the blow. By Orithya, daughter of Erectheus of Athens, he was father of Cleopatra, Chione, Calais and Zetes. The last two partook in the Argonautic expedition.

BORGHESE; a Roman family, which derives its origin from Sienna. They have held the highest offices in this republic, from the middle of the 15th century. Pope Paul V, who belonged to this family, and ascended the papal chair in 1605, loaded his relations with honors and riches. In 1607, he appointed his brother, Francesco B., leader of the troops sent against Venice to maintain the papal claims; bestowed the principality of Sulmone on Marco Antonio B., the son of his brother Giovanni Battista; granted him a revenue of 150,000 dollars, and obtained for him the title of a grandee of Spain. Another of his nephews, Scipione Caffarelli, he created cardinal, and made him adopt the name of B. From Marco Antonio B., prince of Sulmone, is descended the rich family of B., which is continued in the prince Camillo B. and his brother Francesco, prince B. Aldobrandini. (See Cenci.)

BORGHESE, Camillo Philip Louis, prince; formerly duke of Guastalla, prince of France, &c.; born 1775, at Rome; son of Marco Antonio B. When the French invaded Italy, he entered their service, showed great attachment to the cause of France, in particular to general Bonaparte; went, in 1803, to Paris, and married the second sister of Napoleon, Pauline, widow of general Leclerc. In 1804, he became a French prince, and grand cross of the legion of honor, and, at the breaking out of the war against Austria, in 1805, commander of a squadron of the imperial guard. After its termination, his wife received the duchy of Guastalla, and he was created duke of Guastalla. After having served, in 1806, in the campaign against the Prussians and Russians, and after having been sent to Warsaw, to prepare the Poles for a revolt, the emperor appointed him governorgeneral of the provinces beyond the Alps. He fixed his court at Turin, and became very popular among the Piedmontese. After the abdication of Napoleon, he broke up all connexion with the Bonaparte family, and separated from his wife. The prince sold to the French government, for the sum of 8,000,000 francs, 322 works of art, which ornamented the palace of his ancestors, known under the name of the villa Borghese. (See Rome.) Among them were several masterpieces;

e. g., the Borghese Gladiator, the Hermaphrodite, the Silenus, the Dying Seneca, Amor and Psyche. Bonaparte provided for the payment out of the national domains in Piedmont, which the king of Sardinia confiscated in 1815; at the same time, in consequence of the second invasion of France, the prince received back part of these treasures of art. He now lives in Florence. In 1818, he sold Lucedio, in Savoy, for 3,000,000 livres. In the kingdom of Naples, he possesses the principalities Sulmone and Rosano. He is one of the richest Italian princes. During his residence in Rome, in 1826, Leo XII treated him with great distinction, and the establishment of some pious institutions was expected from him.

BORGHESE, Marie Pauline, princess, originally Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon, born at Ajaccio, Oct. 20, 1780, went, when the English occupied Corsica, in 1793, to Marseilles, where she was on the point of marrying Fréron, a member of the convention, and son of that critic whom Voltaire made famous, when another lady laid claim to his hand. The beautiful Pauline was then intended for general Duphot, who was afterwards murdered at Rome, in December, 1797; but she bestowed her hand, from choice, on general Leclerc, then at Milan, who had been, in 1795, chief of the general staff of a division at Marseilles, and had there fallen in love with her. When Leclerc was sent to St. Domingo, with the rank of captain-general, Napoleon ordered her to accompany her husband with her son. She embarked, in December, 1801, at Brest, and was called, by the poets of the fleet, the Galatea of the Greeks, the Venus marina. Her statue, in marble, has since been made by Canova, at Rome-a successful image of the goddess of beauty. She was no less courageous than beautiful, for when the Negroes, under Christophe, stormed Cape François, where she resided, and Leclerc, who could no longer resist the assailants, ordered his lady and child to be carried on shipboard, she yielded only to force. After the death of her husband, Nov. 23, 1802, she married, at Morfontaine, Nov. 6, 1803, the prince Camillo Borghese. (q. v.) Her son died at Rome, soon after. With Napoleon, who loved her tenderly, she had many disputes, and as many reconciliations; for she would not always follow the caprices of his policy. Yet even the proud style in which she demanded what her brothers. begged, made her the more attractive to her brother. Once, however, when she

forgot herself towards the empress, whom she never liked, she was obliged to leave the court. She was yet in disgrace, at Nice, when Napoleon resigned his crown in 1814; upon which occasion she immediately acted as a tender sister. Instead of remaining at her palace in Rome, she set out for Elba, to join her brother, and acted the part of mediatrix between him and the other members of his family. When Napoleon landed in France, she went to Naples, to see her sister Caroline, and afterwards returned to Rome. Before the battle of Waterloo, she placed all her diamonds, which were of great value, at the disposal of her brother. They were in his carriage, which was taken in that battle, and was shown publicly at London. He intended to have returned them to her. She lived, afterwards, separated from her husband, at Rome, where she occupied part of the palace Borghese, and where she possessed, from 1816, the villa Sciarra. Her house, in which taste and love of the fine arts prevailed, was the centre of the most splendid society at Rome. She often saw her mother, her brothers Lucien and Louis, and her uncle Fesch. When she heard of the sickness of her brother Napoleon, she repeatedly requested permission to go to him at St. Helena. She finally obtained her request, but the news of his death arrived immediately after. She died, June 9, 1825, at Florence. She left many legacies, and a donation, by the interest of which two young men of Ajaccio will be enabled to study medicine and surgery. The rest of her property she left to her brothers, the count of St. Leu and the prince of Montfort. Her whole property amounted to 2,000,000 francs.

BORGIA, Cæsar; the natural son of an ecclesiastic, who afterwards became pope Alexander VI, and of a Roman lady, named Vanozza. At a time when the court of Rome was a school of falsehood and licentiousness, and compacts and oaths afforded no security, he reduced crime to a system. Other princes have shed more blood, have exercised more atrocious cruelty; but his name is stigmatized with the greatest infamy; for with B. all was calculated with cool reflection. He profaned whatever was most holy for the attainment of his purposes. His father, who had become pope in 1492, invested him with the purple. When Charles VIII of France made his entry into Rome, Alexander was obliged to treat with him, and delivered Cæsar B. into his hands as a hostage, who escaped, however, after a

few days, from the camp of the king. In 1497, Alexander bestowed the duchy of Benevento, together with the counties of Terracina and Ponte-corvo, on his eldest son, who had already received from the king of Spain the duchy of Gandia. Cæsar became jealous of his elevation, and, when the duke of Gandia was murdered, a week after his investiture, public opinion accused his brother Cæsar of the deed. His father permitted him to lay aside the purple, and devote himself to the profession of arms, and sent him to France, to carry to Louis XII the bull for divorce and dispensation for marriage which he had long desired to obtain. Louis rewarded B., for the compliance of his father, with the duchy of Valentinois, a body-guard of 100 men, and 20,000 livres a year, and promised to aid him in his projects of conquest. In 1499, Cæsar married a daughter of king John of Navarre, and accompanied Louis XII to Italy. He first undertook the conquest of Romagna, expelled the lawful possessors of the land, caused them to be treacherously murdered, and himself to be appointed, by his father, duke of Romagna, in 1501. In the same year, he wrested the principality of Piombino from Jacopo d'Apiano. He also endeavored, though in vain, to make himself duke of Bologna and Florence. In 1502, he announced that he was about to attack Camerino, and demanded, for that purpose, soldiers and artillery from Guidobaldo of Montefeltro, duke of Urbino. Camerino was taken by storm, and Julius of Barona, the lord of the city, with both his sons, was strangled at the command of B. This fate he prepared for all whom he had robbed. Those who did not fall into his hands, he pursued with poison or the dagger. Meanwhile, all the petty princes had united, and collected the soldiery for their defence; but Cæsar B. terrified some by means of 3000 Swiss, whom he called to Italy, and gained over others by advantageous offers. Thus he dissolved their alliance, seized their lands, and saw no further obstacle to his being made, by his father, king of Romagna, of the March, and of Umbria, when Alexander VI died, Aug. 17, 1503. At the same time, Cæsar B. was attacked by a severe disease, at a moment when his whole activity and presence of mind were needed. He found means, indeed, to get the treasures of his father into his possession, assembled his troops in Rome, and formed a closer alliance with France; but enemies rose against him on all sides, one of the

most bitter of whom was the new pope, Julius II. B. was arrested and carried to Spain, where he remained for two years in prison. He at length made his escape to his brother-in-law the king of Navarre, went with him to the war against Castile, and was killed by a shot before the castle of Biano, March 12, 1507.-Cæsar B. was temperate and sober, loved and protected the sciences, wrote verses himself, and possessed so much eloquence, that he seduced even those who were most on their guard against his treacherous designs.

BORGIA, Stefano, cardinal, superintendent of the Propaganda, one of the noblest protectors of science in the 18th century, was born at Velletri, in 1731, and died November 23, 1804, in Lyons. His life was affected, in various ways, by the political revolutions of Europe. The dictatorship of Rome was intrusted to him, together with two other cardinals, by Pius VI, when the French attacked the city. His Memorie istoriche della Città di Benevento del Secolo VIII al XVIII (3 vols., 1763, 4to.), show his ability as a historian and antiquary.

BORGNE; a bay or gulf (improperly called lake) in Louisiana, east of lake Pontchartrain. It communicates with the gulf of Mexico and lake Pontchartrain, and is 40 miles long and about 15 broad.

BORING is a species of circular cutting, in which a cylindrical portion of a substance is gradually removed. When tubes of metal are to be formed, a cast is, in some cases, made in solid metal, and the whole of the bore is produced by the boring machine: in others, the cast is made hollow at first, and the borer is only used to give uniformity and finish to the inside of the tube. In boring cannon, the tool is at rest while the cannon revolves. By this arrangement the bore is formed with more accuracy than by the old method of putting the borer in motion. The tool is kept pressed against the cannon by a regular force. Cylinders of steam-engines are cast hollow, and afterwards bored; but, in this case, the borer revolves, and the cylinder remains at rest. In either case, the axis of the borer and that of the cylindrical material should coincide; for otherwise, if the borer revolve, it will perforate obliquely; if the material revolve, the perforation will be conical. The instruments used are gimlets, augers, centrebits, drills, &c. Drills are made to turn rapidly, either in one direction by means of a lathe-wheel and pulley, or alternately in opposite directions by a spi

ral cord, which coils and uncoils itself successively upon the drill, and is aided by a weight or fly.-Boring for water has been, of late, successfully employed in obtaining a supply without sinking a well. In the progress of the boring, frequent veins of water are passed through, but the operation should be continued until a main spring is struck, which, if from a sufficiently elevated source, will flow up to the surface; otherwise a well must be sunk to the level of the source, and the water must be raised by a pump. To exclude mineral waters, land-springs, &c., the hole is generally cased with a metallic pipe.

BORNEO, next to New Holland, the largest island in the world, is about 800 miles long and 700 broad, with a population estimated at from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000. Lon. 109° to 119° E.; lat. 7° N. to 4° 20′ S. Its central parts have never been explored by Europeans, and the insalubrity of its climate has prevented them from frequenting its shores. On this account, the geography of Borneo is very imperfect. The principal chain of mountains is called the Crystal mountain, from the numerous crystals they contain. The island is often devastated by volcanoes and earthquakes. The coast, for 10 or 20 miles inland, is marshy, and a considerable portion is a moving bog. Though situated under the equator, the heat is not excessive, being moderated by the sea and mountain breezes, and by the rains, which are incessant from November till May. Some of the_rivers are large. The principal are the Borneo, the Banjarmassing and Passmir. Gold is found in large quantities. Diamonds, which are found no where else but in Hindostan and Brazil, are confined to the south and west coasts. The best are obtained from Landak. The miners are the aboriginal savages. The petty prince of Maltan is in possession of one of the largest diamonds in the world. It is valued at 1,200,000 dollars, which is 150,000 dollars less than the Russian, and 500,000 more than the Pitt diamond. The other minerals are iron, copper and tin. Pearl and mother of pearl are found on the north coast. Rice, yams and betel, with all the fruit-trees of India, excellent shiptimber, groves of nutmeg and clove-trees, pepper, ginger and cotton, are produced on the island. The camphor differs from that of Japan, and is found only in Sumatra and Borneo. Benzoin, a species of resin, is produced in great abundance. B. produces the pongo, the largest of the

monkey tribe, which grows to the size of a man; the oran-outang, which bears the strongest resemblance to the human species in look, manners, and gait; two species of wild buffalo, wild boars, elephants and tigers. The species of birds are innumerable, and most of them different from those of Europe. The salangane or swallow, which constructs edible nests, is numerous. Wild bees supply wax, which is exported in great quantity. The coasts are inhabited by Malays, Javanese, Bugis or natives of Celebes, and some descendants of Arabs, who are all subject to despotic princes called sultans. Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion. The princes and nobles live in a style of barbarous pomp. The interior is peopled by a race of Malay colonists, who have been longer established on the island than those of the coasts. They are called Biajoos or Viajas. The natives are called Dejakkese or Idaan. They are fairer than the Malays, tall, robust and ferocious. They extract some of the front teeth, and insert pieces of gold in their stead. Their bodies are painted, and their only clothing is a girdle round the middle. The Biajoos hang up the skulls of their enemies at the doors of their huts. The Harafooras, a race of the interior, differ from the Idaans in having darker complexions and longer ears. Their dancing girls are much admired by Europeans for their activity and grace. The forests of the central region are occupied by Papuans. Several European nations have attempted to form settlements on the island. The Dutch alone have succeeded in forming permanent establishments. Their chief profits are derived from pepper and diamonds. On the north-west part of the island, 10 miles from the sea, on a fine river, is situated the town of Borneo. It contains 3000 houses, and is the seat of a sultan who formerly reigned over the whole island. The houses are often built on rafts, moored to the shore, so as to rise and fall with the tide: the chief communication is by means of boats. The inhabitants carry on considerable trade with China: they are said to be intelligent, and faithful to their contracts, but, in other cases, prone to treachery, and the crews of vessels trading here cannot be too much on their guard against them.

BORNHOLM; an island belonging to Denmark, in the Baltic sea, nearly surrounded with rocks; lon. 15° E.; lat. 55° 10′ N.; pop., 18,902. It is about 28 miles long, and 18 broad. Square miles, 218. The soil is stony, but fertile, with excellent

pastures. Oats, butter and fish constitute the principal riches of the inhabitants. There are mines of coal and quarries of marble in the island.

BORNOU, a kingdom of Central Africa, lying between 15° and 10° N. lat., and 12 and 18° E. lon., is bounded N. by Kanem and the Desert, E. by lake Tchad, S. by Mandara, and W. by Soudan. The first Europeans by whom it was visited, major Denham and captain Clapperton, furnish us with the most authentic information concerning this country (Travels in Northern and Central Africa, in 1822, 23 and 24; London, 1826). From March to July, the heat is extreme, the thermometer rising to 107°, and rarely falling below 86° Fahr.: during this time, scorching winds from the south prevail. As in other tropical countries, the seasons are divided into the dry and rainy: the latter continues from March to October, when the air becomes milder and fresher. The country is populous, containing 13 principal towns. These are generally large and well built, with walls 40 feet high and about 20 feet thick. The houses consist of several court-yards, with apartments for slaves, habitations for the different wives, and several turrets connected by terraces, forming the apartments of the owner. The Shouaas are Arabians: they are deceitful, arrogant and cunning. The Bornou people, or Kanowry, have Negro features: they are peaceable and quiet, but cowardly, and addicted to pilfering. The government, until lately, has been an elective absolute monarchy, under a sultan. The sultanship is now but a name, the real power being in the hands of El Kanemy, sheikh of the Coran, an able, warlike and popular chief. His force is chiefly cavalry, and is estimated at about 30,000 men, armed with spears, shields and daggers. The chiefs wear jackets of chain armor, cuirasses, or coats of mail. Indian corn, cotton and indigo are the most valuable productions of the soil. Very few fruits or vegetables are raised, and agriculture is in a wretched state. The domestic animals are asses, camels, horses, dogs, sheep, goats, cows, and innumerable herds of oxen. Lions, panthers, leopards, hyenas, jackals, elephants (in herds of from 50 to 400) and buffaloes crowd the forests. The crocodile and hippopotamus are considered a luxury. A Shouaa belle, arrayed for conquests, her hair streaming with fat, a black rim of kohol round her eyes, sits jambe deçà jambe delà on her favorite bullock, who is guided by a thong passed through the cartilage of his nose. The

ostrich, pelican, crane and Guinea fowl abound. The air is filled with locusts, which are devoured by the natives, both roasted and boiled, and formed into balls of a sort of paste. The mineral productions are unimportant. The principal return which the Moorish merchants obtain for their goods is slaves. The currency of the country consists of strips of cotton, about three inches wide and a yard long, called gubbuk, four or five of which make a rottala.

BORODINO. (See Moscow, Battle of.) BOROUGH; originally, a fortified town. In England, the term was early restricted to those towns which sent burgesses to parliament. This burden, as it was once considered, was probably imposed on the largest and wealthiest towns, or on those which had placed themselves under the protection of some baron. The number of boroughs in Great Britain, represented in parliament, is 222, sending 396 burgesses: of these, 171 are in England, and are represented by 339 burgesses. Several centuries have elapsed since the distribution of representatives among the towns was fixed. Many places, formerly populous, and entitled to be represented, now contain not more than two or three houses, and yet retain their original privilege. These are called rotten boroughs. (See Parliament.)

BORROMEI ISLANDS (Isole dei Conigli, on account of the many rabbits there); four small islands in the Lago Maggiore, in Upper Italy, which is 30 miles in length and 7 or 8 in breadth. The greater part belongs to Piedmont, the rest to the kingdom of Lombardy. Its banks are formed of a beautiful Alpine country, with many villages, villas, vineyards, gardens and chestnut groves. The islands have their name from the family of Borromeo, which, for centuries, was in possession of the richest estates in the vicinity of the Lago Maggiore. Vitelliano Borromeo, in 1671, caused garden-soil to be spread over three naked rocks in this lake, and terraces to be walled up. Thus arose the Isola Bella, Isola Madre, L'Isolino and Isola dei Pescatori, the two first famous for their beautiful garden-grounds. The Isola Madre, abounding in pheasants, lies in the middle of the lake. It consists of seven terraces, with a kitchen-garden, cypresses, laurels, chestnuts and myrtles. The Isola Bella is loaded with artificial ornament. It contains a handsome palace of four stories, which lies near the shore, and is Occupied, for some months in the year, by the count Borromeo. By means of the

Grotte Terrene, it communicates with the gardens, which are laid out in the French taste, upon 10 terraces, rising above each other, and narrowing in proportion to their elevation. The whole has the appearance of a truncated pyramid, on the top of which stands a colossal unicorn, the armorial ensign of the Borromei. Orange, citron and lemon-trees, united by fine hedges, or forming arbors, breathe their fragrance; lofty laurels form a little grove; myrtles and cypresses are to be seen, together with pomegranate-trees, the fruit of which ripens here; for the mountains which crown the lake serve as a shelter against the cold winds. The climate of the Isola Madre, however, is milder than that of the Isola Bella. In the latter, the orange and citron-trees, &c. must be secured, in winter, by boards laid over them, and, in extreme cold, by applying charcoal-pans underneath. The inhabitants of the Isola dei Pescatori carry on a trade in fish to Milan and Piedmont, and are engaged in smuggling.

BORROMEO, Carlo, count, of an ancient Milanese family, born, Oct. 2, 1538, at Arona, on Lago Maggiore, the family-seat of his virtuous and pious parents, was, at the age of 12, a commendatory abbot; studied the law at Pavia; was, in 1559, made doctor, and, in 1560, was successively appointed, by his uncle, Pius IV, apostolical prothonotary, referendary, cardinal, and archbishop of Milan. From his earliest youth, grave, pious and severe towards himself, the young ecclesiastic, at the age of 22, devoted himself to the duties of government with a conscientious zeal. As legate over Romagna, the march of Ancona and Bologna, he had a great share in the civil government: as protector of Portugal, of the Netherlands, of Switzerland, of the Franciscans, Carmelites, and of the knights of Malta, he administered several important branches of the spiritual government of the pope, who created him his grand penitentiary, and did nothing of importance without his advice. The re-opening and the results of the council of Trent, so advantageous to the papal authority, were chiefly effected by the great influence of B., which was felt during the whole sitting of the council. He did much for the embellishment of the papal buildings, employing even his own fortune for that purpose, and established many good institutions, as archbishop of Milan; improved the discipline of the clergy, founded schools, seminaries, a regular order of secular divines, libraries, hospitals, and was indefatigable