to his eldest son, Sweyn; to the second, Harold, England; to the third, Hardicanute, Denmark.

CANZONA; a kind of lyric poem, of Provençal origin. It is found in the Italian poetry of the 13th century. At first, it was quite irregular, but was confined by Petrarch to more fixed and regular forms. Hence it is called canzone Petrarchesca: it is also called canzone Toscana, because it originated in Tuscany. It is divided into several stanzas, in which the nature and disposition of the verses, which are of 11 and 7 syllables, and the place of the rhymes, are uniform. The canzona usually concludes with a stanza which is shorter than the others, and is called ripresa, congedo, comiato (signifying dismission or taking leave). With Petrarch, this is rarely wanting; in the elder poets, it is often omitted. It generally contains the poet's apostrophe to his song, bidding it farewell, &c. There are different kinds of canzonas, and different names are given to the different parts. The canzona Anacreontica is divided into small stanzas, consisting of short verses, with a regular disposition of the rhymes through all the stanzas. In the selection of his verse, however, and of the disposition of the rhymes which he will observe in the poem, the poet may follow his pleasure. Not only light, pleasing songs of love, gayety and mirth, but poems on solemn and lofty subjects, and of an elevated dithyrambic strain, are included under this name. The latter subjects, however, are better adapted to the canzona Pindarica, which was first introduced into Italian poetry, in the 16th century, by Luigi Alamanni, and owes its perfection chiefly to Chiabrera. It is distinguished from that of Petrarch by a bolder flight, loftier ideas, greater freedom in the choice and disposition of the verses, and by the form of the stanzas, which is borrowed from the Greek chorus. The Pindaric canzonas are divided into strophe, antistrophe and epode, and are also called canzoni alla Greca. Those divisions are sometimes called ballata, contraballata and stanza; or volta, rivolta and stanza; almost all of which signify the same as the Greek divisions: the Greek names are the most common. There is also the canzona a ballo, an old Italian poem, originally intended to be sung at a dance (ballo). It is called, also, ballata. It is not employed by the Italian poets later than the 16th century.

CANZONET, CANZONETTA (poetry and music); in Italian poetry, a canzona (q. v.), consisting of short verses, much in use

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with the poets of the 15th century. nuccini, and, after him, Chiabrera, have used it in modern times, and given it more grace. Canzonets are generally expressive of tender feelings. In music, canzonet signifies a short song, in one two or three parts; but, in England, it is more generally applied to the two latter.

CAOUTCHOUC. This substance, improperly termed elastic gum, and more commonly, from its application to remove pencil-marks from paper, India rubber, is obtained from the milky juice of several plants, which are natives of the torrid zone. The chief of these are the hævea Guianensis, the jatropha elastica, and urceola elastica. Caoutchouc is brought principally from South America. This juice, obtained from incisions, is applied, in successive layers, over a mould of clay, and dried by exposure to the sun, and to the smoke from burning fuel. When perfectly dry, the mould is broken, leaving the caoutchouc in the form of a hollow ball. In its solid state, caoutchouc is of a close texture, distinctly fibrous, of a light-brown color, or sometimes nearly white. Its elasticity is such that it can be stretched to a great extent; and, on removing the stretching force, it recovers its original dimensions. Its softness and pliancy are increased by heat. Boiling water renders it so soft, that two slips, newly cut and pressed closely together, may be firmly united. By a greater heat, it is fused, and may, in that state, be applied, as proposed by Mr. Aitkin, to the surface of steel instruments, which it will cover with a transparent film, that effectually preserves them from rust. It is insoluble in alcohol and in water. Sulphuric ether, when purified by washing in water, dissolves it; and, by evaporation, the caoutchouc may be recovered unchanged. Oil of turpentine softens it, and forms with it a sort of paste, that may be spread as a varnish, but is very long in drying. The fluid now commonly used to dissolve it is the purified naphtha from coal tar, which is, at the same time, a cheap and effectual solvent, and which does not change its properties. This solution is employed to give a thin covering of caoutchouc to cloth, which is thus rendered impervious to moisture. Caoutchouc is also readily soluble in cajeput oil.-Caoutchouc, from its softness, elasticity, and impermeability to water, is applied to the formation of catheters, bougies, and tubes for conveying gases. These are formed by twisting a slip of it round a rod, and causing the edges to adhere by pressure, when softened by maceration in

warm water. It is also used for overshoes; and its solution in oils forms a flexible varnish. It was not until about the year 1736 that this very extraordinary natural production was made known in Europe. It is obtained by making incisions through the bark of the tree, chiefly in wet weather. From the wounds thus formed the juice flows abundantly. It is of a milky-white color, and is conducted by a tube or leaf, supported by clay, into a vessel placed to receive it. Some writers assert that, on mere exposure to the air, it gradually hardens, and others, that it goes through a certain process for this purpose, which the Indians of South America keep a profound secret. It is usually brought to Europe in the form of pear-shaped bottles, which are formed by spreading the juice over a mould of clay, exposing it to a dense smoke, or to a fire, till it becomes so dry as not to stick to the fingers, when, by certain instruments of iron or wood, it is ornamented on the outside with various figures. This done, the clay in the inside is moistened with water, and picked out. India rubber is remarkable for the flexibility and elasticity which it acquires on attaining a solid state, and also for the numerous useful purposes to which it is capable of being applied. By the Indians, it is sometimes formed into boots, which are impenetrable by water, and which, when smoked, have the appearance of leather. Bottles are

made of it, to the necks of which are fastened hollow reeds, through which the liquor contained in them can be squirted at pleasure. One of these, filled with water, is always presented to each of the guests at their entertainments. Flambeaux are likewise formed of this substance, which give a very brilliant light; and it is said that a torch of it, an inch and a half in diameter, and two feet long, will burn 12 hours. The inhabitants of Quito also prepare a species of cloth with the hardened juice of this tree.

CAP; the cover of the end or head of any thing. The word is very often used in the mechanical arts. In ship-building, cap is a square piece of timber placed over the head or upper end of a mast, in which is a round hole to receive the top or top-gallant-masts, which are thus kept steady and firm.-Cap of a block; a semicircular projection from the sides and round the end of a block above the pins.

Cap-merchant; the purser of a ship. To cap verses is an exercise of the memory among school-boys; the one repeating a verse, and the second proceeding where

he left off, and so on with the rest.-Caps were not worn by the Romans for many ages. When either the rain or sun was troublesome, the lappet of the gown was thrown over the head; and hence all the ancient statues appear bareheaded, excepting, sometimes, a wreath or the like. The same usage prevailed among the Greeks, to whom, at least during the heroic age, caps were unknown. The sort of caps or covers of the head in use among the Romans, on divers occasions, were the pitra, pileus, cucullus, galerus and palliolum, which are often confounded by ancient as well as modern writers. The general use of caps and hats is referred to the year 1449. The first seen in Europe were used at the entry of Charles VII into Rouen. From that time, they began to take the place of chaperons, or hoods. When the cap was of velvet, they called it mortier; when of wool, simply bonnet. None but kings, princes and knights were allowed to use the mortier. The cap was the head-dress of the clergy and graduates. Pasquin says that it was anciently a part of the hood worn by the people of the robe; the skirts whereof, being cut off, as an incumbrance, left the round cap an easy, commodious cover for the head; which cap, being afterwards assumed by the people, those of the gown changed it for a square one, first invented by a Frenchman, called Patrouillet. He adds, that the giving of the cap to the students in the university was to denote that they had acquired full liberty, and were no longer subject to the rod of their superiors, in imitation of the ancient Romans, who gave a pileus, or cap, to their slaves, in the ceremony of making them free: whence the proverb vocare servos ad pileum: hence, also, on medals, the cap is the symbol of Liberty, who is represented holding a cap in the right hand, by the point. Of the derivation of this word, and its use in almost all European languages, Adelung gives an interesting account in his German dictionary.

CAPE. Of the immense number of capes, which have received names from navigators, the limits of the present work will permit us to enumerate only a few.

Cape Ann; a cape on the coast of Massachusetts, in the township of Gloucester, forming the northern limit of Massachusetts bay; lat. 42°35′ N.; lon. 70° 37′ W.

Cape Breton; an island of North America, belonging to Great Britain; situated in the gulf of St. Lawrence; separated from Nova Scotia by the strait of Fronsac, about 3 miles wide. This island is about 110

miles in length, and from 20 to 84 in breadth, full of mountains and lakes, and intersected by a great number of creeks and bays. The soil is fertile, and abounds in timber. In the mountains are coalmines; in the valleys, excellent pasture; and the coast abounds in fish. The chief towns are Louisburg, Sydney and Arichat. Population, 30,000. Lat. 45° 34' to 47° 5' N.; lon. 59° to 61° 20′ W.

Cape Cod; a noted cape and peninsula on the coast of Massachusetts, on the south side of Massachusetts bay; lat. of the cape, 42° 5' N.; lon. 70° 14' W. The peninsula is 65 miles in length, and from 1 to 20 in breadth, and is in the form of a man's arm, bent inward both at the elbow and the wrist. Though mostly sandy and barren, it is nevertheless populous; and the inhabitants derive their subsistence chiefly from the sea. The cape was discovered in 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold, who gave it its name from having taken a great quantity of cod-fish near it. Cape Fear; a dangerous cape on the coast of North Carolina, being the southern extremity of Smith's island, at the mouth of Cape Fear river; lat. 33° 32′ N.; lon. 78° 25′ W.

Cape Fear; a river of North Carolina, the largest and most important that flows wholly within that state. The northwest, or principal branch, rises in the northern part of the state, flows southerly, passing by Fayetteville, and above Wilmington. 35 miles from its entrance into the ocean, it is joined by the north-eastern branch. The Cape Fear is navigable for vessels of 300 tons to Wilmington, and for steam-boats to Fayetteville.

Cape François. (See Cape Haytien.) Cape of Good Hope; in the southern part of Africa; lon. 18° 24′ E.; lat. 33° 55′ S. Bartholomew Diaz discovered it in 1493. The tempestuous sea which beat against it prevented him from landing; he therefore called it Cabo dos Tormentos (see Camoens); but John II changed it to Cabo da Bona Esperanza. It was first doubled by Vasco de Gama. The Portuguese never formed any permanent settlement here. (See next article.)

Cape of Good Hope; a British colony, near the southern extremity of Africa. The Dutch, who had early fixed upon this point as a watering-place for their ships, first colonized it in the middle of the 17th century. Reducing the Hottentots (q. v.) to slavery, or driving them beyond the mountains, they extended the Cape settlement to nearly its present limits. It was captured by the English in

1795, restored at the peace of Amiens, 1802, and again taken in 1806; since which time it has remained in their possession. The colony extends about 230 miles from north to south, and 550 from east to west; from 30° to 34° 30′ S. lat., and from 18° to 28° E. lon. The space included within these limits is about 120,000 square miles, with a population of about one to a square mile. On the west and south, it is washed by the ocean, and, on the north, it is bounded by a range of lofty mountains. The principal bays on the coast are Saldanha, Table, Plattenburg, Algoa bays. Cape Aguillas is the most southern point of the old world. In the interior, almost every variety of soil and surface is found. Several ranges of mountains, running nearly parallel to the southern coast, divide the country into successive terraces, between which lie belts of fertile land, or vast barren plains. One of these, called the Great Karroo, is 300 miles long and 100 broad, presenting a scene of complete desolation. In fact, according to Barrow, nearly seven tenths of the colony are destitute of vegetation during a great part of the year. The summits of the Nieuweldt Gebirgte, the highest chain of southern Africa, are covered with perpetual snow. The Table mountain is a stupendous mass of naked rock, rising, almost perpendicularly, about 3585 feet in height. The colony is deficient in navigable rivers for vessels of any considerable burthen. The principal streams are the Doorn and the Berg, flowing into the Atlantic; the Breede, Groot, and Great Fish, emptying themselves into the Indian ocean. The last, in part of its course, separates the Cape colony from Caffraria. The spring and autumn are temperate, and the most agreeable part of the year. The heat is excessive in summer, and, on account of the elevation of the surface, many parts experience the extreme of cold in winter. The soil is, of course, various, but its general character is not that of fertility. The cultivation is very imperfect, the inhabitants depending principally on pasturage. Wheat and maize thrive well; the vine flourishes luxuriantly; oranges, lemons and figs are good, but all kinds of nuts have failed. The aloe and myrtle grow to a great size. Timber is scarce: the chestnut, wild almond and plum are indigenous. The domestic animals of civilized man have all been introduced. The sheep are of the broad-tailed kind. Lions, tigers, wo.ves, hyænas, buffaloes and jackals are numerous in the vicinity of the settle

ments. In the more remote parts are the elephant, the rhinoceros, the quagga, the giraffe, &c. The spring-bock is seen in herds of 10,000. Monkeys, armadillos, and other small animals, are numerous. The ostrich is common. Vultures, eagles, kites, and the gigantic condor inhabit the mountains. There are also pelicans, flamingoes, parrots, and many kinds of aquatic birds. Noxious reptiles are not numerous. Fish are plentiful on the coasts. The capital is Cape Town. (q. v.) Scarcely any manufactures have been introduced into the colony, and its commerce is very limited. Some British merchants have settled at Cape Town, and the trade appears to be increasing. The principal export is Cape wine. The imports are in small quantities, and consist of cloths, hardware, furniture, hats, &c. The average amount is about a million of dollars. The value of the colony to Great Britain must not, however, be estimated by its It is important, principally, as being the connecting link between that kingdom and her possessions in the East. The Dutch settlers, who live in the interior, are called boors, and are in a very degraded condition. Indolent and stupid, every thing about them exhibits the utmost wretchedness in the midst of plenty. (See Barrow's Travels in Southern Africa; Vaillant, Lichtenstein and Campbell's Travels, and the reverend Mr. Latrobe's Visit to South Africa, in 1815 and 1816. Beauvois, the French traveller, has also lately given interesting information on the south of Africa.)

revenue.

Cape Hatteras; a noted and dangerous cape on the coast of North Carolina; being the projecting point of a long reef of sand, extending from Ocracoke inlet to New inlet; lat. 35° 14′ N.; lon. 75° 30' W.

Cape Haytien (formerly called Cape François, or Le Cap, and, during the reign of Christophe, Cape Henry); a town of Hayti, and the principal city of the republic; lon. 72° 16′ W.; lat. 19° 46′ N. It is situated on the north coast; was founded in 1670; burnt in 1792, by the blacks; was the last town retained by the French in the island, but was surrendered by them to the blacks in 1803; it then became the capital of the black emperor, Henry Christophe. Before it suffered so severely by intestine convulsions, it contained a number of elegant buildings, about 900 houses of stone and brick, and a population of from 8 to 12,000; some say 20,000, 12,000 being slaves. It is situated in a very fertile tract, and has

one of the most secure and convenient harbors in the island. It is built on a cape, at the edge of a large plain, 60 miles long and 12 broad, between the sea and the mountains. Its situation is not fortunate, as it is screened from the land wind by the mountains, and thus left exposed to the unmitigated fervor of the sun's rays. The plain is well watered and highly cultivated. It is cut through by straight roads, 40 feet broad, lined with hedges of lime and lemon trees, leading to plantations which produce as great a quantity of sugar as any spot of the same size in the world.

Cape Horn; a cape on the south coast of Terra del Fuego. It is the southern extremity of South America; lat. 55° 58 S.; lon. 67° 21′ W. The navigation round cape Horn is very dangerous, on account of frequent tempests; yet, of late, it has been the common course of vessels, being found much preferable to the tedious passage through the straits of Magellan. The shore is inhabited by Indians, of whom little is known. The cape was discovered by Jacob le Maire, a Dutchman, in 1616. It is cold, lofty, and covered with wood.

Cape Lookout; a dangerous cape on the coast of North Carolina; lat. 34° 22′ N.; lon. 76° 37′ W.

Cape Town; capital of the cape of Good Hope; lat. 33° 6' S. lon. 18° 23′ E.: population in 1818, 18,173; of whom 7460 were whites, 1905 free blacks, 810 apprentices, 536 Hottentots, 7462 slaves. It is agreeably situated, rather more than 30 miles from the cape of Good Hope, properly so called, at the head of Table bay, in a valley between the Table and Lion mountains. It is defended by a castle of considerable strength, and contains a court-house, a guard-house, a Calvinistic church, a Lutheran church, a theatre, and 1145 houses, many of which are fine. The tone of society is wholly commercial, the minds of all classes being bent on trade. There was not, in 1818, a public school nor a bookseller's shop in the town. The streets are broad, but illpaved. The price of provisions is very reasonable. The town is well supplied with springs of excellent water, sufficient also for the ships which stop at the port. The harbor is tolerably secure from September to May, while the S. E. winds prevail. During the rest of the year, the wind blows generally from the N. and N. W., ships are obliged to resort to False bay, on the opposite side of the peninsula. A missionary is supported

when

here by the London missionary society.

Cape Verde (anciently, Arsenarium); on the west coast of Africa; lat. 14° 44' N.; lon. 17° 31' W.

the sun.

Cape Verde Islands; islands of Africa, in the Atlantic; so called from cape Verde, opposite to which they are situated; 390 miles W. cape Verde, and between 15° and 18° N. lat. They belong to Portugal. As to their number, some reckon 10, others 14 or more, by giving the name of islands to those which are only rocks. They are, in general, mountainous; the lower hills are covered with a beautiful verdure, as well as the extensive valleys between; but with little water, except what is found in ponds and wells. They are said to have been, and probably were, known to the ancients, under the name of Gorgades. The air is extremely hot and unwholesome. It rarely rains; and the ground is so hot that one can hardly stand in places exposed to It is dangerous to pass the night in the open air, for the great heat is often succeeded by a sudden cold, which proves mortal to such as are exposed to it. The soil is, for the most part, stony and barren; nevertheless, some parts produce rice, maize, bananas, lemons, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, figs and melGrapes are gathered twice a year. The manufacture of leather and salt forms the principal riches. Two of the islands, St. Yago and St. Philip, depend immediately on the king, and are the only ones fortified. The number of inhabitants is calculated at 100,000. Few whites are now seen. The governor and priests are often Negroes. The chief town is Porto Praya. In the small island of Mayo, much salt is made. Numerous vessels, principally American, visit this place for the sake of obtaining it, and bring flour to give in exchange. In 1827, the imports into the U. States from these islands amounted to $77,425; the exports to them from the U. States, to $104,165. The island of Fuego, one of the group, consists of one single mountain, formerly a volcano, according to lieutenant Mudge, 9790 feet above the level of the sea.

ons.

prefect of East Friesland, where he was much beloved. Louis afterwards made him minister of the interior and counsellor of state, and it was very probably he who advised the king to resign his throne. Under Napoleon, he accepted no office. King William made him minister of the colonies. When the congress of Vienna united Belgium with Holland, he was commissioned to prepare the Belgians for the new government. Since 1815, Capellen, in his high post in Batavia, has increased the productiveness of the Dutch possessions in Asia, particularly of Java, by his excellent institutions. Batavia has been made a free port, at which the ships of the U. States of America, in particular, procure great quantities of coffee, sugar, rice, rum and spices, for ready money. The commerce of Banda and Amboyna, as well as that of Borneo, has also been increased.

CAPELLO, Bianca; a noble Venetian lady, whose singular adventures and final elevation have rendered her exceedingly remarkable. She was born about 1542, being the daughter of Bartolomeo Capello, a patrician of Venice. She early fell in love with a young and handsome clerk in the banking-house of Salviati, named Buonaventuri. The consequence of the intrigue was the pregnancy of the lady, and the flight of the lovers to Florence, where they married, and Bianca lay in of a daughter. Here they lived some time in great apprehension and obscurity, until some accident or contrivance introduced Bianca to the notice of Francis, son of Cosmo, grand-duke of Tuscany. Her uncommon beauty and engaging man ners made an immediate impression on a prince notorious for his attachment to the sex; and the consequence was, that she and her husband were quickly settled in a splendid palace, and the latter made chamberlain to the duke, and, to the great disgust of the Florentines, intrusted with a large share of public business. Bianca was, in the mean time, introduced at court, and became the object of great admiration; and it is asserted, that, even at that time, Francis promised to marry her, should they become released from the marriage ties by which they were each of them bound. This took place in a very few years on her part. Buonaventuri, having engaged in an intrigue with a woman of rank, was assassinated by her family; and Francis now avowedly proclaimed Bianca his mistress. As Francis, who had no issue, passionately desired even a natural child, Bianca, whose in