in 1709, at Paris. His early connexion with Haguenier, Gallet and Pannard, writers of Anacreontic songs and vaudevilles, instilled into him the same inclination for pleasure, the same gay philosophy. Dramatic poetry he loved from his earliest youth. Some of his pieces are still found in the Répertoire du Théâtre Français. He paints freely, nay, boldly, the manners of his time. He died in 1783. In 1807 appeared his posthumous work, Journal Historique, giving an account of interesting events in the history of literature from 1748 to 1772, in 3 vols.

COLLEGE (Latin, collegium); in its primary sense, a collection or assembly. In a general sense, a collection or society of men invested with certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged in some common employment or pursuit. Among the Romans, three were required to make a college (tres faciunt collegium).-In a particular sense, college signifies an assembly for a political or ecclesiastical purpose. There were several such at Rome, e. g., collegium pontificum, augurum, septemvirorum, &c. In modern times, we have the college of electors, or their deputies, at the diet of Ratisbon; so, also, the college of princes or their deputies, the college of cities or deputies of the imperial cities, the college of cardinals, or sacred college. In Russia, this denomination is given to councils of state, courts or assemblies intrusted with the administration of the government, and called imperial colleges. In Great Britain and the U. States, a society of physicians is called a college. So, also, there are colleges of surgeons, a college of philosophy, a college of heralds, &c. Colleges of these kinds are usually incorporated or established by the supreme power of the state. This name is also given to a society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature, including the officers and students. The English literary colleges are academical establishments, endowed with revenues, whose fellows, students and tutors live together under a head, in particular buildings, in a monastic way. The buildings form quadrangles connected with gardens and grounds. The more ancient establishments, formerly monasteries, derive their origin from the 13th and 14th centuries. The college of Christ-church (Oxford) was founded in the time of Henry VIII, by cardinal Wolsey. The colleges are distinguished for their old Gothic architecture, and for collections in different branches of science and of art. They are also admired for their fine paintings on

glass. The president of such a college (master, warden, rector) forms, with the other members of the government, the teachers and students, a corporation independent of the other colleges, as well as of the university. Graduates, maintained by the endowments of particular founders, are called fellows (in Latin, socii). There are other classes also supported in part by the funds of the colleges, and called post-masters and scholars, exhibitioners or stipendiaries and servitors (young men who wait on the others at table, and have board and instruction gratis during four years). Many colleges have also chaplains, choristers, clerks or sextons, and a great number of servants. The president and the officers administer the college according to the statutes of the foundation. The visitor, who is a bishop or lord, named by the founder, decides in contested cases. The under-graduates are subjected to a severe discipline. They are obliged to go every day to the chapel, and are not allowed to sleep out of the college. Whoever wishes for a degree, must be presented to the university, as a candidate, by a dean. The fellows at the universities keep their fellowships for life, unless they marry or inherit estates which afford a greater revenue. They are successively promoted, so that their income amounts to from £30 to £150, and more, annually. From them the parishes are supplied, in which case they commonly lose their fellowships. Oxford has 19 colleges, and 6 halls, or mere boardingplaces, which have no funds, and consequently no fellows, where every student lives at his own expense. (The diningrooms of the colleges are also called halls.) In Cambridge, there are 12 colleges and 4 halls, which are all provided with funds. Most of the colleges in Oxford and Cambridge have, besides their dependent members, that is, those who are supported from the college funds, independent ones, who live at their own expense, but are subjected to most of the college laws: they are called, according to their rank and the sum they pay for board, noblemen, fellowcommoners and commoners. The school at Eton has also a college, consisting of a provost, 7 fellows and 70 boys, who are called collegers. The fellows of Eton have a right to marry, and to hold a living besides their fellowship. They are also considered as dignitaries of the church. They and the provost are the directors of the whole, manage the property of the college, fill the livings and fellowships connected with the institution, and choose

the teachers. Of the collegers in Eton, the best scholar in the highest class is admitted into the first vacant place of King's college at Cambridge as a scholar, and then becomes, in three years, a fellow, i. e., is provided for during life. (See Ackermann's History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, Westminster, &c., London, 1817, and his History of Westminster Abbey, and of the Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with copperplates.) Classical literature is the chief object of instruction; hence the general knowledge which, in England, men of the highest rank and of the greatest wealth possess of Grecian and Roman literature, exhibited in the frequent quotations from the classics, in parliament, which, in any other country, would appear somewhat pedantic. The lectures on scientific subjects are meager, compared with those of the continental universities, and afford scarcely the necessary hints for private study. The colleges are less institutions for education than learned republics with an orderly gradation of classes, of which one influences the other, and which are intimately connected with the spirit of the nation. (See Universities.) The English universities exercise no small influence upon the ecclesiastical and political establishments of that country, and have certainly contributed much to the national disposition for adhering steadily, and sometimes obstinately, to ancient establishments, customs and views. The old universities, therefore, have been thought, by a large number of enlightened and liberal men, not to answer the demands of the age. To meet these demands, they have established the London university. (q. v.) This again, on the same principle on which the Protestant reformation led to many salutary reforms among the Catholics, induced another party (the churchmen) to establish in the English metropolis the King's college. (q. v.)

In France, there are royal colleges in all large towns, corresponding to what are called, in Germany, gymnasia. In the small towns, the colleges are called collèges communaux. These are private establishments, aided by the commune, and subject to the surveillance of the public authorities. In Paris, there are five royal colleges collège royal de Louis-le-Grand, col. roy. de Henry IV, col. roy. de St. Louis, col. roy. de Bourbon, col. roy. de Charle magne. Besides these, there is the collège royal de France, which deserves the name of a university. It was instituted in 1529, by Francis I, at the solicitation of Budæus.

(q. v.) Louis XVIII established in this college a chair of Tartar-Mantchou and Chinese languages, and one of the Sanscrit. 21 professors, among whom there are always some of the most distinguished men, lecture in this college, publicly and gratuitously. Their lectures embrace, besides the branches of science generally taught in universities, the Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Chaldaic, Syriac, Chinese, Sanscrit and Tartar-Mantchou languages.

The

American Colleges. The course of instruction in all the American colleges is completed in four years. Certain qualifications are demanded of candidates for admission, which vary, according to the regulations of the different colleges. These embrace, for admission to the principal colleges, a good knowledge of English grammar, arithmetic, some acquaintance with geography, an ability to read the easier Latin authors, and some progress in the study of Greek. rules of each college name the authors which the candidate shall have read, and in these he is required to undergo a satisfactory examination, to entitle him to admission. The greatest number of pupils are admitted at about the age of 14 years. The course of instruction varies, in many respects, in the different colleges, but in its principal features, it is the same in all. This course embraces a further study of the Latin and Greek languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, rhetoric, and practice in English composition, moral and intellectual philosophy, and some treatise of natural law and the law of nations. In some colleges, provision is made for the study of Hebrew and of several modern languages; but these are not among the required studies. Some of the colleges have additional departments for instruction in medicine, theology or law. Harvard university embraces all three of these departments, in which students are prepared for entering on these several professions. The number of professors and teachers in the several colleges varies according to the number of pupils and the funds of the college. In Harvard college, there are in the academical departments eight professors and six tutors and other teachers; in the theological school, two professors, in addition to the professors in the other departments, who assist in the instructions of this school; in the law school, two professors, and in the medical school, four. In Yale college, there are five professors and six tutors, besides the professors of the theological and medical schools. In most of the colleges, the offi

cers of instruction are a president, from two to four permanent professors, and from two to four tutors-the tutors being generally young men who devote two or three years to this service before entering on the practice of the professions to which they are destined. From the following list, it will be seen how many colleges in the U. States were founded during the last ten years; and for others charters have already been granted by the legislatures, as for the Randolph Macon college, at Boydton, in Virginia. The cause of

this increase is undoubtedly laudable, as it is the same which prompts every man in the U. States to acquire knowledge; but it ought not to be forgotten, that colleges differ entirely from common schools. The latter may be multiplied, and there can hardly be too many of them; but for colleges, the only way to make them truly great is to concentrate in a few, great stores of talent and erudition. In the universities of Europe, donation has been added to donation, until many of them have attained great magnificence.

COLLEGE, ELECTORAL. (See Election.) COLLEGE OF CIVILIANS; commonly called Doctor's Commons, founded by doctor Harvey, dean of the arches, for the professors of the civil law residing in the city of London. The judges of the arches, admiralty, and prerogative courts, with several other eminent civilians, commonly reside here. To this college belong 34 proctors, who make themselves parties for their clients, manage their causes, give licenses for marriages, &c. In the common hall of Doctor's Commons are held several courts, under the jurisdiction of the civil law, particularly the high court of admiralty, the court of delegates, the arches court of Canterbury, and the prerogative court of Canterbury, whose terms for sitting are much like those at Westminster, every one of them holding several court-days, most of them fixed and known by preceding holydays, and the rest appointed at the judge's pleasure.

COLLEGIAL SYSTEM, in ecclesiastical law (see Church). In politics, it is opposed to bureaucracy (see Bureau), and signifies that system of government in which the members of each department of government have all a voice in the decision of measures, so that each branch of government is carried on by a collegium, not by a single president. This system has both great advantages and disadvantages.

COLLEGIANTS. (See Rheinberghers.) COLLIFLOWER. (See Cabbage.) COLLIN, Henry Joseph von, born at Vienna in 1772, was the son of a physician. He rose, by degrees, to an important place in the financial department of the Austrian government. He sacrificed his feeble health, and even his favorite inclination for poetry, to the duties of his office, in which he labored with an assiduity that at length put an end to his life. He died of a nervous fever in 1811. Having laid a wager with a friend to write a tragedy within six weeks, he produced his first drama, Regulus, the plan of which he had arranged before. It was followed by Coriolanus, Polyxena, Balbea, Bianca della Porta, Mæon, and Die Horatier und Curiatier. A selection of his smaller poems appeared in Vienna, after his death, with fragments of his epic poem Rudolf von Habsburg. His works are characterized by a spirit nourished on the ancient classics, and by a vigorous simplicity. They are sometimes, however, rather frigid and stiff. They are not very finished productions. A complete edition appeared in Vienna, 1814, 6 vols.

COLLIN, Mattheus von, brother of the preceding, in 1808, became professor of aesthetics and philosophy at Cracow. In 1815, he was appointed tutor of the duke of Reichstadt (son of Napoleon). He died in 1824. As a dramatic poet, he ranks below his brother. In 1813, he was editor of the Literary Gazette of Vienna, and, in 1818, of the Vienna Annals of Literature (Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur).

COLLIN D'HARLEVILLE, Jean François, born 1750, at Maintenon, near Chartres, abandoned the profession of the law, and enriched the French stage with characterpieces, as L'Inconstant, L'Optimiste, Les Châteaux en Espagne, Monsieur de Crac dans son petit Castel, Les Artistes. In his earliest pieces, he wrote by rule, but subsequently followed the bent of his own genius. In his best piece, the Vieux Célibataire, he returned, however, to the established principles of the French theatre. In general, his comedies are blamed as deficient in humor, and his comic characters as wanting in individual traits. In his allegorical poem, Melpomène et Thalie, we find natural ease combined with sentimental philosophy, but often prosaic verses. He died in 1806.

COLLINGWOOD, Cuthbert, first baron; a native of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, born in 1748, and educated at the same school with lord-chancellor Eldon, under Mr. Moises. He entered the royal navy in 1761, and, in the action of June 1, 1794, was flag-captain on board the Prince, commanded by admiral Bowyer. In 1797, he commanded the Excellent during the battle of cape St. Vincent, on the 14th of February in that year, and having, in 1799, been made rear-admiral of the white, was promoted, in 1801, to the red. In 1804, being then vice-admiral of the blue, he assisted in the blockade of Brest harbor; but his most distinguished service was the part he bore in the great victory of Trafalgar, in which his gallant manner of bringing his ship into action, and the skill and resolution with which he fought her, excited the personal admiration of Nelson himself, upon whose lamented fall, the command of the fleet devolved upon him as the senior officer. In this critical situation, admiral Collingwood evinced a degree of promptitude and nautical skill, combined with prudence, which tended much to the preservation of the captured vessels, and proved his judgment as a commander to be not inferior to his courage. For his valuable services on this and other occasions, he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the red, continued in

his command of the fleet, and elevated to a barony. His death took place while cruising off Minorca, in the Ville de Paris, on the 7th of March, 1810. His remains were carried to England, and deposited in St. Paul's, near those of his friend Nelson. Collingwood appears to have been a model of a naval officer. He was distinguished for zeal, courage, humanity, circumspection, and strictness of discipline. Though hardly any man had more experience in the government of sailors, he was an enemy to flogging. His letters to his children are full of excellent sentiments and judicious advice. Every young naval officer should be familiar with the Public and Private Correspondence of the ViceAdmiral Collingwood, with Memoirs of his Life (8vo., 3d edition, London, 1828). COLLINS, William, a distinguished poet, was born in 1720 or 1721, at Chichester, where his father was a hatter. He was educated at Winchester school and at Oxford. While at college, he wrote his Oriental Eclogues, which were printed in 1742. Their success was moderate, and, in 1744, the author went to London as a literary adventurer. In 1746, he gave his Odes, Descriptive and Allegorical, to the public; but the sale did not pay for the printing, and the indignant and sensitive poet burnt all the unsold copies. Yet among these odes were many pieces which at present rank with the finest lyrics in the language. Pecuniary distress followed this disappointment; and, aided by the advance of a few guineas from the booksellers for an intended translation of the Poetics of Aristotle, he was enabled to escape into the country, whence he found means to pay a visit to his uncle, colonel Martin, then with the British army in Germany. The death of this relation, who bequeathed him a legacy of £2000, raised him to comparative affluence; and he immediately returned the booksellers their advance, being reduced, by nervous debility, to an utter incapability of any species of mental exertion. Originally too laxly strung, disappointment, distress and irregularity had completely disarranged his nervous system. Dreadful depression of spirits followed, for which he had no better remedy than the fatal one of the bottle. Although he did not suffer from absolute alienation of mind, it was thought best to confine him in a lunatic asylum; but, finally, he was consigned to the care of a sister, in whose arms he terminated his brief and melancholy career, in 1756. Collins, by his taste and attainments, appears to have

been peculiarly adapted for the higher walks of poetry. His odes, from which he derives his chief poetical fame, notwithstanding the disparaging remarks of doctor Johnson, are now almost universally regarded as the first productions of the kind in the English language for vigor of conception, boldness and variety of personification, and genuine warmth of feeling. The originality of Collins consists, not in his sentiment, but in the highly figurative garb in which he clothes abstract ideas, in the felicity of his expressions, and in his skill in embodying ideal creations. His chief defect is an occasional mysticism. His temperament was, in the strictest meaning of the word, poetical; and had he existed under happier circumstances, and enjoyed the undisturbed exercise of his faculties, he would probably have surpassed most, if not all, of his contemporaries, during the very prosaic period which immediately followed the death of Pope.

COLLOREDO; one of the most illustrious families in Austria, originally from Friuli. The members of one branch, Colloredo Mansfeld, have been since 1763 princes of the empire. To the family of Colloredo belong, 1. Fabricius, born 1576, who was sent as ambassador by Cosmo II, of Medici, to the emperor Rodolph II; 2. Rodolph, count Waldsee, field-marshal of the imperial armies, distinguished in the thirty years' war, particularly at Lützen, and, in 1648, by the defence of Prague; 3. Jerome, born 1775, master-general of the ordnance, commanded in 1813 the first division of the army at Culm (q. v.), died in 1822, while commander-in-chief in Bohemia.

COLLOT D'HERBOIS, Jean Marie, an actor without talents, and a member of the infamous municipality of Paris, Aug. 10 and Sept. 2, 1792, and afterwards of the national convention, was banished, after the fall of Robespierre, to Cayenne, where he died in 1796. He proposed in the first session of the national convention to abolish royalty, and to declare the government a republic. In Lyons, he introduced the shooting en masse, when the guillotines, though, according to the technical expression, en permanence, were found no longer sufficient.

COLMAN, George; a dramatic writer and elegant scholar of the last century; born at Florence, in 1733; his father being at that time British envoy to the grand duke's court. From Westminster school he was removed, at the usual age, to Christ church, Oxford, where he was graduated, as mas