in doing good. All his virtues, however, could not save him from persecution and calumny; he was even severely attacked by the government, but no charge could be proved against him. He died, Nov. 3, 1584, at the age of 46, exhausted by mental sufferings, the accusations of his enemies, and his monastical penances. Miracles were immediately wrought at his tomb, and his canonization took place in 1616. Posterity will venerate the purity of his life, the energy and grandeur of his character, his exemplary administration, and the noble works which he accomplished; and, in spite of the bigotry which is to be attributed to the spirit of his age, and to his clerical relations, must acknowledge his truly Christian and apostolic character. BORSTELL, Louis George Leopold von; lieutenant-general in the Prussian service, born in 1773. In the campaign against the French, in 1813, he commanded two brigades, and decided the battles of Grossbeeren and of Dennewitz; the latter, by hastening from Kropstädt to the field of battle, and, in opposition to the orders of the crown-prince of Sweden, joining the left wing of Bülow, in order to take Gehlsdorf, the key of the enemy's position. General B. was very active through the whole war, and, in 1815, had the command of the 2d Prussian corps. While he was occupied with its organization in Namur, some battalions of Saxon guards and grenadiers in Liege, excited by the news of the partition of their country, and by some incautious expressions, as well as by the measures which had been taken to gain over the Saxon officers and soldiers, broke the windows in the lodgings of prince Blücher, and committed other excesses. It was necessary that they should be punished in the most severe manner, as many thousand soldiers, formerly in the French and Westphalian service, but now united under Prussian, English, Belgian and other colors (many of them yet attached to Napoleon), were on the French borders, almost in sight of the enemy, and there was danger of a repetition of these scenes, if they were treated with clemency. Blücher therefore sent the guilty battalions to Namur, with orders to B. to disarm them, to burn their colors, and to shoot the ring-leaders. B. considered the order too severe: accustomed to expose his person and life for his own colors, he felt that such a disgrace must be worse than death; and he adopted the determination of not obeying the command, although pronounced in the most decided manner, and confirmed by a refusal to listen to his remonstrances. Blücher felt obliged to suspend him from his command, and to report his behavior to the king. Borstell returned into his country, and a court-martial condemned him to several years' confinement in a fortress. In the year 1815, he was pardoned and reinstated in his command by the king. BORY-DE-SAINT-VINCENT, J. B. G. M., born at Agen, 1772, displayed, from his earliest youth, an excessive ardor both on literary and political subjects. As a youth, he was full of zeal for natural history, and, as a man, his political views, though often erroneous, were always marked with genius. This is the character of the essays which he wrote in the Nain Jaune, and Aristarque, and of the defence of his principles, published in Aix-la-Chapelle. His Essai sur les Isles Fortunes de l'Antique Atlantide ou Précis de l'Histoire générale de l'Archipel des Canaries, and his treatise on the cryptogamic plants, are full of original views. He accompanied captain Baudin, in 1798, in his voyage round the coasts of New Holland, examined closely the volcanoes of the island of Bourbon, and was led to form many geological hypotheses. When military intendant of the general staff of marshal Soult, he showed much severity towards the commissaries. In 1815, he served as colonel in the campaign under Napoleon. After the battle of Waterloo, he proposed, July 1, to his colleagues of the chamber of representatives, not to submit voluntarily to the Bourbons. In consequence of the royal decree of Jan. 17, 1816, he emigrated, and lived in Aix-la-Chapelle and Halberstadt, and, afterwards, in Brussels, where, with van Mons, he edited a journal dedicated to natural science, which is at present continued in Paris. He wrote, also, an excellent work on the subterranean quarries in the lime mountains near Maestricht. After his return, in 1820, he was engaged in many of the journals of the liberal party. He reported the sittings of the deputies in the Courier Français, and assisted in Courtin's Encyclopédie. Bos, Lambert, a profound philologist, was born at Worcum, in Friesland, 1670, and died in 1717. He studied in the university at Franeker, where his rapid and brilliant progress obtained for him the Greek professorship in 1704. His Ellipses Græcæ is a standard work, and has been often printed. The edition of Schäffer (Leipsic, 1808) is the best. The Antiquit. Græc. Descriptio has also passed through numerous editions. His Vet. Test. ex Versione LXX is highly esteemed. He was also the author of several other valuable philological works. Bosc, Louis Antoine Guillaume; superintendent of the French establishments for breeding sheep; member of several learned societies in France, &c.; born at Paris, in 1759, where his father was physician to the king; made himself known, from 1784 to 1788, as editor of the Journal de Physique. Proscribed in the reign of terror, in 1793, he took refuge in the forest of Montmorency; and, though daily exposed to the danger of being taken and executed, he occupied himself with labors in natural history. In 1796, the directory sent him to the U. States, as consul at Wilmington, and afterwards at New York; but the American government doubted whether the French directory was entitled to be represented by a consul. Thus exempt from official duties, he travelled through the U. States, collecting botanical and zoological specimens, and contributing to the advancement of his favorite studies. In 1799, B. was made administrateur des hospices. From that time, he has been actively engaged in researches in natural history. His brother, Etienne Bosc, an orator and author, combines a profound knowledge of natural history with an extensive acquaintance with political economy. BOSCAN, Almogaver, Juan, a Spanish poet, born towards the close of the 15th century, at Barcelona, died about 1540. His parents, who belonged to the most ancient nobility, gave him a careful education. He followed the court of Charles V, and, in 1526, was attached to it for some time in Grenada. His noble manners and character gained him the favor of the emperor. The education of the duke of Alva was committed to him, and his instructions developed the great qualities which the duke afterwards displayed. After his marriage, B. lived at Barcelona, occupied in publishing his works, together with those of his deceased friend Garcilaso, in which he was employed at the time of his death. B. was persuaded to attempt Italian measures in Spanish, by Antonio Navagero, an Italian scholar and ambassador of the republic of Venice at the court of the emperor. Thus he became the creator of the Spanish sonnet, and, with Garcilaso, first used the terzine in his poetical epistles and elegies. In general, he distinguished himself by introducing Italian forms into Spanish poetry, which met with great opposition, 18 VOL. II. and not less applause. The poems of B. are still esteemed. His other literary works, mostly translations, are forgotten. BOSCAWEN, Hon. Edward, a British admiral of the last century, was born in 1711, and distinguished himself at Porto Bello and at Carthagena, where he stormed a battery at the head of a part of his crew. In 1744, he was promoted to the Dreadnought, a sixty gun ship, in which he took the Media. Three years afterwards, he signalized himself under Anson, at the battle of cape Finisterre. Towards the close of this year, he was raised to the rank of rear-admiral, and despatched with a squadron to the East Indies. Though he failed in an attempt on Pondicherry, he succeeded in making himself master of Madras, and returned to England, where he obtained a seat at the admiralty board. In 1755, he again sailed for North America, and, in an action with a French squadron, two ships of the line fell into his hands. In 1758, in conjunction with lord Amherst, who commanded the land forces, he succeeded in reducing Louisbourg and cape Breton, and, the year following, having then the command in the Mediterranean, pursued the Toulon fleet, under De la Clue, through the straits of Gibraltar, and, coming up with it in Lagos bay, completely defeated it, burning two ships and taking three. For these services, he received the thanks of parliament and £3000 a year, with the rank of general of marines, in 1760. He died in the following year. He sat in the parliament of 1743, as member for Truro, in his native county. BOSCOVICH, Roger Joseph, an astronomer and geometrician of distinguished eminence in the 18th century, was a native of Ragusa, in Dalmatia. He was educated among the Jesuits, and, entering into their order, was appointed professor of mathematics in the Roman college, before he had entirely completed the course of his studies. He was employed by pope Benedict XIV in various undertakings, and, in 1750, began the measurement of a degree of the meridian in the Ecclesiastical States, which operation occupied him for two years. He afterwards visited the Pontine marsh, to give advice respecting the draining of it. He was then intrusted, by the republic of Lucca, with the defence of its interests, in a dispute about boundaries with the government of Tuscany. This affair obliged him to go to Vienna, and, having terminated it with success, he visited Paris and London. He was elected a fellow of the royal society, and dedicated to this body a Latin poem on eclipses. Returning to Italy, he was appointed mathematical professor in the university of Pavia; whence, in 1770, he removed to Milan, and there erected the celebrated observatory at the college of Brera. On the suppression of the order of Jesuits, he accepted an invitation to France from Louis XV, who gave him a pension of 8000 livres, with the office of director of optics for the navy. This appointment induced him to pay particular attention to that part of optical science which treats of the theory of achromatic telescopes, on which subject he wrote a treatise of considerable extent. He was obliged to leave Paris, in 1783, on account of ill health, when he retired to Milan, where he died Feb. 12, 1787. An edition of the works of father B. was published by himself, in 5 vols., 4to., 1785. His Theoria Philosophia Naturalis reducta ad unicam Legem Virium in Natura existentium, first published in 1758, is a curious production, containing speculations of which doctor Priestley availed himself in his writings in favor of materialism. BOSHMEN, BOSJESMEN, or BUSHMEN. (See Hottentots.) BOSHUANAS. (See Bushwanas.) Bosio, N.; the most celebrated of living French sculptors. His Hercules, exhibited in 1814, has been particularly admired. In the following year, he produced another excellent statue, his Hermaphrodite. The artist received from Napoleon the cross of the legion of honor in 1815. The royal government has since honored him with important commissions, and confirmed the choice of the academy of the fine arts, which elected him a member. Since 1823, his statue of Henry IV, as a child, met with public admiraHis statue of Louis XIV was destined for the place des victoires at Paris. The execution is excellent; but the transfer of the support of the horse to its tail might be objected to as contrary to modern taste. tion. BOSJESMEN. (See Hottentots.) BOSNIA; a Turkish province, with the title of a kingdom, which comprehends, besides the ancient B., part of Croatia (Sanjiak Bielogrod), between the rivers Unna and Verbas, a tract of Dalmatia and Herzogovina, and is bounded N. by Sclavonia, W. by Croatia, S. by Dalmatia and the Adriatic sea, and E. by Servia. B. contains 22,500 square miles, with 850,000 inhabitants, mostly of Sclavonian origin, Bosniacs and Morlacs, among whom are 50,000 Turkish militia. The inhabitants are two thirds Christians, mostly of the Greek church, and one third Turks, who possess nearly all the territorial property as allodiums or feuds, besides Jews and Gipsies. The country is level towards the north; in the south, mountainous and woody. Its chief rivers are the Save, the Verbas, the Bosna, Rama and Drina. B. contains fertile fields, orchards and vineyards: the breed of cattle is excelient, and the mountains furnish good iron, of which a great part is manufactured in the country into guns and blades. The other articles manufactured are leather, morocco, and coarse woollen cloths. In the 12th and 13th centuries, B. belonged to Hungary. In 1339, it fell into the hands of Stephen, king of Servia. After his death, it remained independent, and the Ban Twartko took the title of king in 1370. In 1401, it became tributary to the Turks, and, since 1463, has been a Turkish province. It is divided into the southern and northern parts, or Upper and Lower B. The former is called sometimes Herzogovina, or the duchy of Saba, because the emperor Frederic III bestowed the title of duke on the ruler of this district in 1440. Travnik is the residence of the pacha of B. The capital of the country is Bosna-Serai, or Saraievo (in Italian, Seraglio), at the confluence of the Migliazza with the Bosna, with 15,000 mostly miserable houses, and 60,000 inhabitants, including the garrison of 10,000 janizaries. The citadel lies at some distance from the town. The taxes of Saraievo are an appanage of the mother of the sultan. Zwornick, Banjaluka and Turkish Gradiska are also important in historical and statistical points of view. The fear of losing their property is the chief cause of the adherence of the Bosniacs to the Turkish government, since, in case of the conquest of B. by the Christians, they expect the same treatment which the Christians formerly experienced, when it was conquered by the Turks. BOSPHORUS. The strait which leads from the Black sea into the Propontis, or sea of Marmora, was formerly so called, either because Io, after being metamorphosed into a cow, passed over at this place, or because the strait is so narrow that an ox can swim across. When other straits were afterwards called by the same name, this was called B. Thracicus. Over this channel (5 stadia, about 3300 feet wide) Darius constructed a bridge of boats, on his expedition against the Scythians. Bosphorus Cimmericus was the name given by the ancients to the strait that leads from the Black sea into the sea of Azof. The Italians, who formerly traded in these regions, called it bocca di S. Giovanni, or estretto di Caffa. There was also anciently a kingdom of the name of B., so called from the straits, on both sides of which it was situated. In Panticapæum (at present, Kertsch, q. v.) a Milesian colony in the Tauric Chersonese, the Archæanaktides established this kingdom, B. C. 479, and reigned till B. C. 437. Spartacus was the first king. Under his successor, Satyrus, the kingdom was extended to the coast of Asia, and his son Leucon acquired Theodosia, B. C. 300. He improved the commerce of the country (in particular by the exportation of corn to Athens, also of fishes, fur, skins, bees-wax and slaves). From him his descendants were called Leuconides. Leucanor became tributary to the Scythians 290 B. C., and the tribute was finally so oppressive, that Parisades, the last of the Leuconides, preferred to submit to Mithridates, the king of Pontus, who vanquished the Scythians under Scilurus, 116 B. C., and made his son king of B. The latter killed himself. At the death of Mithridates, the Romans gave the country, B. C. 64, to his second son, Pharnaces, who was afterwards murdered. The Romans placed different princes successively upon the throne, who all pretended to be descendants of Mithridates. When this family became extinct, A. D. 259, the Sarmatians took possession of the kingdom, from whom it was taken by the Chersonides, in 344. The Tauric Chersonese then belonged to the Eastern empire, till it was seized by the Chazars, and afterwards by the Tartars, under the Mongol princes. (See Tauria.) Bossi, Charles Aurele, baron de, born at Turin, 1758, son of count Bossi de Sainte-Agathe, is a lyric poet of reputation. In his 18th year, he published two tragedies the Circassians and Rhea Sylvia. His great poem on the French revolution, entitled L'Oromasia, and a complete collection of his poems, appeared in London, 1814. Only a few copies were struck off. His present life, in Paris, is that of a scholar and a private man. His former political life placed him in difficult situations, and has exposed his conduct to reproach. BOSSUET, Jacques Benigne, bishop of Meaux, born at Dijon, 1627, was six years old when his father became member of the parliament at Metz. The son remained at Dijon, in the college of the Jesuits. By chance, the boy got posses sion of a Latin Bible, which made an indelible impression upon him. At the age of 15, he was sent to Paris, where he entered the college of Navarre, the president of which, Nicholas Cornet, took pleasure in forming his mind. B., under the direction of this worthy teacher, studied Greek and the Holy Scriptures, read the ancient classics, and investigated the Cartesian philosophy. He was made doctor of the Sorbonne and canon in Metz. Here he edified his hearers by his preaching and example; was commissioned by his bishop to refute the catechism of the Protestant minister Paul Ferry, and did it in such a way, that even his antagonists were obliged to respect him. The queen mother (Anne of Austria) was induced, by this work, to employ B. in the conversion of the Protestants in the diocese of Metz. This business often called him to Paris, where his sermons met with great approbation. The sermon which he delivered in 1668, on the occasion of marshal Turenne's joining the Catholic church, procured him the bishopric of Condom. In 1670, the king charged him with the education of the dauphin. In consequence of this appointment, he resigned his bishopric in 1671, because he thought it inconsistent with his duty to retain it during a continual absence from his diocese. At this time, he delivered his sermon at the funeral of madame, the duchess of Orleans, a princess, who, in the midst of a brilliant court, of which she was the ornament, died suddenly in the bloom of youth. His last sermon of this kind (that at the tomb of the great Condé) is considered as a masterpiece. The manly vigor which characterized his orations is seen also in the Discours sur l'Histoire Universelle, designed for the instruction of his royal pupil. The care which he took of the education of this prince was rewarded, in 1680, by the office of the first almoner of the dauphin; in 1681, by the bishopric of Meaux; in 1697, he obtained the dignity of a counsellor of state, and, a year afterwards, that of the first almoner of the duchess of Burgundy. His practice and his doctrine were equally severe. All his time was divided between his studies and the execution of his official duties; he seldom allowed himself any recreation. The last years of his life he passed among his flock, in the midst of whom he died, in 1704. The learned Benedictines of the brotherhood of St. Maur have lately published a complete edition of all the works of B. The style of B. is full of energy, but not without defects: his Latin style is hard. The French academy consider him among their most renowned members. His life has been written by M. de Bausset. (For his dispute with the arch bishop of Cambray, Fenelon, see Fenelon and Quietism.) BOSTANGI (gardeners); the guard of the sultans in the seraglio, whose overseer is called bostangi baschi, and has the superintendence over the gardens of the seraglio, over the channel of the Black sea, and the imperial summer residences. The bostangi baschi accompanies the sultan in all his rides, and has the privilege of wearing a beard. The bostangi are also the boatmen and executioners of the sultan. BOSTON (anciently Botolph's Town); a town of England, in Lincoln; 34 miles S. S. E. Lincoln, 115 N. London; lon. 0° 2′ W.; lat. 52° 48′ N. Population in 1801, 5926; in 1811, 8113. It is nearly surrounded by fens, on the Witham, which is navigable, and forms a port, well frequented, and much assisted by navigable canals. It has four annual fairs, and markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It has a flourishing trade with the Baltic for hemp, tar, timber, &c. In former periods, it stood high as a commercial town. The church is a handsome structure, and serves as a mark to seamen. BOSTON, the capital of Massachusetts and the largest city in New England, lies 14 miles S. W. Salem, 40 N. N. E. Providence, 56 S. W. Portsmouth, 100 E. N. E. Hartford, 210 N. E. New York, 300 S.S. E. Montreal, 300 N. E. Philadelphia, 436 N. Washington; lon. 71° 4′ W.; lat. 42° 22′ N. Pop. in 1765, 15,520; in 1790, 18,038; in 1800, 24,937; in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298; in 1825, 48,281. Its population, in 1829, amounted to 58,281. It is situated at the bottom of Massachusetts bay, at the mouth of Charles river. It stands principally on a small peninsula of elevated ground, two miles and three quarters in length and one in breadth, and is connected with the continent by a narrow neck of land, and by seven bridges. Including South Boston, which is without the peninsula, its whole extent is nearly three square miles. It has a capacious harbor, of sufficient depth of water for the largest ships of war to enter safely and lie at anchor, protected from storms by a great number of islands, on several of which are fortifications. The bridges, with one exception, are of wood. That which leads from B. to Cambridge is 3483 feet in length, and is supported by 180 piers. The western avenue, so called, leading across the bay, from the western part of the city to Roxbury, is 8000 feet in length, and is formed of solid earth, supported on each side by walls of stone. It serves the double purpose of a bridge and a dam, by means of which and a cross dam, two large basins are formed, one of which is filled at every flood-tide, and the other is emptied at every ebb, whereby a perpetual water-power is created for carrying mills and machinery. This dam was built at a cost exceeding $600,000. One of the bridges is free; all the others are toll bridges. The streets are mostly narrow and irregular, and some of them are crooked. The wharves are, in general, spacious, and afford ample accommodation to shipping, and storehouses for merchandise. Long wharf is 1650 feet in length; Central wharf, 1240 feet long and 150 wide. The wharves and many of the streets have been made by raising the ground formerly covered by the tide. The number of dwellinghouses is about 10,000, besides a great number of store-houses and shops. A great part of the buildings are of brick, four stories in height. Many of them are of hammered granite and sienite. These are excellent building materials, of a beautiful gray color, hard and durable, splitting easily, and readily wrought into the required form. Many of the dwelling houses are large and well built. The principal public buildings are the statehouse, which is of brick, is situated on the highest part of the city, and commands a view of the country and bay for many miles round; the county courthouse, which is of stone; Faneuil hall, in which town-meetings and public assemblies for political discussions are held; the Massachusetts general hospital, and the Faneuil hall market, two handsome buildings of granite, the latter two stories in height, 540 feet in length and 50 feet in width; about 40 churches; 10 public school-houses; a house of industry; a house of correction; a county jail; and two theatres. Among the best specimens of architecture are the market-house, Trinity church, the general hospital, several of the bank buildings, and the Tremont house, the front of which is built of gray sienite, and is ornamented with a handsome portico of the Doric order, with fluted pillars. This last-named building is finely situated, and is the most elegant and commodious hotel in the U. States. The city is divided into 12 wards. The municipal government is vested in a |