum to the army, which was on the point of disbanding, in consequence of its distressed condition. Congress received the offer, and pledged the faith of the U. States to the subscribers to the bank for their full indemnity, and deposited in it, as well for that purpose as in support of its credit, bills for £150,000 sterling, on the American ministers in Europe. Mr. Clymer was one of the gentlemen selected to preside over the institution, the good effects of which were long felt. In Nov., 1780, Mr. Clymer was again elected to congress, and strongly advocated there the establishment of a national bank. He was chosen, in May, 1782, to repair, with Mr. Rutledge, to the Southern States, and make such representations as were best adapted to procure from them their quotas for the purposes of the war, which were very remissly furnished. In the autumn of 1784, during which year party spirit had raged with great violence in Pennsylvania, he was elected to the legislature of that state, to assist in opposing the constitutionalists, who were so termed in consequence of their upholding the old constitution, which was justly deemed deficient. Pennsylvania is greatly indebted to his exertions for the amelioration of her penal code, which had previously been of so sanguinary a nature as to produce extreme and almost universal discontent. Mr. Clymer was also a member of the convention which framed the present constitution of the federal government, and was elected to the first congress which met when it was about to be carried into operation. After serving throughout the term, he declined a reëlection. In 1781, a bill having been passed in congress, imposing a duty on spirits distilled within the U. States, he was placed at the head of the excise department, in the state of Pennsylvania. In the year 1796, he was appointed, together with colonel Hawkins and colonel Pickens, to negotiate a treaty with the Cherokee and Creek Indians of Georgia. He subsequently

became the first president of the Philadelphia bank, and of the academy of arts. He died Jan. 23, 1813, in the 74th year of his age, at Morrisville, Bucks county, Pennsylvania.

CLYTEMNESTRA; daughter of king Tyndarus and Leda, and twin-sister of Helen. She bore her husband, Agamemnon, two daughters, Iphigenia and Electra, and one son, Orestes. During the absence of Agamemnon, in the war against Troy, she bestowed her favors on Ægisthus, and, in connexion with him, murdered Agamemnon on his return from Troy, and, together with her paramour, governed Mycene for seven years. Orestes killed them both. (See Agamemnon and Orestes.)

CNIDUS, or GNIDUS; a town in Caria, a province of Asia Minor, and a favorite place with Venus, who was, therefore, surnamed the Gnidian goddess. She had there three temples. The first, probably erected by the Lacedæmonian Dorians, was called the temple of Venus Doris. The second was consecrated to her under the name of Venus Acræa. The third, called the temple of the Gnidian Venus, and, by the inhabitants, the temple of Venus Euplaa, contained Praxiteles' marble statue of the goddess, one of the masterpieces of art. This was afterwards removed to Constantinople, where it perished in a conflagration, in 1461.

COACH. The coach is distinguished from other vehicles chiefly as being a covered box, hung on leathers. In the most ancient times, kings and princes had particular vehicles which they used on solemn occasions, but these were not covered. We find in the Bible, that such carriages were used in Egypt in the time of Joseph. Covered wagons also appear to be of great antiquity; for, even in Moses' time, such wagons were used for carrying loads, and the wandering Scythians are said to have had wagons covered with leather, to protect them from the weather: so, likewise, had the Spartans, who called these carriages kanathron. The seat of the coachman is also a very ancient invention of Oxylus, an Ætolian who took possession of the kingdom of Elis 1100 years B. C. The Romans had both open and covered carriages, the latter being used to transport sick soldiers and aged people: The covered carriage, called carruca, first mentioned by Pliny, was invented later. It was adorned with ivory, brass, and, finally, with gold and silver, and used only to convey magistrates, and distinguished individuals of both sexes. The carruca were drawn by mules. Covered carriages

but

were therefore known to the ancients; they were not acquainted with coaches, or carriages suspended on leathers. These are said to have been invented in Hungary, and their name, which, in the language of that country, signifies covered, to be also of Hungarian origin. Others derive the German name of the coach, Kutsche, from Gutsche, which signified, formerly, a bed; or from Kitsee or Kutsee, considering this as the place where the vehicle was invented. Others think that coaches were invented in France. Charles V is said to have used such a conveyance, when afflicted with the gout, and to have slept in it. The invention of coaches in Hungary is said to have taken place in 1457; but Isabella, the wife of Charles VI of France, is said to have made her entrance into Paris, in 1405, in a covered carriage, suspended on leathers. As, at first, none but ladies used these carriages in France, they were called, from this circumstance, chariots damerets. Under Francis I, the construction of coaches was much improved. They were called carrosses; and the openings were furnished with leather curtains. The first man who made use of one of these carriages was Raimond de Laval, a cavalier of the court of Francis I, who was so large, that no horse could carry him. His coach, and that of the celebrated Diana of Poitiers, duchess of Valentinois (q. v.), were made about 1540, and were the first carriages on springs in Paris; and, 10 years after, there were not more than three such vehicles in that city. Under Henry III (1574-89), the fourth coach was introduced. This was kept by a private person. Before that time, they were considered as belonging exclusively to the_royal family, or to very distinguished officers. Henry IV, who is known to have been murdered in a coach, kept but one carriage for himself and his wife, as appears from a letter, in which he tells a friend, as an excuse for his absence, that his wife was using the coach. The marshal Bassompierre, in 1599, brought the first coach with glass windows from Italy into France. In 1658, there were 520 coaches in Paris, and the number went on continually increasing. In Germany, the emperors and princes used coaches as early as the 15th century. The emperor Frederic III, for instance, went in one to Frankfort in 1474. In 1509, the wife of the elector Joachim I of Brandenburg had a gilded coach, and 12 others ornamented with crimson. Coaches are said to have been introduced into Spain in 1546, and into Sweden in the last half of the 16th centu